123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233TABLE 3CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE IN ASIARegion/countryLocation/CollectionStudySampleConsanguinityConsanguinityCoefficient ofReferencecommunityperiodpopulationsize(%)typesinbreeding ()East AsiaChinaHanBeijing,1949/67Household2,3700.7%1C,11/2C,D2C,0.0003Du et al.(1981)urbansurvey2CBeijing,1949/67Household1,4091.11C,11/2C,D2C,0.0005Du et al.(1981)suburbansurvey2CBeijing,1949/67Household1,5721.11C,11/2C,D2C,0.0003Du et al.(1981)ruralsurveyShanghai,--3,1270.81C,11/2C,2C0.0006Wu (1987)urbanHubei,1949/67Household5001.21C,11/2C,D2C,0.0007Du et al.(1981)urbansurvey2CHubei,1949/67Household1,8742.81C,11/2C,D2C0.0015Du et al.(1981)ruralsurvey2CHubei,--14,4274.31C,11/2C,2C0.0026Wu (1987)ruralSichuan,1987Household5266.8%1C0.0043Wang (pers. comm.)ShifangsurveySichuan,--1684.81C,11/2C,2C0.0023Wu (1987)ruralHeilongiang--5,3131.21C,11/2C,2C0.0006Wu (1987)Yunnan,--5534.71C,11/2C,2C-Wu (1987)ruralXinjiang--1,5351.71C,11/2C,2C0.0008Wu (1987)Guizhou,--5185.71C,11/2C,2C0.0034Wu (1987)ruralZejiang,1981/91Household11,1993.01C,11/2C,2C0.0017Zhan et al.(1992)mountainsurveyZejiang,1981/91Household15,7621.1UN,1C,11/2C,2C0.0006Zhan et al.(1992)plateausurveyZejiang1981/91Household17,3812.51C,11/2C,2C0.0014Zhan et al.(1992)surveyAll-Hong Kong1961/64Obstetric9,7491.8>1C,1C,<1C-Stevenson et al.inpatients(1966)KazakhXinjiang1951/76Household1,0792.9D1C,1C,2C0.0011Ai et al.(1985)surveyUygurXinjiang1951/76Household2,5538.2D1C,1C,2C0.0047Ai et al. (1985)surveyKirgizXinjiang--2,86345.2D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0274Wu (1987)TajikXinjiang--1,32542.8D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0246Wu (1987)UzbekXinjiang--15923.3%1C,11/2C,2C0.0011Wu (1987)HuizuXinjiang1951/76Household1,0792.9UN,1C,2C0.0011Ai et al.(1985)surveyGansu--1,3769.71C,11/2C,2C0.0049Wu (1987)Guangdong--6143.91C,11/2C,2C0.0012Wu (1987)Guizhou--55511.21C,11/2C,2C0.0065Wu (1987)TibetanXi Zhang1949/67Household6970-0Du et al.(1981)surveyKoreanJi Lin1949/67Household2,0800-0Du et al.(1981)surveyLizuGuangdong/1949/67Household1,3101.51C,11/2C,D2C,0.0005Du et al.(1981)HainansurveySichuan,--35458.21C,11/2C,2C0.0431Wu (1987)urbanSichuan,--32632.21C,11/2C,2C0.0112Wu (1987)ruralYizuSichuan1949/67Household2,05414.61C,11/2C,D2C,0.0091Du et al.(1981)surveyGuizhou--51212.71C,11/2C,2C0.0067Wu(1987)DongxiangGansu1949/67Household2,0924.31C,11/2C,D2C,0.0023Du et al.(1981)surveyBo’anGansu1949/67Household77210.91C,11/2C,D2C,0.0058Du et al.(1981)survey2CEwenkiNei Meng Gu1949/67Household6263.4%1C,11/2C,2C,0.0012Du et al.(1981)SurveyOrogenNei Meng Gu/1949/67Household1831.611/2C0.0003Du et al.(1981)Hei Lung JiangsurveyMiaozuGuangdong/1949/67Household3300.91C,11/2C0.0004Du et al.(1981)HainansurveyXibeXinjiang1951/76Household1,2224.71C,2C0.0025Ai et al.(1985)surveyMongolianXinjiang1951/76Household4460.51C0.0003Ai et al.(1985)surveyDaizuYunnan--9421.31C,11/2C,2C-Wu (1987)HizhenHeilongiang--6018.31C,11/2C,2C0.0098Wu (1987)HaniYunnan--44912.51C,11/2C,2C-Wu (1987)Mong-1992Household52527.4UN,1C,11/2C,0.0150Yang et al. (1994)surveyManLaioning1998Household4183.11C,11/2C,2C0.0012Wang et al.(2002)surveyJapanFukushima-Household3,65915.5%1C,11/2C,2C0.0067Watanabe (1956)surveyHiroshima1948/53Obstetric27,9345.91C,11/2C,2C0.0027Schull (1958)outpatientsNagasaki1948/53Obstetric33,3198.01C,11/2C,2C0.0037Schull (1958)OutpatientsKure1948/53Obstetric8,2117.0%1C,11/2C,2C0.0032Schull (1958)outpatientsHirado1964/65Civil10,45714.71C,11/2C,2C0.0061Schull et al. (1970)registrationFukuoka1962/65Household45,2307.6D1C,1C,11/2C,0.0029Yamaguchi et al.survey/civil2C(1970)registrationShizuoka1958/60Household6,1618.11C,11/2C,2C0.0036Komai &Tanakasurvey(1972)All-Japan1972Household9,3855.71C,11/2C,2C0.0018Imaizumi et al.Survey(1975)Tokyo1975/76Paediatric2,3831.21C,11/2C,2C0.0006Tanaka et al.(1978)outpatientsTokyo1961School4,1534.61C,11/2C,2C0.0021Furusho (1979)surveyYokohama1961School2,7135.31C,11/2C,2C0.0026Furusho (1979)surveyTokyo &1981Workplace9830.41C,11/2C,2C0.0001Hosoda et al.(1983)Osakasurvey/opticianoutpatientsAll-Japan1983Household9,2253.91C,11/2C,2C0.0013Imaizumi (1986)surveySoutheastAsiaCambodiaSiem Reap2004Hospital in-/30012.3%1C,2C0.0035Sullivan pers. comm.outpatientIndonesiaWest Timor &1990Household97017.8%1C,11/2C,2C0.0095Glinka (1994)West Flores,surveyRoman CatholicMalaysiaKualaLumpur1961/64Obstetric15,6587.6%>1C,1C,<1C-Stevenson et al.inpatients(1966)PhilippinesManila1961/64Obstetric29,1430.4%>1C,1C,<1C-Stevenson et al.inpatients(1966)SingaporeAll-Singapore1961/64Obstetric39,3335.0%>1C,1C,<1C-Stevenson et al.inpatients(1966)Chinese1980Marriage16,6980.31C0.0002Tay (1982)registrationIndian1980Marriage9894.0UN,1C0.0028Tay (1982)registrationSouth AsiaAfghanistanNangarhar &1995Household16855.4%1C,11/2C,2C0.0332Wahab et al..(2006)Kunard provincessurveyPashtun2010Household2,13343.1D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0296Saify & Saadat (2012)surveyHazara2010Household1,08146.7D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0293Saify & Saadat (2012)surveyTajik (Soni)2010Household2,29337.8D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0250Saify & Saadat (2012)surveyTajik (Shia)2010Household47043.4D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0263Saify & Saadat (2012)surveyUzbek2010Household82843.7D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0286Saify & Saadat (2012)surveyTurkmen2010Household33547.8D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0297Saify & Saadat (2012)surveyAll-Afghan 2010Household7,14042.3D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0277Saify & Saadat (2012)surveyWest and SouthprovincesPashtun2011/12Household1,36950.2D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0223Saadat & Tajbakhshsurvey(2013)Hazara2011/12Household1,42753.4D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0217Saadat& Tajbakhshsurvey(2013)Tajik (Soni)2011/12Household1,09750.8D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0210Saadat & Tajbakhshsurvey(2013)Tajik (Shia)2011/12Household54649.3%D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0252Saadat & Tajbakhshsurvey(2013)Turkmen2011/12Household49663.5D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0224Saadat & Tajbakhshsurvey(2013)Sadat2011/12Household26550.6D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0218Saadat & Tajbakhshsurvey(2013) All West &2011/12Household5,20052.3D1C,1C,11/2C,2C0.0219Saadat & TajbakhshSouthsurvey(2013)BangladeshMatlab1966/-Household8,0006.7%1C,2C0.0015Khan et al.survey(unpublished)Teknaf1976/-Household4,26617.61C,2C0.0101Khan et al.survey(unpublished)IndiaEastCalcutta1961/64Obstetric19,1110.5%>1C,1C,<1C-Stevenson et al.inpatients(1966)West Bengal,1969/71Household83522.21C,2C0.0135Huq (1976)MuslimsurveyBihar, -Household7,20924.01C0.0150Afzal (1988)Muslim, suburbansurveyBihar,-Household4,52439.91C0.0249Afzal (1988)Muslim,ruralsurveyBihar,-Household47613.91C,2C0.0076Ansari &SinhaAll-Muslimsurvey(1978)All-East India,1992/93Household2,62215.8%UN,1C,2C0.0097Bittles &HussainMuslimsurvey(2000)CentralMadhya Pradesh,--1,1458.6%UN,1C,2C0.0033Goswami (1970)HinduMadhya Pradesh,--14728.6UN,1C,2C0.0145Goswami (1970)Scheduled tribes&castesMadhya Pradesh,--45146.1UN,1C,2C0.0215Goswami (1970)MuslimMadhya Pradesh,--7225.0UN,1C,2C0.0098Goswami (1970)ChristiansAll-Central India,1992/93Household1,81927.3UN,1C,2C0.0168Bittles &HussainMuslimsurvey(2000)NorthDelhi,-Household1,48324.4%1C,11/2C,2C0.0100Basu (1975)Sunni MuslimsurveyLucknow,-Household1,00043.41C,11/2C,2C0.0202Basu (1975)Shia MuslimsurveyUdaipur,-Household95741.11C,11/2C,2C0.0218Basu (1978)Shia MuslimsurveyDelhi,-Household50236.51C,11/2C,2C0.0180Krishan (1986)Sunni MuslimsurveyLucknow,1981/84Obstetric7,9550.1UN,1C0.0001Agarwal et al.(1991)HinduinpatientsLucknow,1981/84Obstetric1,27617.2%UN,1C,2C0.0095Agarwal et al.(1991)MusliminpatientsAll-North India,1992/93Household1,16623.0UN,1C,2C0.0130Bittles &HussainMuslimsurvey(2000)Ladakh,-Household20818.8UN,1C,2C0.0111Bhasin & Nag (2002)Balti, Shia MuslimsurveyLadakh,-Household5414.81C,2C0.0075Bhasin & Nag (2002)Brokpa, Sunni MuslimsurveyLadakh,-Household15121.8UN,1C,2C0.0140Bhasin & Nag (2002)Arghuns, Sunni MuslimsurveySouthAndhraPradesh1959/-Hospital 2,17730.6%UN,AN,1C,11/2C,0.0195Dronamraju &inpatients2CMeera Khan (1963)AndhraPradesh1957/58Household6,94542.5UN,1C0.0324Sanghvi (1966)surveyAndhraPradesh,1982Household2,07832.4UN,1C,11/2C,2C0.0185Reddy (1992)VeddesurveyKarnataka,1980/89Obstetric86,44833.5UN,1C,2C0.0333Bittles et al.(1991)HinduinpatientsKarnataka,1980/89Obstetric17,01923.7UN,1C,2C0.0160Bittles et al.(1991)MusliminpatientsKarnataka,1980/89Obstetric4,03818.6UN,1C,2C0.0173Bittles et al.(1991)ChristianinpatientsAll-Karnataka1980/89Obstetric107,51831.4UN,1C,2C0.0299Bittleset al.(1991)inpatientsBelgaum,-Household46231.2%UN,1C0.0273Nath et al. (2004)HindusurveyKerala1966Hospital88920.71C,2C0.0118Kumar et al.(1967)inpatientsKerala--1,63113.01C,11/2C,2C0.0075Ali (1968)Tamil Nadu1968/69Household31,39030.0UN,1C,11/2C,2C0.0231Rao et al.(1971)surveyTamil Nadu,1969/74Household11,62846.3UN,AN,1C,11/2C0.0367Rao &Inbarajruralsurvey(1977)Tamil Nadu,1969/74Household8,99828.6UN,1C,11/2C,2C0.0203Rao &Inbarajurbansurvey(1977)Tamil Nadu,1971/72Household48617.3UN,1C,11/2C,2C0.0124Srinavasan &BrahminsurveyMukherjee (1976)Pondicherry1971/72Household1,49455.1UN,1C,<1C0.0449Puri et al.(1978)surveyAll-South India,1992/93Household1,91219.4UN,1C,2C0.0111Bittles &HussainMuslimsurvey(2000)Karnataka,-Household4174.11C,2C0.0018Bhagya et al.(2012)Mangalore, HindusurveyKarnataka,-Household37611.21C,2C0.0042Bhagya et al.(2012)Mangalore, MuslimsurveyKarnataka,-Household3711.11C0.0007Bhagya et al.(2012)Mangalore, ChristiansurveyTamil Nadu,2014/15Household 75039.2%UN,1C,11/2C,2C0.0264Saleem et al.(2016)Madurai, ruralsurveyWestBombay,--3,5207.7%1C,11/2C,2C0.0039Sanghvi et al.(1956)HinduBombay,--1,43621.81C,11/2C,2C0.0095Sanghvi et al.(1956)MuslimBombay,--1,0633.41C,11/2C,2C0.0012Sanghvi et al.(1956)ChristianBombay,--57818.01C,11/2C,2C0.0096Sanghvi et al.(1956)ParsiBombay,1961/72Obstetric2,3487.41C,11/2C,2C0.0036Undevia &ParsiinpatientsBalakrishnan (1978)Bombay1961/64Obstetric39,1559.8>1C,1C,<1C-Stevenson et al.inpatients(1966)Maharashtra1971/73Household5,28226.4UN,1C0.0175Malhotra (1979)surveyAll-West India,1992/93Household91733.0UN,1C,2C0.0201Bittles &HussainMuslimsurvey(2000)Nagpur,-Household54815.9UN/AN,1C,2C0.0100Sonkar et al.(2013)HindusurveyNagpur,-Household10123.81C,2C0.0144Sonkar et al.(2013)MuslimsurveyNagpur,-Household517.81C0.0049Sonkar et al.(2013)Buddhistsurvey