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What does Charles Lieber really work on?

https://academictree.org/chemistry/publications.php?pid=52856

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh3916

Implantable neuroelectronic interfaces have enabled advances in both fundamental research and treatment of neurological diseases but traditional intracranial depth electrodes require invasive surgery to place and can disrupt neural networks during implantation. We developed an ultrasmall and flexible endovascular neural probe that can be implanted into sub-100-micrometer–scale blood vessels in the brains of rodents without damaging the brain or vasculature. In vivo electrophysiology recording of local field potentials and single-unit spikes have been selectively achieved in the cortex and olfactory bulb. Histology analysis of the tissue interface showed minimal immune response and long-term stability. This platform technology can be readily extended as both research tools and medical devices for the detection and intervention of neurological diseases.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/advs.202300220

Understanding complex neuronal networks requires monitoring long-term neuronal activity in various regions of the brain. Significant progress has been made in multisite implantations of well-designed probes, such as multisite implantation of Si-based and polymer-based probes. However, these multiprobe strategies are limited by the sizes and weights of interfaces to the multiple probes and the inability to track the activity of the same neurons and changes in neuronal activity over longer time periods. Here, a long single flexible probe that can be implanted by stitching into multiple regions of the mouse brain and subsequently transmit chronically stable neuronal signals from the multiple sites via a single low-mass interface is reported. The probe at four different sites is implemented using a glass capillary needle or two sites using an ultrathin metal needle. In vitro tests in brain-mimicking hydrogel show that multisite probe implantations achieve a high connection yield of >86%. In vivo histological images at each site of probes, implanted by stitching using either glass capillary or ultrathin metal insertion needles exhibit seamless tissue–probe interfaces with negligible chronic immune response. In addition, electrophysiology studies demonstrate the ability to track single neuron activities at every injection site with chronic stability over at least one month. Notably, the measured spike amplitudes and signal-to-noise ratios at different implantation sites show no statistically significant differences. Multisite stitching implantation of flexible electronics in the brain opens up new opportunities for both fundamental neuroscience research and electrotherapeutic applications.

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.20.533576v1

Implantable neuroelectronic interfaces have enabled significant advances in both fundamental research and treatment of neurological diseases, yet traditional intracranial depth electrodes require invasive surgery to place and can disrupt the neural networks during implantation. To address these limitations, we have developed an ultra-small and flexible endovascular neural probe that can be implanted into small 100-micron scale blood vessels in the brains of rodents without damaging the brain or vasculature. The structure and mechanical properties of the flexible probes were designed to meet the key constraints for implantation into tortuous blood vessels inaccessible with existing techniques. In vivo electrophysiology recording of local field potentials and single-unit spikes has been selectively achieved in the cortex and the olfactory bulb. Histology analysis of the tissue interface showed minimal immune response and long-term stability. This platform technology can be readily extended as both research tools and medical devices for the detection and intervention of neurological diseases.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-019-0234-8

Periodically throughout history developments from adjacent fields of science and technology reach a tipping point where together they produce unparalleled advances, such as the Allen Brain Atlas and the Human Genome Project. Today, research focused at the interface between the nervous system and electronics is not only leading to advances in fundamental neuroscience, but also unlocking the potential of implants capable of cellular-level therapeutic targeting. Ultimately, these personalized electronic therapies will provide new treatment modalities for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric illness;Work from our laboratory powerful control of prosthetics for restorative function in degenerative diseases, trauma and amputation; and even augmentation of human cognition. Overall, we believe that emerging advances in tissue-like electronics will enable minimally invasive devices capable of establishing a stable long-term cellular neural interface and providing long-term treatment for chronic neurological conditions.

Here's Charles Lieber, Robert Langer, and Daniel Kohane from a decade ago:

www.bostonherald.com
They’ve got the beat
A Hub medical-miracle team is working on a breakthrough that may someday lead to a “smart heart” — implant-ready artificial tissue rigged with super-sensitive triggers that could sound an alarm whe…
www.bostonherald.com www.bostonherald.com

25c478_082812tissuear02.png

A Hub medical-miracle team is working on a breakthrough that may someday lead to a “smart heart” — implant-ready artificial tissue rigged with super-sensitive triggers that could sound an alarm when a patient’s ticker is off-kilter, and possibly even fix the faux organ without so much as a call to the doctor.

The Boston-based brain trust announced its pioneering project this week in the science journal Nature Materials, and they said the tissue’s self-correcting capability has dazzling possibilities.

“At this point, if you have arrhythmia, you would go to the hospital to have it corrected. You might even get a pacemaker,” said Daniel Kohane of Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, a member of the crew.

What were they working on? Cyborg heart tissue scaffolds.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Macroporous nanowire nanoelectronic scaffolds for synthetic tissues
The development of three-dimensional (3D) synthetic biomaterials as structural and bioactive scaffolds is central to fields ranging from cellular biophysics to regenerative medicine. As of yet, these scaffolds cannot electrically probe the physicochemical ...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The development of three-dimensional (3D) synthetic biomaterials as structural and bioactive scaffolds is central to fields ranging from cellular biophysics to regenerative medicine. As of yet, these scaffolds cannot electrically probe the physicochemical and biological micro-environments throughout their 3D and macroporous interior, although this capability could have a marked impact in both electronics and biomaterials. Here, we address this challenge using macroporous, flexible and free-standing nanowire nanoelectronic scaffolds (nanoES), and their hybrids with synthetic or natural biomaterials. 3D macroporous nanoES mimic the structure of natural tissue scaffolds, and they were formed by self-organization of coplanar reticular networks with built-in strain and by manipulation of 2D mesh matrices. NanoES exhibited robust electronic properties and have been used alone or combined with other biomaterials as biocompatible extracellular scaffolds for 3D culture of neurons, cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells. Additionally, we show the integrated sensory capability of the nanoES by real-time monitoring of (i) the local electrical activity within 3D nanoES/cardiomyocyte constructs, (ii) the response of 3D nanoES based neural and cardiac tissue models to drugs, and (iii) distinct pH changes inside and outside tubular vascular smooth muscle constructs.

It's also worth mentioning that Robert Langer, Lieber's longtime colleague, is a cofounder of Moderna, the vaccine company:

https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/mar/12/moderna-co-founder-robert-langer-covid-19-coronavirus-interview

The chemical engineer Robert Langer co-founded Covid-19 vaccine maker Moderna, and his innovations have helped create more than 100 products from artificial skin to messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. The 73-year-old has a mountain of research papers and patents to his name, on top of which he has started more than 40 companies and won more than 200 awards, including the Queen Elizabeth prize, which has been called the “Nobel for engineering”. Langer’s biomedical engineering lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he holds a professorship, employs more than 100 researchers. He spoke to the Observer to mark Unesco World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development, held earlier this month.

https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/01/28/metro/harvard-scientists-arrest-stuns-colleague/

Federal authorities sent shock waves through the halls of academia Tuesday when they arrested Charles M. Lieber, chair of Harvard University’s Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department, on a charge of lying to investigators about his ties to a Chinese university in Wuhan.

Robert Langer, a chemical engineer at MIT and a prolific inventor and entrepreneur, said Tuesday that he knows Lieber and was startled by the news.

"I've always thought of him as an outstanding scientist," Langer said in an email. "I've had some of his former students in my lab a number of years ago, and we collaborated a bit a number of years ago."

Here's Daniel Kohane, from just a week ago.


Direct link: https://youtube.com/watch?v=gnRyayPuo1Q

"Let's implant a light-activated drug depot under the skin of opioid abusers, so that when we shine light on them, it dispenses nanoparticles that act like Narcan."

Now, imagine that instead of Narcan, it's a powerful sedative, and when you have a blue spotlight shined on you by a drone after trying to go Logan's Run from a fifteen-minute city, you black out from benzos. Great idea, huh?

Why is it that literal Deus Ex bullshit is happening right in front of us, and the media are completely silent about it?

CAPTAIN MATI said:
I'm cancer? The fucking crazy ass horse shit peddler, who fumes about Chinese death beams and globohomo nanomachine brain control viruses, who keeps posting literal garbage wall texts, assuming anyone even reads that shit, says I am cancer for not buying his bullshit.
Retard, let me reiterate one more time
YOUR PAPERS ARE FAKE
At best, they're a bunch of horseshit to keep investments in, at worst, they're laughable lies that only a gullible, schizophrenic, fearmongering asshole like you would not only believe, but peddle as gospel.
Let me make this clear, retard. You're a fucking kid. You suck, both at pretending to be smart and pretending to be an actual adult.
Know how I know? Lucky for me I have met more than enough loser fake ass niggers like you to smell bullshit for a mile away. Your main tactic is to swim in your ocean of lies and whenever you get called out, you demand someone drinks the ocean. You're a literal lost cause who has wasted his life on nonsense, or you're just trolling for whatever sick fetish you're trying to hold on to before you, and I kid you not, will kill yourself. The shit you spew is literal madness. I think you'll agree the whole inevitable world domination by debaucherous elites ain't a hopeful outlook for the future. Maybe if you'd get a fucking job or a girlfriend, you'd think different, but Heaven protect anyone who'd stomach a sack of shit like you in their lives.
And if you were an adult instead of a kid, you'd have long ignored me shitting on you and moved on. But like I said, I know your faggot game and how no egomaniac can allow anyone to pick at your smokescreen.
Faggot.

... MATI says as he takes another drag from a cheap rollie, his bloodshot eyes darting over the walls of his rat-infested Eastern Bloc-looking hovel and then back to his hand-me-down Thinkpad that is by now more duct tape than plastic.

"Sure owned that kid, hurrhurrhurr, seen 'em all before."


Direct link: https://youtube.com/watch?v=L-LyFMCIpok

If they’re fake, then prove it. Where is your counter-evidence?

Oh, you can't. You don't understand the underlying scientific principles or the biology in these papers, so you can't actually refute anything except by mumbling "fake news".

I have reams and reams of this shit, published in leading journals. You don't have anything. Period. You are a complete fucking imbecile and a waste of fucking skin. I demand that you stop breathing my precious air and stop wasting perfectly good phosphorus with your nucleotides that could be used for something cool like Victorian-style matchsticks.

ieeexplore.ieee.org
6G and Beyond: The Future of Wireless Communications Systems
6G and beyond will fulfill the requirements of a fully connected world and provide ubiquitous wireless connectivity for all. Transformative solutions are expected to drive the surge for accommodating a rapidly growing number of intelligent devices and services. Major technological breakthroughs...
ieeexplore.ieee.org

B. Internet of BioNanoThings for Health Applications​
Highly relevant to IoNT, with its unique characteristics and applications, is the concept of the Internet of BioNanoThings (IoBNT). First introduced in 2015, the IoBNT has garnered significant traction in its efforts to synergistically combine telecommunications with healthcare solutions [174]. The IoBNT is a network of molecules which can communicate with each other. The types of molecular communications include artificial cells which act as gateways to translate between different molecule types, or a bio-cyber interface which can convert molecular signals to electrical ones and transmit to external devices for further processing [175].

In applications relating to human healthcare, the IoBNT harbors many unique challenges and opportunities. First, the interdisciplinary research on both communications and data analytics can greatly facilitate the modeling of biological processes, including cancer cell formations and Alzheimer’s disease, and further design effective control measures for such diseases. Second, even though expressions of genetic codes at the cell- and organ-level can vary remarkably, in a manner analogous to various types of data applications in wireless networks, communication models can be developed and exploited to conceive a generally applicable health information framework. Third, the holistic network architecture envisioned in the IoBNT will integrate components at heterogeneous levels including within cells and among tissues, organs, as well as systems, before eventually connecting to the outside Internet for physicians to perform metric evaluations and propose treatment plans accordingly. However, healthcare solutions that are to be realized in such complicated biological and molecular environments should be built upon a solid understanding of the physics behind molecular communication and advanced statistical analysis tools in order to unveil the principles behind the seemingly random molecular movement.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10003048

The metaverse is an iteration of the Internet with immersive and hyperreal 3D digital virtual worlds. It can recreate the physical world using technologies such as digital twins, avatars, and holograms. Besides creating digital models of physical environments, the metaverse allows the existence of virtual information, objects, human beings, and environments that do not exist in the physical world. The mixture of real and virtual content in the metaverse can significantly improve users’ capabilities for work, entertainment, education, healthcare, and manufacturing [1] . Development of the metaverse includes three major areas: (1) metaverse content/service design, (2) metaverse core and edge network design, and (3) fully connected networks for metaverse devices in the physical world.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9766110

Terahertz (THz) band communications are envisioned as a key technology for 6G and Beyond. As a fundamental wireless infrastructure, THz communication can boost abundant promising applications. In 2014, our team published two comprehensive roadmaps for the development and progress of THz communication networks, which helped the research community to start research on this subject afterwards. The topic of THz communications became very important and appealing to the research community due to 6G wireless systems design and development in recent years. Many papers are getting published covering different aspects of wireless systems using the THz band. With this paper, our aim is looking back to the last decade and revisiting the old problems and pointing out what has been achieved in the research community so far. Furthermore, in this paper, open challenges and new research directions still to be investigated for the THz band communication systems are presented, by covering diverse topics ranging from devices, channel behavior, communication and networking, to physical testbeds and demonstration systems. The key aspects presented in this paper will enable THz communications as a pillar of 6G and Beyond wireless systems in the next decade.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9592801

Nanotechnology is enabling the development of a new generation of devices which are able to sense, process and communicate, while being in the scale of tens to hundreds of cubic nanometers. Such small, imperceptible devices enhance not only current applications but enable entirely new paradigms especially for in-body environments. This paper introduces a localization and tracking concept for bionanosensors floating in the human bloodstream to detect anomalies in the body. Besides the nanoscale sensors, the proposed system also comprises macroscale anchor nodes attached to the skin of the monitored person. To realize autonomous localization and resource-efficient wireless communication between sensors and anchors, we propose to exploit inertial positioning and sub-terahertz backscattering. The proposed system is a first step towards early disease detection as it aims at localizing body regions which show anomalies. Simulations are conducted to enable a systematical evaluation on the feasibility of the approach.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9593231

Nanotechnology enables the development of a new generation of devices which are able to sense, process and communicate while being in the scale of tens to hundreds of cubic nanometers. Such small, imperceptible devices enhance not only current applications but enable entirely new paradigms especially for in-body environments. This paper introduces a localization concept for bionanosensors floating in the human bloodstream to detect anomalies in the body. To realize autonomous localization and resource-efficient communication, we propose to exploit inertial positioning and sub-terahertz backscattering. Our concept is a first step towards early disease detection as it aims at localizing body regions which show anomalies. Simulations are conducted to enable a systematical evaluation on the feasibility of the approach.

This article presents fundamental challenges in the development of a self-sustainable and biocompatible network infrastructure to interconnect the next-generation electrical and biological wearable and implantable devices, i.e., the Internet of Bio-NanoThings. The direct contact of IoBNT devices with the human body, where the cells naturally communicate and organize into networks, suggests the possibility to exploit these biological communications for the device-to-device interconnection. The aim of this work is to investigate minimally invasive, heterogeneous, and externally accessible electrical/molecular communication channels to transmit information between these devices through the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis (MGBA), composed of the gut microbial community, the gut tissues, the enteric nervous system. A framework to develop a network infrastructure on top of the biological processes underlying the MGBA, and the intercommunications among its components is proposed. To implement this framework, the following challenges need to be tackled. First, physical channel models should be developed to quantitatively characterize electrical and molecular communications through the MGBA. Second, novel technological solutions in information modulation, coding and routing should be developed. Third, to support these efforts with experimental data, a first-of-a-kind implantable MGBA network probe device composed of a hub connected to an ensemble of electrical and molecular stimulation and sensing modules should be designed and engineered, together with an innovative gut-on-a-chip in-vitro model system. The discussion in this paper establishes the basis for a completely novel transdisciplinary networking domain at the core of the next-generation biomedical systems for pervasive, perpetual, and remote healthcare.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7103028

Targeted drug delivery systems (TDDSs) are therapeutic methods based on the injection and delivery of drug-loaded particles. The engineering of TDDSs must take into account both the therapeutic effects of the drug at the target delivery location and the toxicity of the drug while it accumulates in other regions of the body. These characteristics are directly related to how the drug-loaded particles distribute within the body, i.e., biodistribution, as a consequence of the processes involved in the particle propagation, i.e., pharmacokinetics. In this paper, the pharmacokinetics of TDDSs is analytically modeled through the abstraction of molecular communication, a novel paradigm in communication theory. Not only is the particle advection and diffusion, considered in our previous study, included in this model, but also are other physicochemical processes in the particle propagation, such as absorption, reaction, and adhesion. In addition, the proposed model includes the impact of cardiovascular diseases, such as arteriosclerosis and tumor-induced blood vessel leakage. Based on this model, the biodistribution at the delivery location is estimated through communication engineering metrics, such as channel delay and path loss, together with the drug accumulation in the rest of the body. The proposed pharmacokinetic model is validated against multiphysics finite-element simulations, and numerical results are provided for the biodistribution estimation in different scenarios. Finally, based on the proposed model, a procedure to optimize the drug injection rate is proposed to achieve a desired drug delivery rate. The outcome of this study is a multiscale physics-based analytical pharmacokinetic model.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7060516

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an important research topic in the last decade, where things refer to interconnected machines and objects with embedded computing capabilities employed to extend the Internet to many application domains. While research and development continue for general IoT devices, there are many application domains where very tiny, concealable, and non-intrusive Things are needed. The properties of recently studied nanomaterials, such as graphene, have inspired the concept of Internet of NanoThings (IoNT), based on the interconnection of nanoscale devices. Despite being an enabler for many applications, the artificial nature of IoNT devices can be detrimental where the deployment of NanoThings could result in unwanted effects on health or pollution. The novel paradigm of the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT) is introduced in this paper by stemming from synthetic biology and nanotechnology tools that allow the engineering of biological embedded computing devices. Based on biological cells, and their functionalities in the biochemical domain, Bio-NanoThings promise to enable applications such as intra-body sensing and actuation networks, and environmental control of toxic agents and pollution. The IoBNT stands as a paradigm-shifting concept for communication and network engineering, where novel challenges are faced to develop efficient and safe techniques for the exchange of information, interaction, and networking within the biochemical domain, while enabling an interface to the electrical domain of the Internet.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6901799

In this paper, a plasmonic nano-transceiver for wireless communication in the Terahertz Band (0.1-10 THz) is proposed, modeled and analyzed. The nano-transceiver is based on a High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) built with a III-V semiconductor and enhanced with graphene. In transmission, when a voltage is applied between the HEMT drain and source, electrons are accelerated at the HEMT channel. This movement of electrons results in the excitation of a plasma wave which, on its turn, induces a Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) wave on the graphene-based gate. The reciprocal behavior is achieved in reception. The performance of the proposed nano-transceiver is analytically investigated in transmission by coupling the hydrodynamic equations that govern the generation of plasma waves in the HEMT, with the dynamic complex conductivity of graphene and the Maxwell's equations. Numerical results show that the proposed nano-transceiver can effectively generate the necessary SPP wave to drive a plasmonic nano-antenna at Terahertz Band frequencies. Moreover, the utilization of the same nanomaterial as in the plasmonic nano-antennas is expected to ease the transceiver-antenna integration and opens the door to tunable compact nano-transceivers for Terahertz Band communication.

ieeexplore.ieee.org
Graphene-based Plasmonic Nano-Antenna for Terahertz Band Communication in Nanonetworks
Nanonetworks, i.e., networks of nano-sized devices, are the enabling technology of long-awaited applications in the biological, industrial and military fields. For the time being, the size and power constraints of nano-devices limit the applicability of classical wireless communication in...
ieeexplore.ieee.org

Nanonetworks, i.e., networks of nano-sized devices, are the enabling technology of long-awaited applications in the biological, industrial and military fields. For the time being, the size and power constraints of nano-devices limit the applicability of classical wireless communication in nanonetworks. Alternatively, nanomaterials can be used to enable electromagnetic (EM) communication among nano-devices. In this paper, a novel graphene-based nano-antenna, which exploits the behavior of Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) waves in semi-finite size Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs), is proposed, modeled and analyzed. First, the conductivity of GNRs is analytically and numerically studied by starting from the Kubo formalism to capture the impact of the electron lateral confinement in GNRs. Second, the propagation of SPP waves in GNRs is analytically and numerically investigated, and the SPP wave vector and propagation length are computed. Finally, the nano-antenna is modeled as a resonant plasmonic cavity, and its frequency response is determined. The results show that, by exploiting the high mode compression factor of SPP waves in GNRs, graphene-based plasmonic nano-antennas are able to operate at much lower frequencies than their metallic counterparts, e.g., the Terahertz Band for a one-micrometer-long ten-nanometers-wide antenna. This result has the potential to enable EM communication in nanonetworks.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10259344

We report a plasmonic "rainbow" trapping metasurface for on-chip spectrometers and sensors. By extracting the numerical centroid of the trapped surface plasmon waves, a miniaturized imager-based platform was demonstrated for super-resolution displacement spectroscopic sensing.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10171402

Nanotechnology enables the development of a new generation of devices at the scale of a few cubic micrometers that can sense, process, and communicate. Such small, imperceptible devices will revolutionize healthcare applications and enable new possibilities for in-body environments. This letter studies the intra-body communication channel between nanosensors flowing in the bloodstream and gateways attached to the skin using the terahertz (THz) spectrum. The channel model considers three layers through which the waveform travels: skin, tissue, and blood. To optimize the communication performance, this work investigates the impact of noise and mobility, and subsequently derives the trade-off between them. We illustrate the achievable bit error rate (BER) for THz intra-body channels considering communication through human tissue layers, including noise and random mobility of nanosensors in the blood system.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9919424

With the advances in nanotechnology, novel nanosensing technologies can play a pivotal role in today’s society. Plasmonic sensing has demonstrated unprecedented detection reliability and resolution in a very compact form factor. Traditional plasmonic sensors leverage biofunctionalized metallic grating structures whose frequency response in transmission or reflection changes according to the presence of targeted biomarkers. However, these sensing setups require bulky measurement equipment to couple light to and from sensors for excitation and detection. In parallel, for over a decade, the nanoscale electromagnetic communication community has been leveraging plasmonic structures to transmit information at the nanoscale efficiently. By combining the two realms, this paper proposes the concept of joint nanoscale communication and bio-sensing systems enabled by plasmonic sensing nanoantennas. Sensing nanonodes can communicate from nanonode to nanonode for intra-body networks and from nanonode to a wearable device which, by leveraging the edge, can process and transmit the sensing information to the cloud, resulting in accurate diagnosis and reduced load on the medical testing infrastructure. First, we model the changes in the frequency response of a biofunctionalized plasmonic nanoantenna when exposed to different biomarkers. Then, we propose a chirp-spread spectrum excitation and detection system to enable simultaneous communication and sensing at the nanoscale. We present a data-driven human tissue model for communication through human tissue. We also present numerical results to demonstrate the performance of the proposed system.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9896171

Terahertz communication is envisioned as a key technology not only for the next generation of macro-scale networks (e.g., 6G), but also for transformative networking applications at the nanoscale (e.g., wireless nanosensor networks and wireless networks on chip). In this paper, an on-chip THz nano-generator with amplitude and frequency modulation capabilities is presented. The proposed device uses and leverages the tunability of the Dyakonov-Shur instability for the growth and modulation of plasmonic oscillations in the two-dimensional electron gas channel of a graphene-based high-electron-mobility transistor. An in-house developed finite-element-methods platform, which self-consistently solves the hydrodynamic model and Maxwell's equations, is utilized to provide extensive numerical results demonstrating the device's functionality along with ultra-wide bandwidth and high modulation index capabilities.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9881659

We present a custom-built, multi-physics model to investigate electromagnetic wave propagation in extreme random media such as human tissue and study its subsequent photothermal effects. The proposed finite-element model consists of two segments – the first one estimates the intensity distribution along the beam path, while the second calculates the increase in temperature due to the wave distribution inside the tissue. We determine the intensity variation in the tissue using the radiative transfer equation and compare the results with Monte Carlo analysis and existing analytical models. The intensity information is then utilized to predict the rise in temperature with a bio-heat transfer module, powered by Pennes’ bioheat equation. The model is parametric, and we perform a systematic photothermal analysis to recognize the crucial variables responsible for the temperature growth inside the tissue, particularly for terahertz and near infrared optical frequencies. Our numerical model can serve as a benchmark for intrabody communication studies involving complex heterogeneous media.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9170555

With the huge advancement of nanotechnology over the past years, the devices are shrinking into micro-scale, even nano-scale. Additionally, the Internet of nano-things (IoNTs) are generally regarded as the ultimate formation of the current sensor networks and the development of nanonetworks would be of great help to its fulfilment, which would be ubiquitous with numerous applications in all domains of life. However, the communication between the devices in such nanonetworks is still an open problem. Body-centric nanonetworks are believed to play an essential role in the practical application of IoNTs. BCNNs are also considered as domain specific like wireless sensor networks and always deployed on purpose to support a particular application. In these networks, electromagnetic and molecular communications are widely considered as two main promising paradigms and both follow their own development process. In this survey, the recent developments of these two paradigms are first illustrated in the aspects of applications, network structures, modulation techniques, coding techniques and security to then investigate the potential of hybrid communication paradigms. Meanwhile, the enabling technologies have been presented to apprehend the state-of-art with the discussion on the possibility of the hybrid technologies. Additionally, the inter-connectivity of electromagnetic and molecular body-centric nanonetworks is discussed. Afterwards, the related security issues of the proposed networks are discussed. Finally, the challenges and open research directions are presented.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8734762

The development of optical nano-bio interfaces is a fundamental step toward connecting biological networks and traditional electronic computing systems. Compared to conventional chemical and electrical nano-bio interfaces, the use of light as a mediator enables new type of interfaces with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. In this paper, the state of the art and future research directions in optogenomic interfaces are discussed. Optogenomic interfaces are light-mediated nano-bio interfaces that allow the control of the genome, i.e., the genes and their interactions in the cell nucleus (and, thus, of all the cell functionalities) with (sub) cellular resolution and high temporal accuracy. Given its fundamental role in the process of cell development, the study is focused on the interactions with the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene and the integrative nuclear FGFR1 signaling (INFS) module in stem cells and in neuronal cells, whose control opens the door to transformative applications, including reconstructive medicine and cancer therapy. Three stages of optogenomic interfaces are described, ranging from already experimentally validated interfaces activating broad cellular responses and expressing individual genes to more advanced interfaces able to regulate and correct DNA topology, chromatin structure, and cellular development.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8439005

We report a plasmonic interferometer array (PIA) sensor and demonstrate its ability to detect circulating exosomal proteins in real-time with high sensitivity and low cost to enable the early detection of cancer. Specifically, a surface plasmon wave launched by the nano-groove rings interferes with the free-space light at the output of central nano-aperture and results in an intensity interference pattern. Under the single-wavelength illumination, when the target exosomal proteins are captured by antibodies bound on the surface, the biomediated change in the refractive index between the central aperture and groove rings causes the intensity change in a transmitted light. By recording the intensity changes in real-time, one can effectively screen biomolecular binding events and analyze the binding kinetics. By integrating signals from multiple sensor pairs to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio, the superior sensing resolutions of 1.63 × 10 -6 refractive index unit in a refractive index change and 3.86 × 10 -8 exosomes/mL in exosome detection were realized, respectively. Importantly, this PIA sensor can be imaged by a miniaturized microscope system coupled with a smartphone to realize a portable and highly sensitive healthcare device. The sensing resolution of 9.72 × 10 9 exosomes/mL in exosome detection was realized using the portable sensing system building upon a commercial smartphone.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8608890

In this paper, a graphene-based spiral nanoantenna is proposed and investigated for intrabody communication at the Terahertz (THz) frequency band (0.1-10 THz). A spiral antenna configuration is adopted as it possesses various degrees of freedom and exhibits geometries that facilitate miniaturization, which is crucial for practical deployment of nanobiosensors. Graphene is used in the design of the spiral nanoantenna since it results in the excitation of plasmonic eigenmodes, which lead to strong resonances in the lower THz band. Full wave simulation of the proposed spiral nanoantenna is carried out by COMSOL Multiphysics, to obtain the nanoantenna parameters. The desirable features attained, along with its compact size and circularly polarized characteristic, make the proposed spiral antenna design suitable for intrabody nano-communication applications.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8406956

In the near future, it is envisioned that intra-body nanosensing systems will provide fast and accurate disease diagnosis and treatment. Recent work on intra-body communications has focused on understanding the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) signals in biological media; however, the photo-thermal effects of the EM waves on biological tissues are not as well understood, despite the risk of damaging the tissues. In this paper, we consider an intra-body nanosensing system where active nanoparticles (NPs) are injected into blood vessels. Using stochastic geometry, we analytically model the photo-thermal effect on red blood cells (RBCs) induced by EM waves of NP transmissions. Numerical results validate the proposed analytical model and provide insights into the safety of such systems.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8116883

In this paper, the maximum achievable throughput of electromagnetic nanonetworks in the terahertz (THz) band (0.1-10 THz) is comprehensively investigated. On the one hand, the peculiarities of the THz-band channel are taken into account by capturing the impact of the molecular absorption loss on the signal propagation. On the other hand, a two-state medium access control protocol is utilized to reflect the behavior of energy-harvesting nano-devices with constrained harvesting rate and maximum transmission power P 0 . An ad-hoc nanonetwork is considered with n identical randomly located nano-devices, and each is capable of utilizing W Hz of bandwidth. When the node density of nanonetworks is low, the achievable throughput is O(W P 0 ((n log n) (αspr-1/2) /exp((α abs /(n log n) 1/2 )))) (1/2) , where α spr and α abs refer to the spreading loss coefficient and the molecular absorption loss coefficient. When the node density of nanonetworks is very high, the interference among nano-devices governs the network behavior and the achievable throughput becomes O((W 2 P 0 /I(n))((n log n) (αspr-1/2) /exp((α abs /(n log n) 1/2 )))) (1/2) . For both the cases, the upper boundaries of the achievable throughput are analytically derived, and the numerical results are provided. Numerical results illustrate that the molecular absorption loss plays the main role when the nanonetwork is sparse, and the interference dominates when the nanonetwork node density is very high.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7892964

In this paper, metallic plasmonic nano-antennas are modeled and analyzed for wireless optical communication. More specifically, a unified mathematical framework is developed to investigate the performance in transmission and reception of metallic nano-dipole antennas. This framework takes into account the metal properties, i.e., its dynamic complex conductivity and permittivity; the propagation properties of surface plasmon polariton waves on the nano-antenna, i.e., their confinement factor and propagation length; and the antenna geometry, i.e., length and radius. The generated plasmonic current in reception and the total radiated power and efficiency in transmission are analytically derived by utilizing the framework. In addition to numerical results, the analytical models are validated by means of simulations with COMSOL Multi-physics. The developed framework will guide the design and development of novel nano-antennas suited for wireless optical communication.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7749532

In recent years, numerous research efforts have been dedicated towards developing efficient implantable devices for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). However, there are limitations and challenges with the current technologies. Firstly, the stimulation of neurons currently is only possible through implantable electrodes which target a population of neurons. This results in challenges in the event that stimulation at the single neuron level is required. Secondly, a major hurdle still lies in developing miniature devices that can last for a lifetime in the patient's brain. Recently, the concept of neural dust has been introduced as a way to achieve single neuron monitoring and potentially actuation. In parallel to this, the field of optogenetics has emerged where the aim is to stimulate neurons using light, usually by means of optical fibers inserted through the skull. Obviously, this introduces many challenges in terms of user friendliness and biocompatibility. We address this shortcoming by proposing the wireless optogenetic neural dust (wi-opt neural dust). The wiopt neural dust is equipped with a miniature LED that is able to stimulate the genetically engineered neurons, and at the same time harvest energy from ultrasonic vibrations. The simulation results presented in the paper investigates the behaviour of the light propagation in the brain tissue, as well as the performance of designed circuitry for the energy harvesting process. The results demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing wi-opt neural dust for long term implantation in the brain, and a new direction towards precise stimulation of neurons in the cortex.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7524763

Nano-communication-based devices have the potential to play a vital role in future healthcare technologies by improving the quality of human life. Its application in medical diagnostics and treatment has a great potential, because of its ability to access small and delicate body sites noninvasively, where conventional medical devices fall short. In this paper, the state of the art in this field is presented to provide a comprehensive understanding of current models, considering various communication paradigms, antenna design issues, radio channel models based on numerical and experimental analysis and network, and system models for such networks. Finally, open research areas are identified for the future directions within the field.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7358144

Embedded nanosensors will be a key feature of emerging medical monitoring systems. Power for these sensors could be harvested from ultrasonic vibrations generated by portable miniature sources and converted to electrical energy by piezoelectric nanowires. This letter analyzes the frequency and intensity of ultrasounds required to power an embedded nanosensor subject to medical safety limits, absorption by human tissue and reflection from interfaces. We calculate input and output power at different levels of energy conversion efficiency. Our analysis suggests that ultrasounds can be a viable source for energy harvesting of in-body nanosensors.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7388948

Graphene, thanks to its ability to support Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) waves in the Terahertz (THz) band (0.1- 10 THz), enables the miniaturization and electrical tunability of miniature antennas suited for wireless communication among nanosystems. Despite graphene antennas have been extensively analyzed by means of modeling and simulation, no experimental proof is available to date. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of adequate signal generators and feeding mechanisms able to contact the nano-antenna with a reasonable efficiency. In this paper, two recently proposed feeding mechanisms for graphene-based THz plasmonic antennas are described. The first technique is based on the optical excitation of SPP waves by means of optical downconversion with photoconductive materials, whereas the second approach relies on electrical excitation of SPP waves on the antenna by means of a high-electron-mobility transistor. While fundamentally different, the two feeding mechanisms are able to effectively couple to a graphene-based plasmonic nanostructure and, thus, can be utilized to excite plasmonic nano-antennas in practical setups.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6364968

Nanotechnology is enabling the development of integrated nano-devices which are able to perform only very simple tasks. Nanonetworks, i.e., networks of nano-devices, will enable advanced applications of nanotechnology in the biomedical, environmental and military fields. One of the major bottlenecks in nanonetworks is posed by the very limited energy that can be stored in a nano-battery in contrast to the energy that is required by a nano-device to operate and, specially, to communicate. Recently, novel energy harvesting mechanisms have been proposed to replenish the energy stored in the nano-batteries. With these mechanisms, nanonetworks can overcome their energy bottleneck and even have infinite lifetime. In this paper, an energy model for self-powered nano-devices is developed that successfully captures the correlation between the energy harvesting and the energy consumption processes. The energy harvesting process is realized by means of a piezoelectric nano-generator, for which a new circuital model is developed which can accurately reproduce existing experimental data. The energy consumption process is due to the communication among nano-devices in the Terahertz Band (0.1-10 THz). A mathematical framework is developed to obtain the probability distribution of the nano-device energy and to investigate the end-to-end successful packet delivery probability, the end-to-end packet delay, and the throughput in nanonetworks. Integrated nano-devices have not been built yet and, thus, the development of an analytical energy model is a fundamental step towards the design of architectures and protocols for nanonetworks.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10228364

In the study of human physiology, the brain remains the last frontier. Wired electrode interfaces first developed in the 1960s endure to today as treatments for Parkinson’s, depression, paralysis and other neurological diseases and injuries. Unfortunately, the risks involved with implanting and replacing the electrodes in the brain confine it to niche, last resort cases for patients without functional drug-based treatments. In the effort to replace wired interfaces, magnetic fields have emerged alongside ultrasound and optogenetics as one of the leading paths forward. However, modern magnetic methods such as magnetomechanical and Transcranial Magnetic stimulation have tradeoffs with temporal and spatial resolution. Magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) can offer the best of both worlds, obtaining both spatial localization and temporal rapidness with particles small enough to pass the blood-brain barrier. MENPs efficiently convert non-tissue interacting magnetic fields into short range, stimulating electric fields. In this work, we demonstrate that MENPs can wirelessly modulate neuron firing in vitro and govern motor behavior in vivo in a controllable and reversible manner.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10228240

Magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) convert magnetic fields into localized electric fields, using a core-shell nanostructure based on a magnetostrictive core and piezoelectric shell. These nanoparticles can serve as biocompatible wireless nanotransducers for magneticbased brain stimulation. We examined the effects of changing the core-to-shell ratio in cobalt ferrite – barium titanate (CoFe 2 O 4 @BaTiO 3 ) MENPs on their magnetic properties, and then we tested their performance in stimulating neurons in vitro. The nanoparticles with the highest anisotropy core and lowest core-to-shell ratio were the most effective at activating neurons.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10207817

Magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) provide a way to wirelessly and non-invasively record local neural activity deep in the brain. When administered into the brain, MENPs serve as auxiliary 3-D sources, thus offering a solution to the fundamental problem of inverse mathematics that has stifled the advancement in the field of wireless neural recording from its inception. Due to the magnetoelectric effect, the MENPs’ magnetization is modulated by electric fields due to local neural activity. In turn, this modulated magnetization can be detected via modern magnetometers such as optical pumped magnetometers (OPMs) and nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center devices, already impacting the state of magnetoencephalography (MEG). This basic physics study discusses an aspect that has not been explored to date. There is a strong dependence of the MENPs-based recording on the specific location of the nanoparticles with respect to the neuronal microstructure. This analysis shows that one of the key conditions to enable the MENPs-based recording with a sub-10−3 cm3 spatial resolution in real time would be to ensure the nanoparticles are located specifically on the membrane, where the neural-firing-caused electric field reaches its maximum value. One potential implementation of this high-resolution recording concept would be to integrate MENPs with the recently emerged magnetic particle imaging (MPI).

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9838833

In this paper, we propose a theoretical intra-body propagation model for signal transmission in the THz frequency band. The channel of interest is a blood vessel composed of red blood cells (RBCs), where propagation occurs between a nanoantenna transmitter and a protein receiver. The presented model accounts for signal losses due to molecular absorption and scattering through both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) links. The RBCs between the antenna and the protein act as obstacles that attenuate the signal power giving rise to shadowing. By conducting Monte Carlo simulations, we develop the random characteristics of the transmission medium. Inspired by radar systems, an expression for the received power is derived using the bistatic radar model and the total path loss is computed through the different links. The results are validated by means of electromagnetic wave propagation simulations. The presented work indicates that a reliable communication link exists between the nanoantenna and the protein through both the LOS and NLOS transmission. Our work facilitates the accurate design of in-vivo wireless nanosensor networks and paves the path towards selective intra-body interactions.

What are you going to say to all that? "OMG, IEEE, it's so fake."

Again, piss up a rope.

Seagal said:
This isn't the first time Drain Todger got all worked up about something. His covid analysis thread was fucking gold. Here's a post about him in that thread from 2020:

https://kiwifarms.st/threads/wuhan-coronavirus-covid-19-analysis-summary.67656/post-6238103

Well, a lot of what I said back then turned out to be correct, didn't it?

For instance, at the time, everyone expressed doubts and mockery about my statements in early 2020 that SARS-CoV-2 was potentially neuroinvasive and could cause brain damage. Now, it's a commonly accepted fact.

https://www.cell.com/trends/neurosciences/fulltext/S0166-2236(22)00050-9

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with a diverse spectrum of neurological complications during the acute and postacute stages. The pathogenesis of these complications is complex and dependent on many factors. For accurate and consistent interpretation of experimental data in this fast-growing field of research, it is essential to use terminology consistently. In this article, we outline the distinctions between neuroinvasiveness, neurotropism, and neurovirulence. Additionally, we discuss current knowledge of these distinct features underlying the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-associated neurological complications. Lastly, we briefly discuss the advantages and limitations of different experimental models, and how these approaches can further be leveraged to advance the field.

https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-long-covid-19-brain-fog

Brain fog—one of long COVID’s most misunderstood symptoms—is a name that has gained more traction to refer to a range of neurological symptoms such as feeling slow, difficulty thinking or concentrating, confusion and forgetfulness. Nearly half of patients report either poor memory or brain fog, according to a JAMA Network Open study on long COVID symptoms. And it doesn’t just afflict patients who were sick enough to need a ventilator or hospital care—it can affect anyone who has been infected with SARS-CoV-2.

www.frontiersin.org
Long COVID or Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): An Overview of Biological Factors That May Contribute to Persistent Symptoms
The novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Across the globe, a subset of patients who sustain an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection are developing a wide range of persistent symptoms that do not resolve over...
www.frontiersin.org www.frontiersin.org

Autopsy, animal, and organoid model studies show that, like SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 is able to reach and infect cells of the CNS, infect neurons, and produce neuroinflammation (Matschke et al., 2020; Song et al., 2020; Song et al., 2021). Indeed, SARS-CoV-2 may be capable of transport up and down nerves and neuronal axons (Lima et al., 2020; Rangon et al., 2020; Song et al., 2020; Karuppan et al., 2021).

Do you realize that, by any reasonable standard, COVID-19 itself could be considered a subtly debilitating neuroweapon? James Giordano, in his speech at West Point, made it very clear. Drugs, bugs, and toxins.

A neuroweapon doesn't have to be an engineered nanoparticle. It can be an engineered neurotropic virus that causes lasting cognitive and psychological impairment. What will the long-term economic damage be, in terms of people who are now so impaired that they can no longer effectively contribute to the workforce? Do we even know? Have those studies even been done? Trust me, you're not going to like what they find. It's going to be in the tens or even hundreds of billions of dollars of a hit to the GDP, and that's just to start.
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