內田純子（2013年11月）。商代的酒器與青銅禮器。金玉交輝──商周考古、 藝術與文化論文集（69-92）。臺北：中央研究院歷史語言研究所。 Many questions regarding the ritual wine vessels of the Xia and Shang Dynasties have yet to be resolved. One reason for this is that their usage and the kind of alcohol have not been adequately taken into account when studying these vessels from an archeological standpoint. This paper indicates that the first wine vessels to appear in the Erlitou period were the jue (爵) and jia (斝). They were used to warm a moderately alcoholic beverage called li (醴), which was made of cereal, opaque and mushy. According to the scholarship about Shang Dynasty brewing methods, li was probably brewed originally made in a large rimmed zun (尊) pot using fermented rice (糱, nie). Later, li was replaced by the more alcoholic chang (鬯) which was brewed with yeast (麴, qu). The set of early bronze wine vessels the jue, jia, gu (觚), and zun were used for rituals with li. Large dippers were sometimes included in the set and used with pottery and bronze zun vessels to serve li. These vessels were most often decorated with taotie (饕餮) patterns. The designs and technology for making these patterns developed conjointly, such that these vessels can be thought of as belonging to a single series. After Yinxu II, the most predominant set of vessels changed as jia and zun became less common and were replaced by you (卣) and hu (壺), which were lidded wine bottles with thin necks. This latter set would have been good for storage and was probably used to keep transparent chang. Jue and gu were the first vessels to appear with inscriptions during Yinxu I. The inscriptions were positioned on either the outside of the vessel or on the round foot. It stands to reason that those vessels were used for opaque li, which explains why the designs could only be seen on the outside of the vessel. After Yinxu II, inscriptions on wine vessels were situated on the inside of the vessels. Many aspects of bronze ritual wine vessels suggest that their contents changed from li to chang after Yinxu II.