ciovex>

[38]

Section X.

ORTHOGRAPHICAL MARKS.

50. These as here given are six in number :— ' [•J^ jazm, JiXe maddah, tXJ.AA) i'skdld, icic. ivaslah, 2^** hamzaJi, and viAil angka.

51- j^J^ i(i_?'H signifies 'cutting', and is called by the Malays ^>U aAJ tanda ma-ti, or ^U i,^j^, ha-ris mi-ti. Its form is ^, ", or ', and it is placed over a letter, in ' the rank of the vowel signs. Its power is to indicate that the

letter, over which it is placed, has no vowel sound, of which this mark is the negation, in other words it closes the syllable,

as in J^' imng-gil ' to call', c:^=r" lanjut ' to prolong'. It can be placed over any letter (with the exception perhaps of ^^j fia), capable of receiving a vowel sound ^ [see Pars. 33 and 34 above). Malays rarely use it, notwithstanding that it might be extremely useful in writing certain words, like ejj^ bu-icat 'to do', iA«i si-y (( n g ' Vighi', which, without the j»Js- jct-^in, might be taken for ^JiJyi Im-ta ' blind ', and ^-u si-iuja ' a lion ', which latter are often, in order to distinguish them, erroneously written o^j and liJ.*>j. ^.^^ ^ 52. '^'^ j»a(/(/fl/t^ or A^ madd signifies ' prolongation',

^_ its form is - or "^ f. It is placed over a quiescent weak letter,.

)Tl<vU($ i^nuiVWrtC ^^ ^"^^ "^^"^ °^ ^^^ vowel signs, and marks a long vowel. It is for this purpose applied by the Malays only to \ initial, I when representing the long vowel a as a separate syllable.'

• It has nevertheless been couteuded that each h tirtif madd should bear this mark. . ~— -« f The Malays suppose that this is a perverted form of the Arabic luuueral .r

_»j« jj-- ' ^^ "* ( 2 ), but it is more probably the Greek circumflex ( Rom.nson ).

«

[39]

It may be considered that, the pronunciation of the syllable requiring two ali/s, one of them \^J^j^. h'v-ha-ris accom. panied by the sign «icar^ fat-^ah, and the other J^ •— *;^ %urtif madd to prolong the vowel sound, but the rules of orthoigraphy not admitting of such a repetition, this mark is placed iover the one alif ( 1 ) to denote at the same time, the elision land the extension of sound, as in ^jJ n-y'r 'water'. In [Malay words however the long a initial, and forming a sepa(rate syllable, is much more commonly expressed by U with the soft, or almost imperceptible, aspirate, to support the supplementary vowel, as in ^o'^ lia-ri or d-ri ' day ',* * l^

ha-yam or J\ n-y<nti ' fowl '.

53. Another form of tliis mark, called 1 — a.\\s^ maddalif, is a small 1 a^?/ placed over a letter, and indicating that such

'letter is followed by the long a, as in {j^*^ rahmdn 'merciful', which may be equally correctly written jj^*;;; When over ^ final in Arabic words, it is called ij^i A^ madd-as'l, and implies that this letter has the sound a, as in J^"*^ I taMa ' Most High ', but th^ Malays, on the contrary, somej times introduce it instead of applying <)Cs'* fat-hah io the preceding consonant, to produce the diphthongj^y ', as in Jj-^'.S instead of ^^J im-hiy ' to use'.

54. It has been already observed (Par. 33), that a quiescent weak letter, representing a prolongation of sound, is

called Jk^ I j,»- fyuruf uiadd, and when found in the middle

of a syllable (as it often is in Arabic), as the 1 in J lam the

I * The idea conveyed by this vrord is a period of 24 hours, from sunset to i' grmsct.

[ 42 ] letters might mislead as to the proper Arabic letters to be used, it would be better to write hirat or huot than bti-icat

for cu>j^ ( see Appendix B ).

efi. In the formation of derivatives, as will be hereafter explained, the J^-« < 9;=^ }f,uriif madd is often found in a different position to that in which it was in the radical word, hut if such letter should, in the radical, have borne the mark JjjiJlJ fslidld, that mark is, in such case, lost in the derivative, but the loss is equivalent to the deletion of so

much only of the duplication, as consists of S^ i 9.s>- hiinif

madd. Thus from c:->jj hu-ivat ' to do ' = *^^j is formed ^^\y,J^ p'r-huwa-tan ' the thing done '; here the ^ as the first part of the duplication, and A^ *—*;*■ ^urufmadd of the radical, is omitted in the derivative, and there remains only j wa [^j^iji h'r-ha-ris, following j hu, and 1 as J^ '— *t»liurufmadd appears in the penultimate of the derivative word,

57. It must be noted ihsLt a ii^ u^j»- htmif madd iormed by the application of 4iJ..:yAj t'shd'ul to ^ , invariably gives it the first sound of ^u^ dlammah, that is u ( not o), and by its application to ^c the first sound of Sjv*^ k'sraU, that is i ( not c ). As some difficulty may occur as to when iiOi^tio Vslidld may be applied to ^ and ^ the following rule has been formulated : — " When they in a radical are followed by a li-o I — »\»- kuriif madd they cannot take this mark ", ex.

yj*Uj hiya-sa 'accustomed', ^y hiava-ya 'crocodile'. No further comment on this mark is necessary, for the Malays

[ 43 ]

rarely use it, except over the word *JJ1 allah ' God ', and it is a refinement introduced from a language, with which the Malay has little in common ; but its presence must be supposed to account for the traditional spelling of certain words, such as ^^ i-ija or ^li di-ya ' he, she, they ', t_fA«* s'di-ya ' ready ', 1^ muli-yd ' worthy ', and a number of others in addition to those already given ( Par. 55 ).

58. ilc^ ivaslah or (J^^ icas'l signifies ' union '. , Its torm is " and placed over 1 renders it mute, allowing a junction between the preceding, and succeeding letters. It is only used in Arabic phrases, and mainly in the definitive

particle Jl aX^ as in ^^^ '-r'-^ kita-hunnabi ' book of the

Prophet' ^__^«4XaI] —^j ro-hul-kiidns 'Holy Ghost', JdJl J^*«,

rasu-lullah "apostle of God ', <dll J,«,. rasu-lillah * of the apostle of God '.

59. The first syllable of the word <t)J) allali, which is an

- ts abbreviation, is the article J^ nZ, and the second part «i

illah 'God' thus signifying 'The God', 'The One

God '. It is for this reason that, when a possessive

noun or pronoun follows it, the article is omitted, as in

j^^aLl ^] illah ibra-hlm ' God of Abraham ', viX^Jl illah-hu

^ My God', X ^k!) illah Ica-mi 'Our God'. We must

however caution the reader, that the genitive in Malay being

formed by position, and not by declension, these forms

though correct in Malay would no*: be good Arabic, and in

the first instance quoted, a ^*««> h'srah would be placed