34

SPELLING

Letter.

1

Unconnected.

Conventional Roman Equivalent.

Form

in connection.

Examples

With following letter.

With preceding letter.

With both.

With following letter.

With preceding letter.

With both.

Dal

J

d

X

...

x^\

Dzal

i

dz

s.

. . .

>^

. . .

Ra

)

r

J-

. . .

. . .

,^\

Za

)

z

J

^ji-3

Sin

u-

s

.**)

LT"

^

OaX^mt

l;^*^

j-^.

Shin

LT

sh

^

\J-

^

u^-H^

O^^so

j-^*—'

Sad

U^

s

.<0

u^-

wO.

C;.A.jS^.a

U^t^

J-

Dlad

O^

dl

^

u^-

wiO.

t^JU-^

\A^

1 ••

Ta

\>

t

.w

Ja.

i*.

^.,L

jflii

U^^^

Tla

Ji

tl

.li

Ji.

.li.

^

]attssj>

curiae

Ain

t

'

.£

e-

Jt.

J^

e

J«

Ghain

t

gh

.C

t

.i.

^i,

y^'O

Nga

t

ng

.£■

t

.X.

^/

A.X.5

(_j«.Xx-l.)

Fa

> s

f

.9

» a.

.fi.

J-

I — 2J^

lOO^

Pa

1 s

P

.9

^

i.

i^i

i^.L^

Ok"a*)

Kaf

l5

i>-q

J

J-

.a.

u:.-,-Vs

jls

.JL9

Kaf

d ^.r

k

5^

t^ j:

.<:

U^

c^X*

SPELLING

35

Letter.

Unconnected.

Conventional Roman Equivalent.

Form in connection.

Examples.

With following letter.

With preceding letter.

With both.

With following letter.

With preceding letter.

With both.

Ga

Lam

Mim

Nun

Wau

Ha

Ya

Nya

J

r

u

-St

cr O

I

m

n

u, w

h

y

ny

f

J

..0

-j

.4

J -J

r

8-

1

-♦-

•t- ■4-

(Jk---^-'

I)

a

Of these letters -. ch is borrowed not from the Arabic but from the Persian, as also is the form ^'^ ^ for which d simply is often written : wS p is not Arabic, c n or ng, ^ (or -j) n or ny appear to have been constructed from c and ^ respectively. The fourteen letters already dealt with (§ 13) represent Arabic sounds and occur only in Arabic loan-words, except that, as stated in the aforesaid section, guttural q J is employed as a symbol in Malay words, i {ta bersimpul, as Malays term it) is used often by Malays for final t, e.g. ajI ////, i.^^ sural, that is, in accordance with Persian and Hindustani usage, but wrongly, of course, according to Arabic usage, since in that language it is a variant of » and called ha-ta, being pronounced like ta only when followed by a vowel. k_s fa is commonly used by Malays for ^' and pronounced

c 2

38 SPELLING

{b) The idshdid is inserted to indicate that the letter over which it is placed, whether vowel or consonant, is sounded twice, e.g. u as uw, i as iy, s as ss, ng as ngng, and so on.

cdIj buwat, jj duwa, Jj diyam, (J'l iya, iu-usiyang, sj^ suddah,^I!j bessar, ^k:i tengngah.

But the use of the tashdid to double the consonant, i.e. when it follows a short vowel (as in our words better^ fellow, galant or gallant') is not generally observed in Malay I\ISS. and is not Arabic, nor does it represent any real phonetic doubling of the consonant. (One is tempted to compare with it the double kk in such words as ^^^^is^ilij pertunjokkan, which are often said to be in imitation of Javanese double-letter forms and to exhibit a survival probably due to the existence of two forms of k ; but Javanese influence hardly existed at all in Acheen, and it is more probable that the first k j never represented anything but the mere glottal check (§9).)

[c) The omission of final \ j and ^ :

(j^ kayu, e)l aku, J^^j' terlalu, c:>.;i pintii, uj^J;-^ meribu, -yj bertemu, i-Jl api, oU jadi, ^L mati, d^ laki, ^.9 pergi, ^y bumi, e^U hati, JiC-. sa-kali, dj-suka, y dua, s^i tuba.

Exceptions :

(i) A final vowel is inserted when required for the explanation of a foreign word. In the Bodleian Sn' Rama the Sanskrit puri is written sometimes .ys but oftener i^.f and pei'kasa is written \j6j.

(2) It is inserted when 1 represents a uniform long a, and J , {J the diphthong sounds au, ai.

\S kera, \\ bela, lb depa, ^S kilau, y^, risau, ^y tupai, f\jt helai.

{d) The omission of an\' S}'mbol to represent the indeterminate short vowel e unless the iashdid as used above {U) can be taken as an illegitimate symbol.

SPELLING 39

(e) The omission of 1, ^ and ij as medial vowels in closed syllables.

cijyj berat, ^.b belum, c:*.*.*. sebut, c^^l orang, A-..»5 kambing, oXc^ ringgit, A.^_ bimbang, !u*) tumboh.

Exceptions :

(i) When the spelling of Arabic words is retained (though Arabic pronunciation may not be followed), e.g. ^)kJ\ islam, ^^i.9 fakir, t_>Uj kitab — in Arabic of course one would get kitabu, fakiru, &c., and the syllables would not be closed.

(2) The monosyllables ^jb dan and ^ys pun.

(/') 1, J and 1^ are inserted in an open syllable upon which the accent falls — in Malay usually the penultimate.

^y ttian, ^_^j5. riias, A^.-ft.^ kepiting, UU.j telinga, j:>^jS^ sekedudok, ^c-\J larangan, ^^cLj tambangan, _i^».. raja-raja, J^.J1 apa-bila, klLU hulubalang.

Exceptions :

A few words like dL« maka, si pada,,j dari, 5j« siidah, JX^ segala, in which the vowel may have been omitted because it was short and had little stress on it.

[In certain derivative words formed by the addition of suffixes, 1, . and ij are shifted to the penultimate of the derived word: oi;l ingat, ^jAiA ingatan, ,^*»a. chemburu, ^jj^-j*** ehemburuan, ili tahu, (j^^-4--^ ketahui, .>U jadi, ^^--Jajadikan, :,Ji kuda, j\jS kuda-nya, ui;0 kata, ^^U5 katanya. Many have thought that the accent does not now, in the Peninsula at any rale, fall on that syllable, but still remains on the penultimate of the root word. Consequently it has been suggested that this shifting arose from vicious analogy with Javanese forms and phonetics, which seems improbable considering the small influence Java had in the north of Sumatra : or that it might have arisen from vicious analogy with the spelling of jMalay roots, but that again seems very improbable.