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The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
Persian is one of the great lingua francas of world history. Yet despite its recognition as a shared language across the Islamic world and beyond, its scope, impact, and mechanisms remain underexplored. A world historical inquiry into pre-modern cosmopolitanism, The Persianate World traces the reach and limits of Persian as a Eurasian language in a comprehensive survey of its geographical, literary, and social frontiers. From Siberia to Southeast Asia, and between London and Beijing, this book shows how Persian gained, maintained, and finally surrendered its status to imperial and vernacular competitors. Fourteen essays trace Persian’s interactions with Bengali, Chinese, Turkic, Punjabi, and other languages to identify the forces that extended “Persographia,” the domain of written Persian. Spanning the ages of expansion and contraction, The Persianate World offers a critical survey of both the supports and constraints of one of history’s key languages of global exchange.
This paper examines the intelligence-gathering methods and the formation of the military diplomacy of the Russian empire in Iran between 1836 and 1841. During the Napoleonic Wars, the Russian military administration had been obliged to adapt its intelligence-gathering capabilities and strategies to the French military mechanism. In this direction, not only permanent ambassadors but also voennyi agents (military agents/attachés) were sent to the several European capitals. Russian voennyi agents had been employed in military-diplomatic mission which was one of the four basic means of intelligence-gathering about imperial rivals – i.e. reconnaissance, military-scientific expeditions, military-diplomatic missions, and clandestine intelligence. As a continuation of this process, the first Russian voennyi agent, I. F. Blaramberg was assigned to the Russian embassy in Tehran just on the eve of the siege of Herat, in 1836. He was chronologically followed by V. A. Frankini, A. I. Domontovich, P. V. Charkovskii, D. D. Kuz’min-Karavaev, N. Ia. Shneur, V. K. Bel’grad and, V. A. Kosagovskii until the beginning of the twentieth century. Russian voennyi agents were to perform their active services in a limited area - only in the Iranian centre until the first decade of the twentieth century - and were expected to send detailed and comprehensive intelligence reports on the strengths and weaknesses of the Iranian imperial structure.
Honors Thesis, Kenyon College
The "Grave Task" of Writing Turko-Mongol History: Mirza Haydar Dughlat as a Historian2019 •
Mirza Muhammad Haydar Dughlat (b. 1499–1500, d.1551) was a Turko-Mongol aristocrat who left behind an ambitious historical work: the Tarikh-i-Rashidi, or the History of Rashid. In his Persian-language history, Mirza Haydar chronicles the Chaghatayid-Moghul khanate, a remnant of the Mongol Empire, from the mid-fourteenth to mid-sixteenth centuries. Indeed, the period at the center of the Tarikh-i-Rashidi was a highly tumultuous one that saw the slow, but steady, rise of new Islamicate empires, which brought major political and cultural changes to Central and South Asia. However, Mirza Haydar does not limit himself to an abstracted discussion of political and cultural changes. Rather, he describes at length his own experiences within this highly fluid and formative milieu. The present thesis attempts to recover the ways in which history was imagined, constructed, and practiced in early-modern Central and South Asia by using the Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Mirza Haydar as a case study. Such an examination allows for new insights on the intellectual ecosystem and cultural world in which the Moghul historian lived to come to the fore.
Book Chapter, University of California Press
This essay examines the role and meaning of Shaykh Mushrif al-Dīn “Saʻdī” Shīrāzī’s Gulistān in late Mughal India. As the prose primer for a Persian education, the Gulistān encompassed the double meaning of adab, as exemplar both of literary form and of proper conduct. I explore instances in which the original text is cited in the work of Sirāj al-Din ʻAli Khān Ārzū (1689-1756 CE), a scholar and poet, who also wrote a commentary on the text. I then explore the larger context of Ārzū’s life and work in the context of mid- eighteenth-century Delhi, to situate the stakes of social and literary adab in a time of political fragmentation and social upheaval. Patronized by high-ranking Mughal officials, Ārzū was engaged in a larger project of recouping the cultural prestige of the imperial capital as political power devolved to regional centers in the face of factional politics and external invasion. Such an analysis seeks to historicize particular readings of classical texts of Persianate education.
The Persianate World: The Frontiers of Euroasian Lingua Franca ed. by Niel Green
From Peshawar to Tehran: An Anti-Imperilaist Poet of the Late Persianate Miliue2019 •
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