Antimatter, matter composed of elementary particles that are, in a special sense, mirror images of the particles that make up ordinary matter as it is known on Earth. Antiparticles have the same mass as their corresponding particles but have opposite electric charges or other properties. For example, the antimatter counterpart of the electron, called the positron, is positively charged but is identical in most other respects to the electron. The antimatter equivalent of the chargeless neutron, on the other hand, differs in having a magnetic moment of opposite sign (magnetic moment is another electromagnetic property). In all of the other parameters involved in the dynamical properties of elementary particles, such as mass and decay times, antiparticles are identical with their corresponding particles.

The existence of antiparticles was first recognized as a result of attempts by the British physicist P. A. M. Dirac to apply the techniques of relativistic mechanics to quantum theory. He arrived at equations that seemed to imply the existence of electrons with negative energy. It was realized that these would be equivalent to electron-like particles with positive energy and positive charge. The actual existence of such particles, later called positrons, was established experimentally in 1932. The existence of antiprotons and antineutrons was presumed but not confirmed until 1955, when they were observed in particle accelerators. The full range of antiparticles has now been observed, directly or indirectly (in 2002 a significant quantity of antimatter was produced, and experimented upon, at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, Switzerland).


A profound problem for particle physics and for cosmology in general is the apparent scarcity of antiparticles in the universe. Their non-existence, except momentarily, on Earth is understandable, because particles and antiparticles are mutually annihilated with a great release of energy when they meet. Distant galaxies could possibly be made of antimatter, but no direct method of confirmation exists. Most evidence about the far universe arrives in the form of photons, which are identical with their antiparticles and thus reveal little about the nature of their sources. The prevailing opinion, however, is that the universe consists overwhelmingly of “ordinary” matter, and explanations for this have been proposed by recent cosmological theory (see Inflationary Theory).

The elements, discovered by scientists in Japan, Russia and America, are the first to be added to the table since 2011, when elements 114 and 116 were added.
The four were verified on 30 December by the US-based International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the global organisation that governs chemical nomenclature, terminology and measurement.
IUPAC announced that a Russian-American team of scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California had produced sufficient evidence to claim the discovery of elements 115, 117 and 118.
The four new elements, all of which are man-made, were discovered by slamming lighter ­nuclei into each other and tracking the following decay of the radioactive superheavy elements.
Like other superheavy elements that populate the end of the periodic table, they only exist for fractions of a second before decaying into other elements.
IUPAC has now initiated the process of formalising names and symbols for these elements temporarily named as ununtrium, (Uut or element 113), ununpentium (Uup, element 115), ununseptium (Uus, element 117), and ununoctium (Uuo, element 118).”

Tetraspace Concept

(continued from lesson II)---  http://mrinalkantipal.blogspot.in/2012/03/fourth-dimension-simply-exlained-lesson_06.html  

Tetraspace (four dimensional space) is a fascinating place. Events that would be bizarre and mind-bending to us puny little realmic beings would be common-place and taken for granted in tetraspace. Jumping straight into thinking about tetraspace is enough to boggle any human mind. An indirect route must be taken if there is any hope of understanding the possibilities of tetraspace. The method I use here is the one pioneered by the books Flatland and Sphereland, and is the one used in just about every other text about the fourth dimension. First, I tell of the adventures of a planar being (a two-dimensional being) attempting to understand realmspace. Going from planespace (two-dimensional space) to realmspace will shed light on how to conceptualize going from realmspace to tetraspace. While going from planespace to realmspace may seem overly simple, it is necessary to understand exactly what is happening so that you can understand the process of going from realmspace to tetraspace.


Just as tetraspace is mind-boggling to us realmic beings, realmspace is mind-boggling to planar beings. Things we take for granted are extremely difficult for planar beings to conceptualize. The only thing a planar being can see of our realmic objects is their planar cross sections in his planespace, and the effects of them rotating. At first, he will only be able to conceptualize the effects in planespace of realmic objects. He will only see planar objects in his mind. Eventually, with much deep thought and introspection, he may be able to conceptualize the realmic object itself. Similarly, when starting to think about tetraspace, we will only be able to conceptualize the effects of tetral (four-dimensional) objects in realmspace. We will only be able to see realmic objects in our mind at first. But, by the effects we see, we can carve a sculpture in our minds of how the full object really looks like, and conceptualize the whole of the tetral object.

The name of our planar subject is "Fred". He lives in a plane called Flatland. The only directions that Fred knows of are forward, backward, up, and down. Fred has no concept of right or left. His viewing area is merely a vertical line. Here is a picture of Fred in his native habitat:



Since Fred's viewing area is only a line, he can't see as much at once as we can. Here is the view that Fred would see if he was in the picture above:



Unfortunately for Fred, he can't see backwards - he can only see forwards. It is impossible for him to simply spin around and face the opposite direction. It is easy for beings in realmspace to face a different direction because they can just spin around, left or right. The only way for beings in planespace to face a different direction though is to turn their head down and heels up. Fred either has to stand upside down to be able to see what is behind him, or he has to walk backwards blind because he only has an eye on his front side.

Fred's writing system is very rudimentary, since a linear surface doesn't allow much detail. His writing system looks somewhat like Morse code. Here is what a page from one of his books looks like, in his view:










Fred understands the concept of a square. It can be imagined as a series of lines stacked side by side, so that the resulting shape has four sides. He has no concept of what a cube would look like, though. The best he could do is imagine a succession of squares next to each other. As you can see, this is far from the actual representation of a cube. A cube is a series of squares stacked on on top of the other:



Fred also understands what a circle looks like. It can be imagined as a series of lines stacked side by side in the way that a square is formed, but the lines start small and expand to a certain size, then shrink down again at other side.



Fred can't understand what a sphere really looks like, though. He can imagine it as a series of circles, starting small and expanding, then shrinking down again. Here is how he might picture it:



Or, he might decide to picture it as a group of concentric circles (circles with the same center):



But, as you can see, that's not really what a sphere looks like. Now imagine Fred one day is sitting in his living room, and a sphere from realmspace passes through the air right before his eyes. To him, it will appear as if a circle appeared out of nowhere in front of him. It expands rapidly, and Fred fears that it is going to devour him and his house with him. But to his relief, its growth slows down and stops. Then, the circle starts shrinking again, but slowly. Then it starts to shrink faster and faster until it quickly disappears. Here is what the event looks like:



From the third dimension to the fourth dimension

In realmspace, there is a character named Bob. He is basically your average guy - two legs, two eyes, a brain, all the usual body parts. His view of his world is a 2 dimensional plane, one dimension more than Fred has. Here is Bob in his native habitat, and his view of that habitat:



Since Bob has one dimension more than Fred has, his writing system can be more elaborate. He can write on a 2 dimensional surface. Instead of only one line of text on a page, there can be multiple lines. This allows a lot more text to me stored in a realmic book. Here is what a page from one of his books looks like:



Bob fully understands the concept of a cube. A cube is a sequence of squares laying top to bottom flat on top of each other. For any one square in this cube, every point on one surface of the square touches every other point on the surface of the square above it, and on the other side, touches every point on surface of the square below it. Here is an illustration:



Bob also understands the concept of a sphere. A sphere is a sequence of concentric circles laying top to bottom on each other, as with a square. Like a square, adjacent slices of the circle touch each other at every point. Here is an illustration:


Bob has troubles imagining a tetracube, however. Here is the best he can do to imagine a tetracube:

A tetracube is actually a sequence of cubes, where every part of a cube in this tetracube (all the insides of it) touch all the insides of the cube to its right and to its left (or its up and down, or its front and back). In actuality, the direction of the adjacent cubes are not imaginable in terms of 3d directions. I will call one of the directions into tetraspace Upsilon (for up) and the other Delta (for down).

If Bob was viewing Fred's planar world, he would see that there are two sides to it. Bob could either be on top of Flatland or below it, but in order to get to the other side, Bob must go through Flatland. There is no other way to get to the other side. Planespace separates realmspace into two separate parts. In the same way, a tetral character (Let's call her Emily) would see that she is on one side of realmspace, and she'd have to pass through Bob's world to get to the other side of it. Realmspace separates tetraspace into two separate parts.

In the first illustration below, an arrow shows the path from one side of Flatland to the other. If the arrow was an object, Fred would only see a small point. In the second illustration, a tetral arrow that passes from one side of realmspace to the other would intersect realmspace with a small point. Bob doesn't see any other part of the arrow but this:

One day, Bob is innocently sitting in his living room (as Fred was that one day), and all of a sudden, in the middle of the air, a sphere appears and grows rather rapidly. Its size levels off at a point, then starts shrinking slowly. Its shrinking quickens until it completely disappears. Bob just experienced the passage of a tetrasphere (four dimensional sphere) through realmspace.

Below is a table showing the relation between the dimensions:

person	dimension	view	axis of rotation
---	1st	point(0D)	*no rotation*
Fred	2nd	line(1D)	point(0D)
Bob	3rd	plane(2D)	line(1D)
Emily	4th	realm(3D)	plane(2D)

Introduction

A fresh coconut when opened has an opaque and a clear textured sweet fluid, which is called the water of the coconut. As is believed, it is not the coconut milk, but is simply coconut water. It is often consumed as a cooling and refreshing drink, by the people living in hot and humid climatic conditions. More water content can be found in young green coconuts, whereas the as they mature the water gets absorbed in the flesh of the nut. Not only is it a refreshing drink, but it also a healthy drink, which is low on carbs, 99% fat free and low in sugar content. Although it is best had fresh, but at present coconut water is being packed in convenient packages and are being made available in stores all around the world. It is a natural "isotonic drink", and possesses the same level of electrolytic balance as we have in our blood., and is often referred to as the "fluid of life".

It is often touted as a health drink, as it has high content of potassium and minerals, which help the body to recover from rigorous exercise. Green coconuts, with some age spots are ideal for drinking. The taste of the coconut water depends upon the place, where it has been grown. For example, the Indian coconuts are a little salty, whereas the coconuts from Brazil have a sweet water and flesh. Coconut water acts like a medicine for people, who wish to control their blood pressure and obesity. As coconut has less calories than orange juice, it forms an important component of a healthy diet. It contains lorric acid, which is present in mother's milk. It also boasts of a potassium content much higher than many energy drinks. Care should be taken that the water is had fresh, as it tends to lose its nutrients after it combines with the environment.

  Natural energy drink
  Contains more electrolytes than most sports drinks (5 different electrolytes)
  Low in calories
  Virtually Fat Free
  Contains more potassium than a banana (almost 15 times) and can help prevent hypertension
  Keep urinary infections in check
  Kills intestinal worms
  High in fiber - about 2.6 grams in 8 ounces
  High in calcium (about 6% of the daily recommended value for a 2,000 calorie diet)
  Helps with water retention and as as a diuretic
  Helps to boost your metabolism - I like that!
  May Help to control diabetes and promote weight loss
  High in riboflavin, vitamin C, chloride, thiamin (water soluble vitamn B), manganese & phosphorus
  Contains no cholesterol
  Helps to balance PH levels
  May help with kidney stones
  Will help with poor circulation
  Helps to move oxygen, vitamins and prescriptions throughout the body
  Helps to regulate your body temperature
  Hydrates effectively and doesn't put a strain n the kidneys
  Detoxifies the body and intestinal tract
  Helps to promote a healthy immune system
  It is considered an anti-viral, anti-microbial and may decrease cancer risk
  It facilitates the effective transfer of nutrients and oxygen to the cells
  As coconut water is an isotonic beverage, it orally re-hydrates the body and and naturally    replenishes the body's fluids, which are lost while exercising
  Coconut water is an effective digestive tract cleanser
  It proves beneficial for diabetic patients to control diabetes
  Aids your body in fighting viruses that cause the flu, herpes, and AIDS
  It is also beneficial in treating kidney and urethral stones. Drinking coconut water keeps the body cool and also aids in maintaining a normal body temperature

Wireless Telegraphy


Contd from privious blog http://mrinalkantipal.blogspot.in/2012/03/history-of-electronics.html


Pic 17 Maxwell’s equation

Maxwell's 1865 publication of a theory which unified electrodynamics, magnetodynamics, and optics had seemingly little impact in Britain where it was not widely accepted. Surprisingly, during the remaining fourteen years of his life, Maxwell, who was a skillful experimentalist, did not attempt to verify the existence of the electromagnetic waves that his theory predicted. However, the leading German scientist of the period, von Helmholtz, believed the Maxwell theory and he set his pupil Hertz on the track of producing and detecting electromagnetic radiation, opening the path to wireless communication.

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894), a professor of physics at Karlsruhe Polytechnic, was the first to broadcast and receive radio waves in the laboratory. Between 1885 and 1889, he used spark discharges to produce electromagnetic waves. Hertz's radiator consisted of a pair of aligned rods, with a spark gap between them and capacitative plates at their ends. His receiver was a loop of wire with a small gap across which a small spark could be observed when the radiator discharged. Herz died suddenly of a brain tumor when he was thirty six, perhaps never realizing that transmission and reception over long distances was possible.

Edouard Eugène Désiré Branly (1844-1940) is revered in France as the inventor of wireless telegraphy. In 1890, Branly, a professor of Physics at the Catholic University of Paris, discovered that when exposed to even a distant spark transmission field, loose zinc and silver filings would cohere and provide a path of increased conductivity that could be used to detect the presence of the transmission. The "coherer" took radio transmission out of the laboratory and made communication over long distances possible.


Oliver Joseph Lodge (1851-1940) held the chair in Physics at the University College in Liverpool when he demonstrated a practical form of the Branly coherer in 1894. Lodge added a device that shook the filings loose between spark receptions. It became a standard device in early wireless telegraphy. Lodge also obtained the first patents for the use of tuned circuits to adjust the frequency of receivers and transmitters. After 1900, however, Lodge devoted himself to psychic research and attempts to communicate with the dead. In 1902 he was appointed the first principal of the new Birmingham University.

Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) failed the entrance exams to the Italian Naval Academy and the University of Bologna but was allowed by a family friend to attend lectures and laboratory at the university. In 1896, at age twenty-two, he patented a successful system of radio telegraphy . In the following years he introduced a notable series of inventions and ingenious redesigns of transmitting and receiving system components. In 1901 Marconi succeeded in receiving signals transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean. It may be fairly said that Marconi single-handedly advanced the development of radio telegraphy by decades. Marconi's Wireless Telegraphy Company soon established a net of coast stations in Britain for ship-to-shore communication. These were taken over by the British General Post Office in 1910, but for more than a decade the Marconi Company enjoyed a monopoly on maritime radio equipment sales by virtue of an agreement with Lloyds of London to only insure ships that used their equipment.   In 1909 Marconi received the Nobel Prize for Physics.

Next Blog  ----  Development of Vacuum Tubes
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Face Acupressure points  

Pressing the points will cure the diseased indicated in the fig  below




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Lung Curing Foods

4 cloves garlic
1/4 cup almonds
1/4 cup sunflower seeds or pumpkin seeds
juice of lemon
flaxseed oil