Sulu writing, an explanation of the Sulu-Arabic script as employed in writing the Sulu language of the southern Philippines

1. Sulu writing, an explanation of the Sulu-Arabic script as employed in writing the Sulu language of the southern Philippines

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Sulu writing, an explanation of the Sulu-Arabic script as employed in writing the Sulu language of the southern Philippines

Cameron, C. R. (Charles Raymond), b. 1875

Mindanao and Sulu, P.I. (Dept.)

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PREFACE

This monograph is the fruit of thirteen years of association witli the Snlu people and study of their writings. It endeavors to explain tlie \ise of the Arahie letters as they have been adapted to writing tln^ Sulu speech—an adaptation herein referi-ed to as tlie Sulu-Arahic script. It is prepared for students and not only has a copious index, but paragraphs have been numbered to facilitate reference, and cross-references are fre((uently given in the text. Clearness is the primary requisite; in a work of this kind and no apology is made for frequent repetitions. While it is advisable to begin with the first paragraph and study the book in order, the most important information has been segregated into tables, and if time presses, a study of these will give the main facts necessary for reading purposes; but in order to write the Sulu-Arabic script, the fuller explanation of the text nuist be studied.

Various references have necessarily been made to Arabic, in contradistinction to Sulu, usage, and in such cases, Wright's Arabic (rrammer has been accepted as authoritative. This book is referred to in the text as "Wr. Ar. (xram.", and references are to volume i, unless otherwise indicated. Effort lias been made to avoid the use of technical words of Arabic grammar, but when necessary to express a new idea and avoid a cumbersome phrase, such words have been adopted without hesitation. Moreover, in citing Arabic nouns, except in a few examples, case endings have not been given. The sections i-eferring to purely Arabic usage are plainly indicated and may 1 )e omitted by the student, if desired. Examples are Sulu words unless otherwise stated.

IV

'riie labor of publishing this work Avill be iip})re('iat<'<l w ben it is stated that the printing lias been done l)y Moro boys, wlio. ■A few months prior to beginning work on tbis book, liad never seen a printing press; that Arabic type is under any eireunistances difficult to set up with English, and that tbe Arabic ty])e here used—like all such type from oriental foundries—is not mechanically perfect nor of a uniform heiglit: tbat absohuely no one has been available to assist the author by criticising tiie text and its arrangement, or by reading proof or indexing; and that the ground covered is virgin^round with no publications to guide or furnish information. Except as regards the Arabic, all information has been obtained first-hand from the Sulus.

The author had intended to add to this work, a Sulu Grammar and a Sulu Dictionary, both in Roman letters based upon the system of transliteration and Avriting herein established. Altho considerable material has already been gathered, it is now doubtful if the two remaining works will ever be completed. Future works in Sulu for the use of I'^nglish-speaking people may advantageously be written in Roman letters. This course will permit publication in any printing establishment and will save considerable expense, and endless worry and annoyance.

This monograph is published by the Government of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu to which the author has donated his work. One of the chief aims of the latter is to provide the Sulu people—and others—with a logical system of writing the Sulu language in Roman letters. It is also greatly to be desired that more English-speaking people may be encouraged to take up the study of Sulu and otlier languages of the Philippine Islands whicb use an adapted Arabic script. In facilitating such study, it is hoped that this work may assist in bringing order and system into the chaos whicb now pervades the spelling of Pbili})pine words, especially as regards geogral)hical and otber proixi- names. A study of the subtle phonetic distinctions involved in the use of the Sulu-Arabic script will give a keener ai)prehension of the sounds of the Philippine languages and will place their ])bonetics on a more scientific

l)asis. Tli(^ ;i»l()i)ti(>ii ;it tliis lime of a rational system for tlxspclliiiii' of l*liili])j)iii(' woi'tls will merit the gi'atitude of imhoi"]! multitudes who will one day oecaipy tliese Islands ;ind who, un<ler the ({uiekenin,i; of liberty an<l education so dilii»;cntly fostei-ed during I'eeent years, seem destine<| to take the i>olitical leadership of the ^rvi\i >hday Hace.

For assistance in \ai-ious ways, acknowJedgment is liore made to The Miiidninio Ifcrahl; to f\l Feni.r; to I )i'. N. M. Saleeby, first suj)eriiitendent of schools of the Moro Province, and his hi-othei", E. M. Saleel)y, l)oth thoro Arabic scludars; to Tuan Sheikli Mustafa F>in Ahmad, superintendent of Ah)r() schools; to Hadji (Uilamu r-lJasul, assistant to thepro\incial governor of Suhi; to Alexandei" Schueck, foi-mei'Iy the author's assistant; and last but not least, to Huseiii rkkufig, manager of 77/f' Snln /'rrsx.

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VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Tntroduction 1

(1iaf>fer /. The Phonetics and Transliteration of

Sulii (§§ 1-9) 4

Chapter 11. General Observations on tlie Suhi

Arabic Script (§§ 10-14) VI

Chapter III. Transliteration and Power of C'onso

nants (§§ 15-63) 17

Chapter []'. Writing of Hamzah (§§ 64-73) 43

Chapter ('. Transliteration, Power,and Writin^u',

of Vowels and Orthographical Signs

(§§ 74-113) r. T in

('hapter VI. Writing of Consonants (§§ 114-1:51) 00

Chapter VII. Diphthongs (§§ 132-143) KM*.

Chapter 177/. Numerals, Punctuation, and Kncli

tics (§§ 144-151) nr,

Cha2:)ter JX. Foreign influence on Sulu Ortiio

graphy (§§ 152-156) 131

Appendr.r I. Specimens of Sulu Writing 135

Appendi.rll. A Plionetic Alj)]iabet 147

Index' 152

\11

N'tonhcml Tables

T<il>J( I. . Tlio Consonants, Tlioir Tmnslitvrations, Names, and Powers, in Arahic and Snlu IS

T<ililt J I. Wj-iting and Transliteration of \'o\vols following Hamzah and C)ther Consonants, and Power of \'ow('ls in Suln and Arabic 14

T<iJ>l( HI. \^)wi'l and Orthographical Signs, Their Transliterations, Names in Arabic, Malay and Sitiu, and Powers in Aral)ic and Suln 02

T<i1>h / r. Foi-nis of Consonants with Sulu or

A rabic Words Illustrating Their I's*- !)]

Tdhir I". Consonants Arranged According to Form, Including Malay Forms ()c<-asional]y Foinid in Sulu 9('>

Tiihh 17. Declension of Sulu Personal Pjm

iiouns, Spelled Phonetically 12S

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INTRODUCTION

'I'hc Sulu lnn^u;iii:;t'is s])()k('n hy about scvcuty-fivc tlioiisaud Muliaiuiiuuhiiis. and is tlic coiuincrcial IIik/iki fiunicd and Ncliiclcof wi'ittcii tlioii.ulit forahout seventy-five tliousand othei's. whose usual spoken dialect is Sanial, l)ajau, oi" ^'akan. All these live in the Sulu Archipelago, eastern l)orneo, l>asilan, and the southern extremity of the Zanihoanga jXMiinsula. Like the otheilauiiuap's spoken hy Muhannnadanized groups liviui;' in the l*hilippine Islands, calleil Moros, it has horrowed its alphahetical system from the Ai-ahic throuuh the Malay, dust as the Taijjalos, lUsayans, llocanos, and other liniiual groups of the North when (du'istianized adopted the al|)hahet of the S{)aniards, so these southern iirouj)s upon their conversion to Islam five centuries au'o, applied the .\rahic ali)hahet to their native tonuiie.

It is not difficult to learn to I'cad the Sulu-.\rahic chai'acters. nor to write them so that they can he understoo<l. I>ut to wi'ite them correctly recpiit'es extended study. The .\rahs wei'e proud of their l)eautiful an<l e.\pressi\-e laUiiuaiAC and de\-eloped its nicetii's to an astonishinii' deuree. The letters were also hii^hlv s[)ecialise(l and adapte(l to fit the peculiarities of the laniiua_iii' until they constituted hy far the most complex, as well as mo>t heautifuh system of al])hahetic writing of which we lia\-e anv record.

SoiiK'of the niceties of Ai";il)ic writing wci'c ncccssarilv lost in the a(l;i])t;ition to otlici- laiiiiuaiics, hnt foitificd in tlic almost universal study of tlu' Koran, its main features were j)reservcfl. lie however who has used only th<' Latin, (Ireek, Jlehrew, Sanscrit, or similar al})hal)ets in which letters of practicallv unchanii'ing form may follow one another in any arrangement, has no conce})lion of the comj)licate<l rules which go\-ern the choice and arrangement of the two hundred oi- more characters which make u{^ the simph^st Arahic fonts. 'Idie effort I'equircMl to master this system of writing is great, hut it is a pious >tudy, for it is the writing of the Koran. The ordinary western Kuropean system, called Roman, is \-astly easier to ap])ly. hut can scarcely gain a com|)lete victory in the writing of the language spoken h_y a Muhanunadan people since it is considere(l to he a religious duty to read the Koran in the original.

Although ahout ten per cent of those using the Sulu language are ahle to read and write it in Ai-ahic characters, this is done with varying degrees of accuracy, l^'ew Sulus are ahle to give an intelligihle explanation of the principles uj)on which their writing is hased, and a majoi'ity of them use the Arahic scrii)t with extraoi'dinai'v inaccuracy and disregard for these princi})les. 'riie task of the learner, theri'foi'e. in his effort to ac([uire the written language of the Sulus is one of the greatest difficulty. .\sa result, the writings of the Sulus and of the other .Muhanunadan gr()U])s have, with a very few exceptions, I'emaiiied a cIosimI hook h) investigators. l''urtliei"more, e\'en the ac(|uisition oftlu'sixikeii language is (liscoui'age(l hy aj>j)arent dil'ficulties of the scri)»t. and oui" gox'ei'mneiit officials JiaNc usually relied upon translatois and interj)reters with the conse((Uent liahility to ndstakesand deception.

3

The 1-jiulisli ^|K'lliiiii (if >uln pi'opci'ii.-iiiics. Uolli licoi^rnpliical mill pcr.~nii;il. is inlhc vciy uTcjitot cniifu-iitu, ;iih1 tliis also is due l;ii";icl\' t«> iiiiK n";!lice (»f 11 ic A r;i! tie scri])t and its con'ccl 1i-aii.-litci-ati<iii. The cniniiioii title "■hatu'" is t'''.'(iiie:itly w.-iiteii ■■I)attt)" (»r "I )at()"". " Ka\va-l\a\va/' a h'ai'i-i-t •>/ AainlM)a!<^a;,,'iK also written ""('aua-('aua"". '■('awa-Cawa'\ or "'Kaua-K'aua". In l)otli of these cases an adliereiice to tlie iransliterate(l I'oi-ms hiihi and Knirii-Knira would a\di(l all confusion .

Tliis volume, therefore. Iia> tlie purpose of enahliiiii; learners to read >^ulu and write the language i)i'operl_v. and of fixing a standai"d for ti'anslitei'ation. W'itli a very few minor (hffercnces, the system of writing herein explaineil is idcuitical with tliat used l)y tlie Magindanau Muliannnadans of the ('otahato valley and the Lanau Muliammadians of tlie Lake region. The mastery of Sulu wi'iting will enal-le any oiu' who has a s])eaking knowledge of .Magindanau an<l Lanau to i-ead and \Nrite these dialects without difficidty. 'Idle dialects mentione(l ai>', of coui'se, widcdy different from Sulu. hut the letters used are almost identical.

' ' . CiiArTKi; I

The Phonetics and TransHteratlon of Sulu

^ 1. In nMliu'iui;'to Koiiuiii (.-liaractrrs a laiiguagv wliicli is

already written in tlie characters of anotlier alplial)etie system, it is (lesiral)le tliat the Roman characters a(lo])te(l sliould represent the correct pronunciation of the word and at the same time make })ossihle tlie accurate rej^roduction of the word in the foreign cliaracters. Tliat is, the system should he phonetically accurate and also a strict transliteration. When one considers, howevei". that the Sulu is not entirely phonetic, as written in the Arahic characters, it is at once apparent that any transliteration will fail in one or the other of these two requirements. If we transliterate exactly, then the Roman spelling will suffer the same phonetic defects as the Sulu original. Jf we make the Roman spelling [)honetically accurate, it will fail to indicate the conventional spelling in Arahic scrii)t.

^ '2. The lack of phonetic accuracy in writing Sulu is due to

two circumstances. In the first place, Sulu contains certain sounds, Ixtth vowel and consonantal, which are not i)rovi<led for in the scrij)t adopted fi'om the Ai'ahic language. So far as the consonantal sounds are concerned, the lack has Iteen supplied eithei' hy altering the ])ower assigned to the Arahic consonants as in the case of (/IkiIii and f<i (see tahle 1), or hy fornnng new consonantsas in the case of r//^/, //f/r/, and ;7'/. The vowel signs in Arahic are three in nundier, and as a \'ery general statement.

4

^ 11 ^

i-('|)iTscii( wlicri iiiiIciiu'lliciK-d niid Imxiiiu" tlicii* oi'i^iiial power, till' sounds of " ill '■t'liir', '/ ill ■"sola", and /' in "it", and wlicii Icnii'tliciicd. tli<' coiTcspoiidiiiL!; lonir sounds of n in ""mlc", a in "Failici" ". and / in "inacliiii<'"\ S|)ccial vowel si^ns to r('j)r('S('nt 1 lie peculiar Snlu \-owels Iia\"e not vet Ix'en torine(l, tlie " \"oW(d serx'injj; also to represent the sound of o in '"tlKMH-y"' and an ohscure /' sound. The '/ Nowel oeeasionally sei'xcs for the I'ai'e iiidetei-nnnate sound of'^ in "dinar', while the / \"oW(d has soinet imes the power of c in "net "".

i^ ."). The excess of Sulu vowtd sounds over the numher of gra

l)hic \'ow(d si^lls a\'ailahle is therefoi'e a pi'incii)al cause for tlie phonetic inaci'UiMcy of Sulu as at p.\'<ent written, .\nother cause i< dej)enflent upon a directly c()nti"ai'v circumstance. The Arahic al[)hal)et contains fourteen consonants re[)i\'senh"ng sounds not found in pui'e Sulu. and which the great majority of Sulus are una!)let > pronounce corriM-tly. These consonantsare thd, Iiu, k/ia., <lli(il. mi. s/i/n. .^(kI. (l(/(l, t(i, Id, '(ini, (j/ki iii, J<i, and J>'(if{ see table 1 ). Indeed, nine of tliese fourteen c()nsonants,//a, Irha, nadmhid f(t. -.11. 'dill. <ih<ihi. and /,w/', I'epi'esent sounds, not found in |-'nglish. whicdi are juiiong the most difficult encounteretl in any Semitic or Aiwan laiiguage. Nex'ei'tludess. these foui'teen eonsonants are occasionally found in written Sulu. heing enn)]oyed in .\rahic words and phrases which ha\"e retaine<l their original spelling.

J:^ 4. In pronouncing such woi'ds. the gi'eat mass of the Sulus,

who neithei- I'ead nor write, utter instead of the foreign sound, the Sulu sound which seems to ap|)i"o.\imate thei'eto most (dosely. lixleecl. if the woi'ds in (juestioii are at all frecpiently used, they sometim"s lose their foreign sj^'Uing and come to he written

0

L§4

witli tlic letters representin.i;' the Sulu pi'oiiuiicintioii oF tlic word. Jt would Ix' cininciitly sciisiMc to .uive the phiiu Sulii spelling" to nil Ar:d>i(* words which have l)t'('oiu(' ;ni iiit('»;r;d jKii't of the Sulu Inu.uuage. lUit the Arahie words and j)hrases are introduced hy the e(lucated class who ri'ad the Koi'an. and it is a mark of education to retain their oriii'inal spidling when writinii Sulu. A\'hen such words or })hrases are read, the letters rej)resenthi<:- any of the fourteen non-Sulu soun<ls contained therein are given a pronunciation which varies with the education of the speaker. Indee(l, the same s})eaker will frecjuently pronounce the same letter in several different ways within a very shoi't time. For example, the prouunciation of ,:vn' (the .: of the A rahic all)hahet) varies from a close approximation to ,: in "/one'", to .sin ''so'', or _/in "jest". />//r// ( i'//in "that" ) is j)ronounced like N in "so". / in "jest", or >/ in "luit" ; and so on. This is the second cause for the phonetic inaccuracy of Sulu as written in the Arahie scrij)t.

§ 5. ('areful investigation shows, however, that the secondary

sounds assigned ahove to each of the three original vowels, nameIv, oil! "theory", and ohscure/^ ; a in "final"'; a,nd r in "net"", are reallv varients of the original vowels used hy some speakers and in sonu' localities hut hy no means universally. \\'e shall not, thei-efoi"e, greatly err in ])honetic accuracy of translitei'ation if we assign to each of the three voW(d signs what appears to he its primary sound in Sidu and what is certainly its most common sound. That is, // in "full"', a in "sofa"", and /' in "it"". Ivich of th.e three written vowels has a corresi)onding long form repi-esente(l in the ti"aiisli(ei-ation. hy a macron written alioxc the vowel {a, a, i).

4? c.

?:^ (>. As ti) (lie t'ouitccli fol-ciuii (•< )lis()li;l lit;ll sounds fouiid ill

AraMc woivls iiitfn(lncc(l inio the Sulu, if our svslciii of trniislitciMtioti proxidcd solely for the piioiictic r('j)rcsciit;itioii of the sounds Lii veil to the in l»y ;i Sulu u luujiinii it cd with A i';il>ic. spccinl (dinractcrs to i-cprcsciit these peculiar coiisonants iiiiuht Ix' disjx'Used with. >iiiee the sounds uttered hy >ueli a s])eaker would he only those oeeui-inu in pure Sulu. lint as the Sulus have no unifonu ])ro!iuneiatioii for these consonants, we should he ohliu('d. in the ahseiice of an uiivarying' coiu'eiitioiial e(iuivaleiit. to employ several e{[ui\alents for one and the same character, varyiiiii" with itscliani;iii,u' pronunciation hy different indix'iduals. The ohvious ahsurdity and confusion of this i> (»\-ercoiue hv assiiiiiiiii;-an unvaryiiiii- e(|uivalent in the Roman transliteration t ) every character employeil in Arallic or Sulu. lOach charaeter— \-owel. or consonant—of the Sulu-.\rahic script, has in the Roman it-e(|uivalent, wliicli \aries only in accordance with clearly defined rules, and hy followinii-these rules tlie trausliteration from Ai'aliic to Roman, or xdce \-ersa. may he accui'atcdy made. Nor i< the departure from phonetic exactness at all im])ortant, since, as has heeii explaine(laho\e, the primary vowel sound is always undeivtood when used in place of the varient. Furthermore, e\"ery Sulu. altlio proiiounciuij; the fourteen foreign consonants in \arious ways, will inimediat(dy recoi^iiize them when liiveii the .Vrahic pronunciation, or eNcn an approximation thereto.

It is ((Illy iiece>>arv to hear in mind that certain characters of the Arahic sci'ipt vary reii'ularly in power accordini:-as they ai'e u>ed in .\i\ahic or Sulu words. These are the consonants nlidiii -dUil pi. I'lxcept the-e two consonants, none of the fourteen consonant^ mentioned ahuxc as representing:' in tlie .\rahic,

8 I § r,

sounds f(tn'iL!;ii to tlic Sulii. ni'c properly ui-cd in j)nf(' Sulii words (see§§4S:ind:)2).

§7. I )ifncultii's very sinular to tliosc dcsci'ilx'd licrciii li:i\c

l)een met with in Ivoniainzin^ the Malay lanuuauc. no less than five well cstahlislu'd systems heinu' in use in the I']n,ulish and Outeh l']ast Indies. In l'.)()4, a comnnttee appointed for that pur})()Se hy the i2;overnnient of the Fe(lerate(l Malay States, reporttMJ in favor of eertain rules to he followe(l when writin^i" Malay in lionian letters. The system n'eonmieiided is ])raetically a phonetic one, ainiingto rejH'oduee tlie woi'dsas pronomeed hy Malays and failing to indieate the form in Ai'ahie serij)t of the words employing the iK-culiarly Aral ie letters representing sounds not found in Ahday. Since the end in view was to huild up a popular system of Roman script for ^lalays, the conunittee was (loul)tless justified in saei ificing many things to simplicity. The [)i'esent system of liomanizing Sulu has for one of its aims that of furnisldng English-speaking peo})le with an easy means of learning t > rea 1 and write Sulu in the native script. This aim makes accuracy of translitei'ation a primary re(pnsite and the system adopted, it is l)elieve(l, has attained this end and at the same time offendecl very little against sim}ilicity or ])honetic accuracy. It is confidently ho])e(l that, with time, the system set forth here will hecome a poj)ular one for the writing of Sulu in Koman letters—a change which is desirahle from many points of \iew. (See § 14;*) for cdianges reco]umende(l for ])opular use. ) ^ <S. The geneivd ])rinci|)le to he followeil in selecting Roiiian

consonants for translitei'ating those of the Sulu-.\i"ahic scri])t is. that the Sulu-.\rahic consonants which have no exact e(|ui\alent in I*>ngli>li should he transliterated hy graphic modifica

^s I

9

tions of tlic plionrticnlly rt'lalcil l-jii:li>li coiisoiiaiils wliicli tlicy most nearly a|)i)i"o.\imat(' in la'onmiciation. If more than one Sulu-Aral)ic consonant 1»«' confnscd with the same l^niilisli consonant, further ,<:rai)hic nio(hfications of the latter sliouid he enij)Iove(h This win assni'e the keej)ini;- top'thei'. in (hctionaries and indexes, of those woi'ds in i-e^ard to the j)i-onnnci;!tion of which tlie Knii'lish-speakin^ii'stndent may he uncertain, since /.-and /.', x and X. /and /, etc., are undei'tliis system arrauiic'cl together in the Knghsli alpliahet, without (hstinction, the sinn)U' lettei' witliout ,iira})liic modification l>einii", of coui'se, uiven the ])i'ecedence wheiie\-er two words are otlierwise identicah Tluis. in an Knj;hsh index, /v//should precede hif, and fa sliould })reC('(]e in.

Suppose, for exanij>le, tliat the student hears a woi"d whicli sounds to liim like hinni. and looks in the dictionary under /•. Asa mattei" of fact, the woi"d is not hiiim, l>ut hitun, IH'OjtIc. hut lie finds it in exactly the same place as tho it were spelled as he had supi)osed. i.e. kaiiin, and he loses no time in

the seai'ch. lUit su])i)ose that t were transliterated 7 in accordance with the practice of some scholars, then not finchnii' the word nndei' /•. he nmst continue his search under 7, or even inider

c/i ( since ^ is also often incoi-rectly j)rononnced like /•. and is

transliterate(l rli hy some after the analoii'V of "loch"). .\11 this useless effort is ohviattMl hy nsin<;' /■ and graphic modifications

thei-eof for transliterating ^ t and ^ thus: l\ Jr, JrJi. In

like mann<'r. under'/ in the <lictionarv or index is found (l<il, dhaJ, and ildil: under A is found Iki and ha: under .s-, sin, sJmi, and .■«i(l: under /. I<i. in. and fha: under :, .:<//and :v^ In this wav.

instt';ul <>f li;i\iii_u to look Foe ;i ^ixcii word under two or three different lettei's of the ;d[)h;ihet, tlie student looks uinler one letter oidv. and without troul)le finds the word for which he sei-ks. with its eon'ect spelliiiii indicated, even tho he himself has lieai'd the word inaccurately.

^ 1). There is still another advantaii'e in the system adopted.

The Koman consonant scdected is that representini;- the Ent;iish sound which the Arahic sound ap})roximates most closely, and is therefore that with which the Arahic consonant is most ordinarily confused in proinuiciation. The Sulu ( as well as tlic American >tudent of Sulu ) ordinarily pronounces -^ and 2 :>^ 1''^ \^

as /. ^ as K, ^ as '/, etc. This shows the tendency of the

lan^uaiie and clearly intimates that when the Arahic wo;ds containiiiii' these consonants haxc hecome thoroly Suluized, they will he pi'ouounccMl with simph' /•, /, .s-. '/, et •. When that time comes, the li'raphic modification may readily he drctpped without doiuii' N'iolence to Sulu orthoii"ra})hy. and the word sjx Ihd as sjiol:(II. It is no Ioniser an .\rahic woi'd, it has sIumI its foreign clothinjj; and is Sulu. This transition to phonetic spelliui;' could not he

accomplishecl were we to transliterate /l as 7. yr- as r//. A

as.:, etc., as do some scholars.

The ti'ansliterations employe<l in this work haxcheeii selected in accordance with the ahoxc j)rincii)les which are helicNcd In he accej)tahle from the st:in<lpoint not only of theory. t)Ut of practical conveineiice as well. To axoiil the po>>il>ilily of <liu:i"a|)hs heiiiii' resoKtMl hy the learner into their elements and so I )ronou need, as l\(ix-lil<l for Unslihl, ' in I-Inn' foi' ' iidlin r. all diurai)lis

^••» I

11

;n"(' ))riiit('<l niiilcrliiK'd, excel liiiu' di n im1 r, faj. CJi rww not lie

mistaken, for c is not iis(<l in t raiislilci'alini: except in lliis ditirapli. in like inannef. /7f/ can not l>e nii-lea<lin,u'since tlie pi'npei' sound of ;7 occuis only l>efoi-e a \'owel antl i- eiitii'ely uiipi'oiiounccaMc Ix'l'oi'e'/. The undci'lincd ditifapli-ai'e'///. '/A. ///. .--A. and ///. l)otte<l consonants used aic '/, A. /•. >-. /. and ;. Neitlii r undcrliiHMl diiii-a|)lis noi' dot((Ml consonants are needed foi' the translitci'ation of pure SuIn wofds. hut only for the tran>litei';ition of Aral)ic or other vocahles of foi'eiuii source which still retain tlicir original spelling.

Chattku 11

General Observations on the Sulu-Arabic Script

§ 10. Tlie Ai'al)ic alphalR't a>< treated hy Arable graininar

iaris eoiisists of "iS letters, all consonants, sinee the vowels are not considered l»y the Arabs to he part of the al])hal)et. .Moreover. luinizaJi, a "eateh of the glottis", is really a consonant as will he explained later, hnt it is not so c(jnsi(lere(l hy the Ai'ahs, {hvalif being considered by them to embrace the haiiizah. It is not therefore included here in the Arabic alphabet altho included as the first letter of the combined Sulu-Arabic al])habet. The 2(S consonants are here given in their usual order, followed by lumizdh and the three vowel signs of the Arabic al])habet, the reader being referred to the note at the begiiuiing of Table I for the pronunciation of the names of the letters. As will be seen in Table 1, the names of Arabic consonants usually have a long vowt'l which, when final, is followed by a luiinzah. Thru motives of convenience, the long-vowel mark and the hdiiiZdJi will ordinarily be omitted:

1. \ alif •> /

Arabic Alphdhcf.

1. J^ IIhi

t .

r

Uxi

T). ^ jliH

s.

:>

<hll

(*>. -7- /'"

J).

:>

<U„i1

?^

12 1

111.

J

ra

11.

J

'J II

12.

LT

XIII

i:;.

lT

sli 1 II

14.

U^

xdd

1.').

J"

ihul

]:;

ic. J^ u

\^^

IS.

c. fA/y/

11).

c. (jh 11II

20.

L_i ./''

21.

J 'r'i'

22. ^ ^v^/

■-'^^- J

In

f (J

2 i. ^ /rau

•28. ^^ ,/.

Ill

Jill III IflJl

\'()\V('ls: 1. <hiIIIiiKili 2. filinili .'). ^^

hixnili

i^ n . Tlic strictly Siilii nlplmlx't. that i-, tlic al|)li:il»('t us(m1

to ('X))r('ss llu' native sounds oF the Siilii laii,tj,"'iiii"(', consists of Ikiiii-jiIi with 11) other cni-;onants an<l .■> \-owel si^ns, as ui\-en l)elo\v.

i^ 12. 11 ere, as elsewhere hei'ein. hnnr.iili an<l the consonancs

adopted from the .\rahic will, in general, he refei-re(l to hy theii' .\ral)ic names, since the Suhi names \ary from these only thru the ina!)ihty of the Snhis to proiKMince certain of the .\i-ahic letters. The peculiai-Iy Snhi consonants -clni. u<i<k and ua—having no names in .\ral)ic. will he referre(l to hy their Suhi names. The .\rahic consonants (jlni'm and J'n will he s<t

14

LSI

referred t<> wlu-ii li;i\in,u tlicir Arabic i)()\V('r. l»ut when having tlu'ir Sulii power, will he ealle(l (jn and jxi. The Snlu names will he given to tlie vowel signs, exeej)t when referrinu' espeeiallv to the Arahic language. This last i"ule will apply to the oilliographieal signs, when, indeed, the latter haxc Sulu names.

1. Ii'i III'Jill

>. \ alif s Ixi

o.

la

?!(l

(). -^ jlni

L

7. ^ cIki

SillII Ali'liiilxf.

S. V, <hil

i). J !■"

10. ^ -'

11.

p- .'/'

]'2. c, n<j(i

t

1:5.

L-3 /

HI

"■ o '"■'■

i.-i. J /.,„

>. » mill)

17. •» //////

-'<>■ l5 •'/"

\()wels

i. <l

(iTlyulii '1.

Inlffi' lis

liillnlhd'

'Idle consonants nnmhei'e(l o, 7. an<l \'l. in the ahox'e al|)hah('i. do not-exist in .\rahie hnt were used in the .Malay language and ado|)ted into Sulu along with the purely Arahic lettei's. i^ l.">. The comhine(l alphahet, which is the one exj)laine(l

in these jtages, consists of IkiihkiIi with :>! other consonants and .'*> vow(ds, as f(dlows:

i5 11

15

SiiIk-. \riil)if . iljiliithi I.

hit til '.If 'i \ "I'f

\-I.

In,

III

L

U(l

jl III

S. ^ liii

<.). ^ Ihii \(), _. rhii

:> ":

llll

:>

^

^

iihiii

ra

:<i I

15. ^ 4,.

lT

i.

.^liilh

xiid

18. A ,hi,,l

20. ]^

'1\

r^r

mil

22. c. <)<< (f/^""'

^

2)). c. n<i<i,

24. ^ /H' (/")

25. 2 kr/

2(;k ^ leaf '11. \ lam

2(S. ^ ///.n/t

21). *% /'"'t

:;(). ^ ha

ol. . iraa

'.VI. 5 //(

\'()\vrls: 1. ^ iliijiiiii ■ 2. ^

hiita'a.< :>. hahahii

^ II. Ill llic A ral)ic script tluM-oiisoiiaiils arc c'ousidcivd to

he l)y I'ar tlic most iin})ortant ])art of n word. IikKhmI, in Malay ivjiulai-ly. and nsnally in Aral)ic, the vowels arc not written at all. 'Pile consonants, as in sttMioi^M-apliy. ai'c wi-itten first and. in

Siilu, tlir N'owcis -AW tlii'ii w rittcii in llicii' pi-opcf plnccs ;il»()VC' oiIk'Iow this outline. ;is tlit> we slioiild wi'itc MSL loi' ■'Manila '".

'I'lic Afal>ic sci'ipt is wi'ittcn [Voni I'iulit to left, all the coiisoiiaiit^ ol'a woi'd Ix'iiiii joined <>r written closely in the case oF cliai'aeters which do not permit of joiidnu'. Ivxcept these six con

sonan

t'"- \ (ilif. N "'"/. \ (IIkiI, nt. • -.III. and . iciin.

all the consonants ha\"e four (hffei'ent forms accoi'ding as they are used unconnecte<l. orconnected with a following consonant oidv. or with a preceding consonant oidy. oi' with hoth. The six consonants al)o\(' mentioiuMl do not connect witli the following" consonant and conse([Ucntly lia\'e hut two forms—the form used nlone and tliat connectecl witli ;i pi'ecedin_i< consonant only.

ClIAl'TKH 1 1 1

Transliteration and Power of Consonants

s^ IT). The consoiiMiits ill tlic ;i('<'()inj);niyin,u- t;i1>l(' ;n-<' ;irraiiu"<'<l

liccortrmi!; t<> tlicir fofiiis. Tlic ii<)ii-Ar;il>ic consoiiants ,_^j ua.

^ rJiii. and c. U(j(i. arc inserted aftcf felalcl foi'ins in the

A fal>i('alplialiet. Ilam-jili, liere i)la('e(l First, is never so ])lace<l in Arabic, llio it is sonietinies uiven I'ii'st \A-M'v in .Malay. It seems rcasonaltle to <!<> so since tlic li<iiiiZ(i}i is the sinij)lest of tlic consonants and no vowel is uttci'cd alone, without initial liaiiizak

(see i^ 20). 'idle ."J^lrd character, y hnnallf, is really ii<)t a separate consonant hut it is lani i'ollowc(l hy allf, tlietwo hein^-written toi;(dher. It is insei'te(l here merely because it is often regarded hy hoth .\i-ahs and Sulus as a distinct cdiaracter. >^ 1(). The names of the consonants, whether Arahie or Sulu,

will, foi' the sake of convenience, he i-egularly written without macron or hdinzdli. e.i^. ha U)vha\ sin for-s///, etc. For the purpose of reference, the infoi'niation gi\-en in this chaj)ter is concisely set forth in 'i'ahle I. lUit full treatment in tahulai"

form is impossible, and the consonants which re([uire fui'tluM" elucidation will be taken u}) in detail after some ])i'eliminary explanations have ))een made. Table I liei-e follows:

17

18

[ § 1''

=: a: 1^ ^ '-^ f=

£

C3

I e ^-P

Hi '*^

- 'x

I e X

-3 •

^ 12 I

^"" o

^^

f-^ '^H

c

X

C

•*

O

c:

"^ C

1. i.

i

-^J

X

a;

•*>

5

2 S

;§^

1 :::

1*^

X

(~

•?-»

i'^:?

o

i

4-J

-^

^

o

X

a• '—»

o

i^ X

CD

£ <

^i

•t^

1 J

i':r

'-^•

U

'x

5P

1 e

o

c S

-C)

•:Si

'S

•«~»

^.

1

* )

-

1

^^

•0

1

]

1

1

y.

--'

C^l

cc

-+

»rl

1 - ' -r.

^ l'> I

19

'^

f2

-id

ch in "ciiurch"

r^

V.

■/.

X

'o

JX

'^

-1

'-3

1 ^ ^

i>

1 ^ 'y.

1-5

X

X

^ -<->

o -k-'

^

o

s;

X

"X

• 1—1 -(J

a;

.-^

'=§1

^

1 5 <«

I':

'-ll

^ •

'-3

Si

■^

-^

*

>^

•»

sc 1

•y. •

-4-1

■U

kJ

A .A

"N

"N

b

■'b

^

f ; r: 1 ~' — 1 ■ri co

^.

1

1

20

I $1

1

.E ~ '

X "^

G

—

-C ' ■x

•-

-^

_ - :

v;

""S

X

: "~ —

. .V ~i

'

^

;^

' - *

^ ^

zs.

^

•

'•

■"

^ ~^ ^

^

'~D

-/.

Sc

'x

Oh

^y

>

_ Z— '

^

"

""

^_

^

'

,1^

.- 5 V.

G

■'" X

G

• Z^

^

/~

G

.

^' " "^

"'*^

X

;:ri

^~

~^

'^

■^

^

i^ "i

,,

TC

~^

20

. ^

^

.^ '--:

;^

-§

'3 '^

.■"^

r

• ^

§:

^

!%

'?

,^

X

^ "^

"^

^

""

(^

'~^

"^

^

- ,

-t-^

~iS

**-!

.,::i

_ —

G

G

r

G ^

• p-H

1

4-^

0

2 '02

1 '^^

r— G 0 lil

• /■

•^

'^' ^

■*~ 1-^

«-r ^

^ 1-^

C/

~~~s

bJj ^

•

^

^ , oi

X

X

, 1 G

r^

G

■—' , ^

'^

"^ >■ 4

>^ ^^

'^ ^-^

^^ ' ^^

rt •'^

• r—<

* ^—

^

0 ^

3 K

0 2f^'

1 1:^

4^

o

.c

g

r^

s

_

_^

^^

^

>

o

~H

' ti

^5 •

"S

'^J

■^

^

?

'r:

• ^

rt

-t^

^

-.<^

c

^-^

z

'43

cc

,^_^

-^

^

^"•

~^

0

^"■"^

^*

•i-'

—.^

-*.^ .

« ! . ^

• *■

'^

-^ •

'■*^

•"^

^

* ""^ 1

-/.

sJ^J

^+-~s

-^

G

i

Tt

~

E^

■

5

^

J

"~^"

-1

h

-A

^

oj

•oJ

-.iXj

••)

"0

■^

^

1

s

1

^o

c

cc

^'

^ ^

'>\

C"^

-t

ict

tr '

t^**

y;

'M '>?

n

Vi

CM

(N

.1

^ I"

'21

^--,

_5

-t-*

-*^

j:; — tr <~> _ ->^ r. i

,' ' it;

1-5

5

1 2

1 e

Tt?

:^

f^

r^

5 g

-^^

V>

1

" H H ^* 'a. \^ i i

9^ g 2 ^i

"C X ^ X

a-5

'-2

1-5

S

11

:^

1^

2

-^

■

-c

-1—I

^

o

>a

^

^

-7^

'^

cc

CC

cc

cc

cc* cc

22 \%\

§ 17. Tlu' j)r(>nuiiciati(>n of the Sulu-AraUic ^^cripl is trt'ati'(l

Ix'foiv tlic writing of the same, since a knowledge of the power of tlie various consonants, vowels, and oithographical signs, is a necessary prerequisite to understanding the rules for writing them. It is not indeed hoped that the reader will he ahle, with these explanations, to produce the sounds of the peculiar Arahic consonants ; that ahility must come as the result of months and years of practice and training of the ear as well as the organs of speech, under the guidance of a competent teacher. This ahility, tho desiralile, is not necessary for the student of Sulu. The English-speaking reader is already familiar with six of these

consonants, which are foreign to the Sulu— ^ tli_n, ^ jim,

\ (Hull, • zai, ^ shin, and ^ fa—and as to the other

nine, he can at least do as well as the native Sulu who has had little instruction in the matter. The consonants are here taken up in the order in which they appear in the tahle.

Note: y^^hc, . ^\ f('(if\ > mini, and ^j iniii, will

not he mentioned in these explanations, since these letters are transliterated b}', and have the same power as. the Knglish letters/>, h, m, and //. But in Arahic. when iunuediately

followed hy the letter ^^ without any vowel hetween, , •, takes the sound of * ( \Vr. Av. (iram.. § 2 ). ^ is also written hy the Sulus for c, ily.

No. 1. hunr.dh ( ' ).

i^ IS. Tr<nis}lf(r<ifi<ni. -Kxvv])t wlicii Iiiitinl in a woi'd, it is

transliterated hy an ai)()str()i)lie ('). W'lien initial in a woi-d it is not transliterate(l, since it is initial only heFore a \'o\vel and no vowel at the Ix^iiinnini;- of an Kni^lisli word normally uttered, is withont a haitr.nh. The trne natui'e of this sound is apparently not reeogni/ed in the Philippine dialects except in those which employ the Aral)ic script. The reason seems to be that the Latin alphabet em))loyed in the writin.i;' of all the northen dialects, contains no chai'actiM" to express the souikI of hn.inzah. In Tagalo, it is endeavored to supi)ly the want hy the use of the grave accent ( ^), hut apparently the mattei" is l)adly confused. Fui*theiMiiore, hamzdh is not an accent nor does it indicate tlie stress upon the ])ronunciation of a vowel which is ordinarily referred to when we speak of an accent. This stress may or may not accompany the Iiaziiiah. For example in the word pi(fi\ irhite, tlie accent, such as there is, comes on the y/, and not on the /, whicli latter is followed \)Y the liamzaJi. Jn .^i(/l<(.\ r<(p((J, on the otheihand, the accent falls on the a, which is followed by the Jiamzdh. It therefore seems highly desirable to use a distinct and separate character for the Jiamzah and, following the example of many eminent scholars, the apostrophe (') is adopted.

The name of this consonant, hamzah, compreHsion, is from the Arabic, and refers to the tension of the vocal chords wlien li((iiiz(ih is })ronounce(l.

J^ 1*.). I\)irer.—Altho written as a vowel, hamzah \^ really

a consonant since it can be {)roduce(l only in connection witli a \()wel. its sound is sometimes called the "catch of the glottis"

•24

I § !'•»

and. ill t!u' iiiitiiil fonn, is coinninii in Kimlisli Init is not written. Tlic iniMlial i'lM'ni is .-ilso found in I);inisli words. l)C'ini>; tlicrc known ;is tlir "'cntcli accent" as in md'ud. hkih : ra'ti'l, ir<it<i\ It consists of the hurstinu of the ail' tlu'u th(^ closed \-ocal chords and eitiier Ix-gins or ends in a comph-te >toi)]ia.i!e of \\\v hreath acconi|)anie(l hy a click of the chords, according- as the Jiaiiizdh hei^ins or ends a \'owel soun<l. \\ hen the ii(tiii'jih conies l)(4ween two vo\V(ds, heing then called medial A''///:"A. complete stoppa2;e of the hreath occurs in the middle and i- hotli preceded and followe(l hy the (dick of the \-ocal (diords and the momentary I'ush of the hreath after and hefoi'e the )»ure >ound of the vowels is autlihle. Haiuzah may tliei'efo)'<' he iintial. medial or final. There are no essential dil'fei'ences in the use of Imnrjih in Arabic and Sulu. tho it is nnudi less di.-linctly articulated in modern Arahic than in (dassic .\]-al»ic and in Sulu. Kven in Sulu the ham'jili seems t(.» he weakening and is freijuently indistinguishahle in rapid conversation. , § 20. Kvery so-called initial \()W(d normally uttei'ed is real

ly not initial hut heiiins Avith tlie initial lidinuih. If t-onsiderahle effoi't he made, an initial vowel may he utt<M"e(l without the (dosing of the vocal (diords which j)r()duc(^s the Ininizali. Then. with lhe v<ical (dioi'ds already se])arate<l. the Nowel. faint at first, gradually grows stronger until the full Nolume of sound is rea(die(l. Normally utterecl, howex'er, the \'ocal (diords are at first tightly closed and the hi-eatli, niomentaiMly (die(d<e(l. hursts forth into the full \-oW(d sound.

§ 21. The me(lial hanizdli—Juuiiznh between two V(nvels—

also occurs in Knglish when two vowels, coming in juxtaposition, are separately j)r()nouuced. Su(di for exam])le is the hiatus

?^ --^ i I 25

Ix'twccii the two o"s of "coopcrjition". (Ii>liiictly mid rapidly pi'oiiouiit'cil, oi- Itctw'ccii tlic t\\o o's wlicii we say "so old ". No dotil.t llic in('(li;d use oF Inini-jih is tlic clcan-st aii<l most strikiiijLi. It i> tlic most frc(iiiciit ill Siilii. Ildiirjili also occurs in tlic middle of a word hclwccii a \'o\V(d and a consonant.

ivxamplcs: la'as, Iikj/i IIiukj: fa'n, pcri^oit; (hi'nn, flirrr; ili'l.'i. irlu r< !: jKKj'iiiii, li)ii-r< sliiKj ; 'jifiififi, iniddlc. ^ '22. I>y tlic final It.mrjiJt is meant the luiiirjih wliicli fol

lows a \'owe] at the end of a word. In every ease fin;d Ikiiii'jiIi is followe<l hy j)iif<il [^^ (')7 and DC) ). 1^'inal linnrjili does not seem I'ciiularly to occur in Kuiilish hut may he heard occasionally at tlie end of ceitain words of exclamation or eommand uttered eollo(piially. i'or exam})le, the woi'd "whoa" (used to stop a horse) wlien uttered with a })ro]ong'ed o sound ending with a (.[uick (^x])iration of air and a catch of the xoeal (diords, illustrates the use of the final hdinrjih.

^ 2."). Final /khiikiIi is (juite freciuent in Sulu, its careful pro

nunciation heiiig essential to the distinguishing of certain words otherwise the same. I )l wlthiHit Jinni.:(iJi means "here"; with the li<iiii:iili, <li\ it means "not". X<i means "ah'eady"; \\\{\\ liaiii'.ali iKi \ it indicates the heginning of a sentence. ()ften, the distinction is made moic mai"ke(l hy jn'ononncing the sim})le \()W(d long while the ham/ated vowel is shortened as in the fii'st exam[)K' given.

^24. Hanr.dlt is an illustration of the great accuracy with

which the Arahs re])resente(l the sounds of their language. Altho existing in Knglish, this sound has never heen reduced to writing, and it may he difficult for the Ix'ginnei' to detect it at first, hut a little training of the ear and practice of the voice will soon

2(> - § 24 I

ciialilc liiin to (listinuiiisli niid utter it ;is I'cndily as any oftlif iiiDrc familial" (••uisoiiaiits.

No. 2. \ r////'(iiiacroii of'/: iiotliiii.u").

>^ 2."). Trniislit< r(ifl()ii.~\\']\v]\ used merely as a J)!"*'}) iijioii

wliieh to wi'ite a Jnim-jiJi and \o\vel, it is not transliterated. This nse of the nJij is nio^t frc ([iient w itli initial liduizdli and vowel. l)nt it may, in certain cases, he u^^cd as a ])ro]) in the middle or at the end of a word. When nsed after the \'owel Inifa'ax {a. the Arahic fntJinh) tlie sound of which it prolongs, it is transliterated hy placiuii" a macron ( ) o\-er the '/ wliich, without this mai"k. transliterates simply lidfa'd--^. a short vowel ( hut see ^ Ul ). § 2(). J)iii(r. — J/// in Aiah-ic was orijuinally -a Imn.'j'.ji initial

in a syllahle. In tins use. it occuired. of course, more fi'e(|Uentl\' at the heginidiii:- of a word, r.ater. the Arahs adopted a s])ecial siun foi- wi'itiuii" the Jnnn-jili in all positions, whether initial, final or mcilia 1, and initial <////' lost its jtidjier soruid and came to serve m(M"(dy as a prop, calle(l ' "chair" hy the .\ rahs. to which when the writing was vovv'cled, the initial IkiuizhIi and \'owel were written. .\t the })resent time hoth in Arahic and Snlu. when placed at tin- hegininnu' of a word, it ser\"es as a prop foi" any one of the \owels and accom|)anying irutial Jiaiu-.'ili, having no j)ower of its own, tho in un\'oweled writing it may indicat<' where a hdnr.nli should he written. It is also used as a ];ro]) foi' medial and final liiiiir.dll under certain conditions which will he exi)laiiu'(l later in the rules for writing the Ikiiuki/i {^^ (V.)—72). i:^ 27. A second use of dlif is to j)l'olong the sound of the

the vowel Jditd'dx {J'dtlidli). When so used it is written as the consonant imme(liately aftei" the \-owel. 'idle simple lidfd'd.i

K OS

27

is the ('(Hli\;llcllt of " ill ■■s<if;l" wllilc lnlfil'ds pills till/ is tlic d

n\ •■f.-itlicr"'.

i^ 2S. l-'i-itiii tlii- ('ii'ciiin-t iiK'c ofloo.-iiiu ils iiidciitity ;iii(l

I »('illi;' ;ilts( iflti'd iiiln //-r/'Tfrs- wlicli ll-cd ;is ;i Icttcj- of pl'oloiii;-;!! ion. (ill/\> r\:\<<rA ;is ;l \V(';llv Icltcl'.

I'] ^;iinj)li'-. liMiiizit ':1 ii'if : a/iij/i. llirn; 'ml. f/ils; itmi.

iijuit!: Ill il^. hlijli tJiliKj; Inihii'. loir lliniij.

. I/// oF [)r()loiii;";ilioii : dnn. rmnl: (la, hriiKj. Xo. 4. ^ ta (f).

^ 2".i. Pnirif.—The Araliic pi'omiiicintioii of this letter is

soiiiewliat softer tiiau that of the l-]iiu,lish /in "'ten'" and for

that reason tlie Aral)ic j^ /'/, to lie <'.\|)laine(l latei'. is consi

ilereil to he more nearly the e(iiii\aleiit of the Knglish /. In ^•'nlu, howexcr, fa is proiioniiced preeisely the sain'e as the Kn<i;hsh / ill •'teir'.

I'^xainples: TiliJr, dot; niafu, ci/t': ht'iih. hhjh li<h\

No. T)

fJoi (th).

^ .■>(). rmrcr. -TIki in Arahic is prononeiMl like /// in ""thin".

The une<lneated Snhis. when eneounterin^- this ehai'aeter in Arahic words, prononee it as n in "'so"". Kducated Snhis, however. ha\'e acijuired the A rahie soniuls with more or less aecni'aey and employ these >onnds in pi'oiionneinjj; Ai'ahie words, even when the W'ord is (piestioii has heeome thoroly Suhiized and miuiit just as pro[)erly receive its Suhi pronunciation. These words if in eonmioii use. nevertludess. fre(|uently conu! to ho spidled as

pronounced an<l

thd uives |)lace to _ sin.

•2-S

S •■)<>

lv\';iin{)l('s: Ai';il)ic Ifhinini. Moiiditi/, and TlinhiflKtli, Tin .<(hii/, arc usually proiioiiiuMMJ and written Isiiin and Sdla.^d.

No. ('). , > lid ( /7).

§I>1. /■'oz/vT.--I n ])r()n()in;cin,<i'tlic ordinary Enulisli //. we

))ress tlu' front part of tlic toniii'.c against tlic liai'd palate Jn prononiu'ing n, tlii" broad middle part of tlic ton^nc is jtrcsscd against the high middle part of the hard j)alate so that a suggestion of a //sound is developed witli the //. It \'ery much resend)les French (jii in (Kjiudii, hut th.e // is n(-t so sti"ongly uttei'ed as in S})anish fi in .s-r/lor, or as in /// in Englisli "onion". The English ^vord "news" e.\em})lifies this soiuid at the heginning of

words. The Sulus interchange this letter with \ mi. which lat

ter cond)ination they seem to j)refer. ^^_j is jNlalay and Sulu.

not Arahic. The form of the letter is that invented hy the INtsians to express the sound of />.

Examples: n((f((\ iiKiiiij}sl\ (Infia {)v ihiiti/a, world.

No. 7. ^ ji)n (j).

^32. Poivei' (iitil Tr(in.'<llf(r(ihiiii.— In ancient Ara]>ic. tliis

(diaracter seems to liave ])een })ronounced like (j iu "go'. In the old (ihjad (^ 14")) arrangement of the Arahic alj)hahel. ;"//// was the tliird lettci-, thus coi-i-espouding to the(Jreek (jdnniiii. Later, jnn altei-ed in the Arahic spoken dialects and accpiii'cd the j)ronunciatioii of// in "yet", j in "jest"", or .v/ in "Nisiou" ( l''rench j in jo'ir). in Sulu and almost uni\-ei-sally in the languages which have ado])ted the Arahic alphahct l*ei-sian. Turkisli,. Afghan, Malay, etc. jiin is pronouncc(l like _/' in

§ 34 ] 29

"jest". Persian aii<l Afuliaii liavc even devised a special character. * ,t() indicate the sound of the French j. The sound of jint

is. indeed, a conii)ound one, hein<r tlie sound of ><i in "vision" with an initial <L and some scholars, especially the French, transliterate it '//'. The latter produces such awkward comhinations as Jia(lj<jja<]j and (_lja(1j<i' for hajjaj and ja'ja\

Examples: Arahic ./^o//^f^'//, FrUIdij; usually written JidhoV/Y in Sulu.

Sulu Jmjang, iHdideii: jndi, he.

No. S. ^ ha (//).

§ 88. Power.—Ha is a deep, faucal aspirate having no counterpart in English or Sulu. and is sometimes called a "wheeze". In its i)ro(luction the pharynx is constricted, and the posterior pillars of the uvula approximated. The ha is the fricative sound which results when air is expelled while the organs are in this position. The place of articulation is nearly that of the 'ail), and ha may almost he said to he the surd sound corresponding to the sonant 'alii. Ha, together with kha, sad, dacl, fa, za, 'ain, (jhain and hij] is called "emphatic" hy the Arahs since in its pronunciation, the position of the tongue with relation to the soft palate, produces a peculiar resonance chamher which gives a gutteral sound to the following vowel. Indeed, the modification of the vowel sound is, to the majority of Eurol)eans, the most marked characteristic of these consonants and their most easily imitated feature.

§ 34. The Sulus giye this consonant the same sound as ha— the Enghsh h in "hat". Indeed, many Sulus ignorantly use ha

30 [ § o^

in writing puiv Siilu words in wliicli tlu' sound is, of course. Iki. Ha is friH|U('ntly final in Arabic and is tlicn doubly difficult inv Sulus to j)ronouncc. In such cases the latter often give it the ?;ound oVnnirjih, or do not j)ronounce it at all.

Exain})les: Aral>ic ImL mudit'ion; MnJinnniiad, a projx'r name; Jiairan, a.^toiiisliniriit: xnh, correct; are usually })ronounced in Sulu hdl, MnJidnnnad. halrdii, and -sv/'.

No. 9. ^ Icha {Irh). t

§ ))'). Poirer.—Kh<i in Ai'ahic is almost the equivalent of ch

in the Scotch "loclr \ In its utterance, the rear portion of the tongue is brought close to the soft palate and thereby is formed the resonance chamber which gatteralizes the following vowel, as explained in § .'>>. The sound of Jcli is foreign to Sulus and is pronounced by them as li in "hat", or /." in "kink".

Examples: Arabic KiKintis, 7V////'.sv/r///, and .SArnVr//, a title. are pronounced Hmninh and Shik\ or >S//r, by the Sulus.

No. 10. ^ chii {cli). (L

§30. Poircr.—Clid is the surd corres])on(ling to the sonant

consonant jim. it has the sound of cli in "chui-ch", which is really that of .s7/ with initial f, just as that of the Sulu jim— English j—is h'rench j with initial d. The chai'acter dm is not found in Arabic but was invented by the Persians. The sound is connuoji in .Malay and infre([uent in Sulu. Sometimes in the latter language, the di of adopte(l Malay words is altered to .s-.

Examples: b(iclia\ read: kacha\ rase: cinikal, tax: are of Malay origin and are often written ham\ ka.^(i\ and .^iilcai. in Sulu.

Xo. 1 1. ^ 'hil ('/).

5^ .■)?. J'inrcr.—Ddl is the I^nulisli '/ in "did" somewhat less

forciMy articulatcMl. Tlic Sulus friMiiiciitly iiitcrcliauj;!' it witli hiiii <)V ra. Ill iiiaiiv words,'/''/when written hetween two vowels, is reguhu'ly i)roiioiinee(l ra (/-in "roll"). For example, i<hi\ ilot/; iiiaildijidi, (jiKxl; are usually })ronoun('ed irii\ and niarajjaii. In phrases, even final '<l(il hefore the initial vowel of a following word, is often j)ronounee(l ra, as iiiiii/f<i(/<((l <i,ku^ J iraif, pronounced iii(i(jf(i(/araku.

The student may sometimes he jnizzled whether to use (/'// or )•(( in writing a given word in which the /• sound is heard. The rule is to use ddJ provide(l the '/ sound is preserved in aiij/ fhnii of the ironi <(f ani/ tiiiic. Thus, dal should also he used as the final c(jnsonant of the stem of hajjad, jxiij, hecause it is so pronounced when final, altho in the derivative forms in which the ilal comes hetween two vowels it is almost invariahly pronounced I'll. For example: haijadan, jxiid; haj/whiii, irUJ he paid; bayadi, jKiij! (imp. ) ; should always he written in the Sulu-Arabic script with did and in the transliteration with'/, altho usually pronounced lH(i/aran, batjaruii., and hayarl. 7>>a/should also be written in hii,diin<i, name of the Sulu knife, because it is sometimes so jtronounced, or at least was sometimes so pronounced when the written form of the word became fixed, tlio at present the almost universal })ronunciation is hurnnf/. This procedure makes the /• sound of dfd a varient of pronunciation, not of writing, and that is as it should be.

No. 12. *^ d/nd (dh). ^ ;;S. l\)irn\—The Arabic dji<d is the Fnglish sonant /A in

82 [ § .^>H

"that". It is foreign to tlie Sulus wlio pronounce it variously asjin "jest", ri in "nut", oi* .s-in "so".

p]xamples: Arabic Dhn l-Kar)t(ihi, He of the Tiro hlorn^ (Alexander the (Jreat); />//'' l-hijjaJi, tlie twelfth month of the Muhanimadan year; vJhin, j>n'tn}>^><i()n; usually pronounced and sometimes written/«?/"rtr//^///^iV/^//«rfjy/\ and Ijifi, or (rarely) i>t'ni.

No. K). J I'd (r).

§81). Poirer.—The Arabic m is the Enghsh r in "roll",

strongly pronounced. The 8ulu ra is less distinctly articulated and frequently interchanges with dal (§ 87), or lam. Example: ra'aijat, or la ay at, {cowmon) people.

No. 14. ; zai (z).

§ 40. Foiver.—The Aral)ic :ai is pronounced like z in "zone".

This sound does not exist in Sulu and zai is pronounced hy the

Sulus as j in "jest", or .s- in "so".

Examples: Arabic//^o//-y/A, explained above (§§ r,)-24); Zii

baidah, a girl's name; usually pronounced aiiija', and Juhaida

(Jnbaira), ov Snhaida (>>(dHiira).

Note: This letter should in strictness l)e called za. It is called zai the better to distinguish it from za (No. 20).

No. 15. .^iu (.s').

§41. Poiver.—In both .\rabie and Sulu, ^iii is invai'iably

pronounced like .s- in "so"—it nevei" has the sound of .s- in "is".

No. U). L -"^iii (^')

§ 42. Poiver. — In Arabic, ,s7///^ is pronounced as .s-A in "she".

This sound does not ordinarily exist in Sulu and the Sulus pro

§ 44 I 33

iiouiu'c it as .s- in "so". SonH'tiincs, indeed, tliey use «///// intercluingealdy witli .<in to represent tlie sound of x in "so". But sometimes also this >ound, wiien oceui-rinji; in Ai'al)i(' words, is correctly j)ronounced.

lv\amples: Aral»i<' Slniinvdl, tentli month of tlie Muliammadan year; Shaikh, a title; are usually j)ronounced and written Saiiuil, and Sik, in Sulu.

No. 17. ^ xdd (n).

i^ 4[\. Power.—The Arabic sound of sad is tliat of a surd, lingual, fricative consonant. It is sometimes described as "broad .s"', and has no counterpart in English or Sulu. To pronounce sad, the tongue is drawn somewhat farther back than in pronouncing the ordinary .s-, the opening between the tip of the tongue and the hard palate being thereby broadened laterally, and at the same time the tract of the tongue in close proximity to the hard palate is lengthened from front to rear. The utterance is forceful while at its close, the rear portion of the tongue is approximated to the soft })alate, and the characteristic resonance chamber is thereby produced which effects somewhat the sound of the following vowel. The Sulus give sad the sound of .<? in "so''.

l"'xam})le: Arabic intsJali, an oi-thographical sign, is pronounce(l if(tsht by the Sulus.

No. IS. _ X <hid {d).

^ 44. Poircr.—This consonant^il sound is one of the most elu

sive in Arabic. It is said to be peculiar to that language and the Arabs sometimes refer to themselves as the "(M-pronouncing people". It is a sonant, lingual, fricative consonant, sometimes

34 [ § 44

called ''broad rf", and has no counterpart in English or Suhi. To pronounce it, the tongue lies close to the gum of tlie upper incisors, while the air finds an exit on hoth sides of the l)ack of the tongue against the forward molar teeth, between which and the tongue the friction takes place. The fact that this escape of air occurs in about the same place as in pronouncing /, has lead the Malays and Sulus to confuse dad an<l lam. At the conclusion of pronunciation, tlu' tongue is lowered and thickened producing a characteristic resonance chamber. Difficulty of j)ronunci;ition has caused dad to become greatly slighted and corrupted in some modern Arabic dialects. The Sulus give tliis letter the sound of (/in "dil", /> in "bed", />//'in ''subway", or/ in "lad". Examples: Arabic daitniiah, name of the u vowel, is pronounced danirna; dad, name of this U'tter, is, in repeating the alphabet, frequently pronounced Jtad, or bwad: Rainadari, the ninth month of the Muhammadan year, is usually ]>ronounc(Ml by the Sulus, and indeed written, Lanialan.

No. IV). ]^ fa (().

§ 45. Pover.—This is, in Arabic, a sunb lingual, explosiv<'

consonant sometimes called "broad /'\ and has no counterpart in English or Sulu, altho it is said to resemble English / nioi'c than does Arabic ia. To pronounce ta, the tongue is moved farther backward than for ordinary f, the tip is thick<'ned, the {)()int of contact with the hard palate is both hnnidened and lengthened from front to rear, and the pronunciation is forceful. When the utterance of the consonant is comj)lete the tongue is thickened behind, giving the characteristic resonance chandKM*. The Siilus pronounce ta. as common /in "tell".

S 4'^ I 35

Kxainplcs: Arabic Tahir, a proper name; ^Sultan, a title; are ])r()nouiK'e(l Tafiir and Sulfan hy the Suliis.

No. 20. ]^ m (z)

§ 40. Pinro'. — In Arabic, za is a sonant, linguab fricative

consonant sometimes called "broad ::''. It has no counterpart in English or Sulu. The point of contact of the tip of the tongue with the hard i)alate is farther back than in pronouncing zal, and the ti}) of the tongue itself is thickened, while the tract of the tongue approximated to the hard palate is l)roader and longer than in pronouncing m/. When the pronunciation is terminated, the back of the tongue is thickened as in the other emphatic consonants(§88). TheSulus pronounce za as / in "lad", or,s in ''so". PiXamples: Arabic zuhr, noon; liaflz, guardian', ure usually pronounced and written hihnl and hafi^ by tlie Sulus.

No. 21. c, V//m (').

§ 47. Power.—The Arabic 'ain is the Hebrew ain, but has no

counterpart in English or Sulu. In Arabic, it is a sonant, faucal, fricative consonant formed by a compression of the larynx at the same time that the tongue is crowded back as far as possible and the fauces constricted. It is the throat sound having the deepest possible articulation and is sometimes considered to be the sonant equivalent of the surd ha. Tlie l)ack of the tongue and the fauces partially obstruct the passage of the l)reatli. 'Aiii is sometimes coupled with initial lianizah, the two being pronounced together. Indeed, some investigators assert that 'ain is an "exaggerated hamzali\ This is not stricth' true, however, since the 'aln and hantzah may sound similarly, they are in reality of distinct origin, the fianitah being pn^duced by the exph)sive burst

86 L § -^"

ing of the breath thru the closed vocal chords, and the 'din hy the partial obstruction of the ])reath by tlie compressed larynx, the fauces, and the back part of the tongue. 'Aiin is easily pronounced without hantzah, tho it is pronounced by the Sulus as hamzah only.

Examples: Arabic ^Arah, Amh; Jmn'itJij P'rithit/: are pronounced Arab and Jnma'at by the Sulus.

No. 22. c. (ihiiiii iqh); (ja {</).

§ 48. Tranditeration.— (Thahi is transliterated .^// when used

in Arabic words, but ])y g in Sulu words. Wht'U the Arabic alphabet was applied to the writing of Sulu, no letter was found to represent the sound of g in "go'', as this sound does not exist in classical Arabic. On the other liand, the sound of the ghain. does not exist in Sulu, and therefore, very naturally, the character ghain was called ga, and adopted to represent the closely related g sound in Sulu. Some Sulus call this letter again. § 49. Foirer.—The Arabic consonant, ghain is a sonant, ve

lar, fricative consonant having no counterpart in English or Sulu. It is produced by forcing the tongue far l)ack against the soft palate and the uvula, the latter being slightly trilled as the breath is forc<Ml out thru the vibrating vocal chords. The nsult is a sound somewhat similar to that produced by gargling the throat. ^jV/rtv/A is another of the "emphatic" consonants. The Sulus cannot give ghain its proper sound, and therefore ])ronounce it as g in "go" in Arabic words, while in Sulu wonls it is, of course, regularly' used to exj)ress the latter sound.

Example: Arabic ghuhun, hoi), used by the Sulus as a proper name and pronounced by them (inUnn..

§ •">••> I 37

No. 2."). c. ii(f(i (;7f/).

i^ ."»(). 'i\-(iiislifrr(ifi()ii.-~'\lir diiiTupli fifj lias Ih'cii selected to

transliterate this sound l»ecaiise sini})le ikj is so frequently i^'iven another sound, namely, that of }}>/<), as in "finder", or "proloiii^ation'' in which the nasal ;7f/ is followed l>v a hard 7 sound. The )j used \\y some scholars is excellent as heinga sim})le character, tlio availahle in few fonts of ty})e. ()n the other hand, ;/'/ is connnonly confounded witli //, and }!(/, heing a mo(lification of the //. is tlie pn^ferahle ti"ansliteration acoording to the i)rinci})les set forth elsewhere herein (§§'^, V), and 04). v^ o 1. I'oircr.—The chai'acter rlya has the sound of ikj in

"sing". It occurs in Sulu at the beginning of words and this, like final //, is at first difficult for Eiiglisli-speaking people. The ilgd is Malay and Sulu, not Arabic.

Kxam})les: ;7f/'///. iiniiic: hnuffa, fmif: tahang, did.

X(,. 24. ^ fd (/).• j>n 00- ■

i^ o2. 'rrmi.^lifcrdtinit. — In Arai)ic words this consonant is

transliterate*! hy / and in Sulu words by p. As in the case of ijliai/i, when the Arabic al})habet was adopted the Sulus found therein no character to represent their p sound, and on the other hand, having in v">ulu no /souml, they naturally employed the Aral)ic character/'/ to represent the closely related p sound. § oo. roircr.—Idle Arabic sound of this consonant is that of

/in "fan"". The Sulus pronounce// as // in "pay", in Sulu words and or<linarily so in Arabic words as well. Hut the/sound is comparatively easy to pronounce, 5ind it is heard correctly uttered with incnnising frequency in Arabic and English words

38 [ § 53

adopted into Sulu. The Malays employ another character, ^ , for the p sound, and so are not forced to adopt the confusing expedient of employing ^ for })oth / and p. Tt is to he regretted

that ^ lias not been adopted into Sulu.

Example: Arabic /a.sa/, section, is pronounced yya.w^ by the Sulus, tho, of course, the initial consonant is the same character in both cases.

No. 25. J kaf (k).

§ 54. Transliteration.—Some scholars transliterate this con

sonant by q, a Roman letter not otherwise used in transliterating the Arabic script. This obviates the necessity of forming a new Roman character, k, but such advantage is more tlian offset by the difficulty in the use of Arabic or Sulu dictionaries written in Roman letters, when q is employed to represent the kaf sound. Kaf is pronounced b}^ most Sulus, as well as by most English-speaking people, precisely as kaf and the two letters are confused and interchanged in writing. When, therefore, the student hears a k sound, he is uncertain whether kaf or kaf is intended and is in doul)t whether to look under k oi- ([. This uncertainty in the use of the dictionary written with Roman characters is avoided b}^ adopting k for kaf and arranging words containing k and k as tho these two characters were one and the same letter of the alphabet. All else being equal, k is, of course, given precedence over k (see index for exemplification).

Tliis same argument is a powerful on<» in favor of using the Roman d and modifications thereof for the transliteratit)n of the

§ 57 1 39

«/ sounds of tlic Siilii-Aral>ic al])li;i1)ct. dal, <lli(il, and dad: k for /■(//*, /,7//and h'h(\; .s- for sin, shin and .sv/J; li U)V Ini nwd ha; z for :jii and Z((; and so fortli (see §§ 8 and 9). s^ oo. Poircr.—This consonant lias a tliick, dieking k sound

not found in Knii;lis]i orSulu. To produce it, the tongue is drawn far hack and tiic })riniarv int('rru])tion takes place between the l)ack of tlie tongue and the soft palate, while for ^a/(English k) the interruption takes place Ix'tween tlie tongue and the hard j)alat(' farther forward. The (h'awing back of the tongue in pronouncing tlie hif also effects the resonance chamber of the following vowel. The Sulus cannot pronounce this consonant and invariably give it the same j)ower as that of kxif. The Malays confuse final leaf with hamzah.

Example: Arabic Ku/an, K(n'an, is pronounced Kiir\iit 1)V the Sulns.

No. '27. \ lam (/).

^ o(J. Before certain consonants, the lam of the Arabic de

finite article is not pronounced and is not transliterated (see § 1)7, note :')).

No. ;]() I hit (//).

§ 57. raii'er.— Ha in Arabic is frequently final and in this

})osition it is difficult for an P^nglish-speaking person to pronounce. A little conscious effort, however, will enable the student to pronounce // at the end, as well as at the beginning, of a word. In rapid pronunciation, final ha is usually slighted, or omitted entirely by the Sulus. and rarely seems to be final in I)ure Sulu words, tho h sometimes appears at the end oi a stem when ('(Ttain suffixes are added.

40 [ § 57

Examples: hnhat, liff: hiKjfts. vn^/i: da, }>rni<j: thilia, hrimj (imperative): (Jnhun, i.^ hroiKjhf.

Note: 111 Arabic, ha final in an outline, when surmounted hy two (lots ( ^ ) is used as a grammatieal termination,

and is then pronounced like fa, ^j^ . But it is wrong to use this form in Suluized, or pure Sulu words, which should use j^ ' o'liV' f'"" the f sound. Such dotted form is .nevertheless, often incorrectly preserved in Sulu as the final letter . of adopted Arabic words, and in such cases is usually })ro

nounced like ^ , and transliterated /. The Arabic word

surah, cJidjifer. in Sulu pronounced i<iircif and meaning irrifc,

is an example of a word oftt^n preserving ^ in Sulu. When,

however, words of this ending are transliterate(l din'ctly into English from the Arabic, the rule followed in this work is to transliterate witli h, thus indicating the Arabic pronunciation (and in strictness, the spelling, also) (^f the word when in pause (Wr. Ar. Gram, ii, § 226 and Rem. //.). The Ara])ic names of the vowel signs, (JanniKili. fathah and bisrnh, are examples of the latter rule.

No. .')]. /r<ii( (//■; u; macron of //.• nothing).

j^ 58. Tranxlifrnifion.— Wan is transliterated //• when given

its propersound, that is, except when used to form a diphthong after hata\is (fathah) as an: to })rolong the sound nidajHni {(hi'niriiah); or as a ])ro]) for the hamzah. When used to form a diphthong after hafa'as {fa/lia/i), it is translilerate(l //. When used to prolong the sound of (A/y>a// {daininali), it is transliterat

imI liy tht' nuKToii of /'. Wlicii ust'(l ;is a pi'op for the /Ktnizdh, it is not transliterated. Tlie rules for writing the hanrjih (§§ (i9-72 ) will enable the student to detiu'inine in what eases iron should he used as a ])ro]) for the Jidiir.dJi.

^ 59. rmrrr.— ]\\ui, <ilij\ and i/d, have two distinct secondary

uses, one to ])rolong a vowel sound, and the other to serve as a l)rop for the//</.//MY///. Il'a//and i/<i have, in addition, their proper sounds which alifhus lost (§ 2()) and are, furthermore, used to express the second vowel in the oidy two })ure diphthongs of tlie Sulu and Ai-ahic languages, <iii an<l (ti The proper consonantal sound of irati is that of //' in "we", and is heai'd when it is followed l>y ;i vowel. The diphthong formed hy //{/^/\/.^ (fathah) and following iraii, is pronounce(l as o/r in "how''. When following the vowel dapaii {(lii.iinudli), it has no other effect than that of i)rolonging the shoj-t souiid of this vowel—usually tliat of // in "full"—to that of n in "rule". Owing to this loss of identity when used as a letter of })rol()ngation, irnji, like allf and //'/, is called a "weak" letter. When use<l as prop for the Iniiirjili, ii'iiii has no sound whatever. The power of irmi is the same in Sulu as in Arabic.

Kxam])l<'s: iraJit^ I'djht; (hiii-a, tiro; ikaii, jjon; fn'ii, larxou.

No. 'V2. (^((C) !/'f^ (.'/•' '-■ macron of /; nothing.)

i^ (*)(). TniiixUfu'dfioii.— )'d is transliterated // when it has its

pro))t'r sound, that is, except when used to form a (lij)}ithong after lidta'ax {fdf/idli) as di: to })rolong the sound of tlie vowel li<i})dhd' {Irdxi'dli); or as a j)ro)) for the hdiir.dJi. When used to form a diphthong after luitd'ax {fdflidli ). it is transliterated /.

42 [§60

When used to })r()l()ng tlie sound of Inthdhd' {kiixr<i}i), its transliteration appears only as the macron of /. When used as a prop for liaiHZdIi, it is not transHterated. The rules for writuxg IkiinzaJi (§§ 69-72) will deterniine whether (ilif, iiuih, or i/<( should he used as the prop in each particular case.

§ (U. Poirer.—The proper consonantal sound of i/a is that

(►f // in '*yet'', juul is heard wlien i/a is followed by a vowel. The diphthong formed by hata'as {fafJiaJi) and a following ya, is pronounced as dl in "aisle'". When used toprolongthe vowel hahahiC (IcasraJi), it merely lengthens the short sound of this vowel from that of / in "it" (usually) to that of / in "machine". This loss of identity when used as a letter of ])n)longation, causes ya, like nlif and irdii, to he classed as a -"weak'' letter. When used as a prop for the lidiiizaJi, it has no sound whatsoever. The power of ya is the same in Sulu as in Arabic. Examples: yaii, f/iaf: I'lyifj, .^ail; hi^bii, hnrn/: (jrtnhci, 'middle: pi, choo.^e. :

No. :Ui. "^ hiiiKdif (/; la).

§ ()2. Tnirn^literation.—When the <dlf is of jn'olongation then

the transliteration for tins consonantal digraph is hi. When the (dif is used as a prop for the haiiizah, the transliteration is /. § 6.'^. pDirer.—fjimalif \ii really not a separate character but

a combination of lam and aIIf written together, and requires little explanation, ^illf imiy in this cond)ination, as elsewhere, be an (dif i){ prolongation, or a ])r()p ior haiiizali, both these uses having already been explained (§§ 2(), 27).

Examples, aiif o! })rolongation: ln(il\ rafher: jiad, fialiii. Hamzated a///'; Iti^ihij, loir tide: liid(i\ rilliKjc.

(^hai>ti:k> IV

Writing of Hamzah.

§ fU. The IcanuT nuist know tlie rules governing the writ

ing of hamza/i before lie can uiKlerstand the writing of the vowels an<i certain e()ns()nants. The writinii' of the hamzah should, therefore. i>e carefully studiecl in conjunction with tlie writing of the vowels. The vowel signs dajxiii {(l(t,iiinia}i) and Jiata'ax (fathaJi). are written ahove, and hahaha' (kaf^rah) helow, the consonant after which thev are pronounced. In the followinir tal)le, the dash to which the signs are written represents any consonant (exce})t haiirjih); hut when it \H-Ar>^ the hamzah, it represiMits <(JiJ\ iraii, or i/a, only. Which one of these three to select, is explained in the rules for writing the hamzah (§§ {V37'2). J///' is used in })lace of the dash in positions which require (ilif in\ariahly. Altho, in Sulu, initial hamzah is not written, in voweled Arahic it is regularly writtt'ii between the vowel and the al'if. The table shows the Sulu practice. For the. purposes of comparison, the writing of the vowels after consonants other than haiiizaJi is included in the table, but it must he borne in mind that this tabh^ does not contain a complete exposition of the writing of hamzali. For writing the latter without prop and other j)eculiarities. seethe rules for writing the hamza.h above referred to. For rare variations in ])ower of v(»wels in Sulu, see explanation in text, §§ 7S, SI, S4, and for diphthongs, see g§ 182-14:}.

44

§ (U ]

>, ~ .i:

X ~

1- z

'

'.

Z)

^ — J>

,—^ '

^_

^

^

'^ "" c

"p -^

^

T;

_::;

;^ :^ — ^

* ,"■

•I c;

.t: ^

■s ~ CS K

^_ ::r — j; t

*

1

:

^ —

-— 1 —

•

;::. " ^ 5: ^

• —

.~ \ .

. ~ —

1- *3 X c .=

=

•^

t:

•- 1 ■" !

?

1 1

1 1

^ '/.

/- '^

^

' e

l-~

r~ —

1

b/.

' i

. J,

1^:

-'-.Jn

^ > J

c

i

i

,—

7. "i::;

~ i ■

-

1 ^

• ^ • ^

~ -c:

'— ^

^ '•«:

1^ ^—^

1

i- ^

tc

1

■' )\

^— ""^^

vX *» ^

^

*SZ

. ) w i^

V 1 A

^ '^. b.

=

i ■ ~

- , ^

. ^ i " ^

_

X '^

_. ^

-z —

-r -z:

.—

— C

*_^ '43

*•*- i '—^

■^ ~~

.S '""f

^ -4-1

• I-' •p—

.Z j .=

■- 1 •

7" ,1^

ZL

1

: ^^^ \

C

•s •s""'^

\— \-^

^\." "•

'^

^

o ^

o^''

►^,

.4^ ^ ,

. ^

,1^

T^ -r

"^ 3

^ tt

'— ~(.

^ Z-'

5 "c ?=

-^ 5

z. —

^ c

'

V.

^•.^1

^

.

-f

-^

-^

^

^'

y.

"M

§ CT I 45

JidiiiKiJi C : notliiiiii')

s^ (')."). The foiMU of Ikiiii'JiIi { t- ) \< tluit of ^(Iin c. witlioul

the filial stroke. /Idnrjili iicNci- jiltci's its foiMii mid is nsunlly written aloNC one of the weak eoiisoiiatits, \ <ihj\ iraii, or

Iv\aiu[)les : 3 /'"\ ixUnid : \Jj ii(i\ e.\j)letive :/C S'//', not.

^C 1/(1: wliieli serves as its pi'oji

\'arious e.\('ej)tions to tlie above rule reuai'diiig tlie jiosition of lidiir,iiJi will l)e explained helow.

J:^ (■(■). 'Pile \()wel wliieli follows ItdiiiKih is written with it to

the same ])rop, l)ut to the Inmrjili only, when the latter stands alone without j)roi).

Kxamples: ^j Ixilxi /, irniinin: ^/\ hi'n, pcrxon; \^

jKi'd, l((l: /j*^\ •''■" d II. fund.

^ (')". If no vowel follows lidiiindi, it must always in Sulu he

0

followed hy jxifdi { ) to denote the ahseiiee of a vowel sound

as in exam})U'S _ii,iven in i^ ()"). HdmidJi atnl ])reeedin|Li' vowel eannot l)e written to the same consonant, hdinzdli in such cases requiring its sejiai'ate |)ro|) excejit, of coui'se. in those special cases when written without ])roj) (i^ ~'I. n.).

Examples: ^^^^ Pafn'. a title; ^, hdfd\ child; -j puti\ u'Jiite.

46

[ § ««

§ H(S. As ('X|)l;iiii('(l al)()V(', the tlirrc weak coiisoiiaiits. \ <ilif.

iran, and (C i/'i, and these oidy, can serve as ])r()j)s for Inini

Kih. These tliree consonants are closely relate(l in power and nse. to tlie vowels ]i(tt()'iix, dajxiii, and Iidhalxi'. respectively, and when a we.dv letter is employed because of its relationshi]) to the vowel, the weak letter is said to "conform" to the vowel. Indeed, as will he e.\'{)lained later, the forms of the vowel sii;ns seem to he derived from the relate<l consonants (^^ 7*.). S2. So).

In Sulu when ^C i/a is used as jm'o}) for the//<n//.:v^//. it is always

written without the two subscript dots: hut in othei-cases the two dots are almost invariably added. In Arabic, howevei', the use of the two dots with final i/<i is optional in all cases. whateNcithe function of i/<i, tho except when final, the two <lots are usually em])loyed ( \Vr. Ar. (iram. p. 4, foot-note). \ (tllf nwd

iran do not chaniic form hecaus(^ of Ix'iuii' used as i)i'ops foi- Inimzdh. The princi])al difficulty in writini^- Ikiih.kiIi is that of <leterminiuii; which of the three props, if any, to use in any ])articular case. Th(^ following rules are designed to make this point clear as reii'ards Sulu ]>ractice. Some peculiarities of Ai'abic are also note(l hut for full explanations, see an Ai'ahic i>rannnar.

I!iil(s for Writiiiij Ihiiii'JdIi.

§ ()9. \{\\.K I. When lidnrjih is iintial. it is omitted in

Sulu, the accomi)aiiyin,ii; xowel l»ein,ii' wi'itteii dii-ectly to "///'. In vowele<l Arabic. howcNci", the liiiiii'jth is always written between the accompanyinjj; vowel and ihe '///_/.

§ (\i)

; .-0 -r

o".

K.\am})lcs: Ar;il>i(' \ ^\ iisiradii, hlm-lr ( iiom. cnsf ) : , \ iilrlihni. (I sisttr ( iioiu. case): ,*\\ '". '/•

Sulu > \ (iiiiK, sdiin : ^ \ nlrah. to o^x-ii:

ihdii, ir/fli.

Note 1. The h(Uii:ji!i may also Itc oniittol in Sulu when medial if, when expressed, it would he written to '^///'as pi-op and Follo\Ve(| hy Jnitd'n^i.

Kxamples: ^ \^, oi- JJ V, Ixi'al,-. .■orlr: ij \^ <>r ^ V^

But in the text of this worl^. hmrjili will regularly l)e written in sueh o])tional eases.

Note '1. When, in \'owele<| Aral)ie. initial Ininiidli \< followe<l hy t'dflidh ov <l<im mdh. hoth lidin'jili and N'owel siiiMl jtre written ahove the '////". \\ hen initial hdnrjih is followi^d hy Jraxr<(li, l)oth are written hdow "///". In all these eases the lidiii'.dli is wi"itten hetweeii the vowel >iun and the dhf. For examples, see aho\"e.

Note )). In \n\\(l( d Arahie. the initial hdiniali. as stat(mI. is always wi'itten except when elidahle under certain conditions. To indicate that such hdiir.dli is suhject to elision, it is iKtt written, the vowel hcinii,' written dii'ectly to "/'/'.

Exam})les: N \^ \ ini,<lii<l. jd-dhiidj.' (imp.); . \ \ nl. fhr:

^

JV

\ i.-<iii>iii, iidiHc (nom. case): the first \"owel of these

words heing sometimes elided as in the Arahic sentence \ \<a \ Ws h'dhi nnlidl, he sdiil. jd'oloidj.

Note 4. Neither is the linniidh usuallv written in eithei"

48

r § ^"^

Ar;il)ic or Sulu, wlicn iiKnhhili is ('iu|)l(>y<'(l to exjji'css hdnr.fili followt'd by lowis, f'I fill ill (^ 7'")). Iiiiiii'jih hcini;,-then iin})li('<l

ill the niaihhilt (^ 102).

/ .—" lv\;iin])l('S: Arahic >^\ Aildnm, .Idmii, (noni. case);

Sulu c. \ "7'\ '"■/. •^'"/•

§ To. Rule II. Wlicii IkiiiizhIi occurs Ix'twocu two vowels,

its prop must conform to the following vowel cxcc|)t when th(^ latter is li<if(r<is. When the following vowel is hiifii\ii<^ the prop must conform to the jM'eceding vowel. The following examples sliow all possible ai"rangements of short vowels which may he sej)ai'ate(l hy IkuhzhIi :

3 jiii'ini, xfciii: c, -^ N da'III/, coiniinr: c. ^^A H'l'ih ii''''l>^' Y*^e3 l'"'"-^- >^'<t<'d: \^^ iiKi^is, old: . ]A^^ j.itdi^in, imtrlcct

«= >

J lit'it, pri/: vji^ts jxi'if. hiffcrii(.^<: .J ^dl' in, irhrrc'f

^ ^ ,-''

Note I. Long vowels do not frinpieiitly occur in Sulu in connection with hdiirjdi. When the first vowel is short and the second long, the haiiizuli is usually written to conform to Rule II except when it is implie(l in the iiniddnli (§ 102).

Kxam))les: rj -^ v Ini'iin, ]/<^: 4^o l''"i'.l' dviiiiiinrc:

r. ^ Ini'iK/i. (id, ^(iij'tiKj.

Wlieii. howe\-er. the first vowel is long (including diphthongs) and the second is short, the Inmrjih is usually written without j)ro|) to the left of the \ or of prolongati(»n

^ <>1)

V.i

(or . used as final ('lenient of (lij)litl)()ii^ir. v.iiicl) continues to hear [xttdi). \\\\{ if such letter of prolongation or final element of diplitlionu' he |^. the Ininrjili is usually in Sulu written ac{M)r(Jinu; to Ivule 1 I. Kxaniples: ^\^ lrai,(j(i.' (ini))): (/j"^ J tan an, hi>f

0 0

(/// (I jiliirc) \ liut , * \"^ ^ iii'im. <'Ii<i.«u ( cf. W'r. Ar. (Jrain.

?^ 17, />. ) .

Note 2. As will he ohserve(l, there seems to he repui:'nance to writing (ilif as ])rop of hdiiizdh in the middle of a word, (illf heing so use(l only when the Inmrjili ']< hoth preceded an<l followed hy Iiafa'd.^.

Note '\. Wlieii th<' prefixecl Sulu prei)ositions 9 jxi-.

to: ^ ha-, ill. lit, on: and the particle ^ lii-. ])refixe<l to

names of persons, are joined to words ha\ing initial Ininrjih. the spelling is not altere(l, the (iHf heing left as the })rop of the originally initial IkiiukiIi or maildiiJi.

K-Vamples: \jj;^ \_^3/>"'">'/"/"T. \n flir jxilacf : \j^ \j^ lur AIukJ. nil Siiinhnj: ^X^j>. \.ib li'iWJiiikhJ. Ahnidil (j)roj)er name): \ o^,vkj\.9 jxi'ishiil. In .school: > ^S \ib lii' .{ihim, A'lnni.

Note 4. Other prefixes of the language, however, xcrhal. iinmiiial and adjectival, are not written as set forth in n. .'I. hut their final consdiiants should coalesce with the consonantal outline of the word to which they are prefixe<l.

Till* initial haiiiznh of such word, if preserved, then becomes medial and conforms to the ordinary rules for writing medial hiinizah. The only difficulty which arises in applying thestprefixes, is in determining when the Juunznh should he preserved and when dropped, in joining the pivfix to stems having initial haniznh—stems which in the Roman script hegin with vowels. The rule is, all prefixes ending in

a, \ (t, /, or ^ f/, preserve the following initial'

hanizdli. After all other jirefixes, the IkohzhIi is dropped.

The prefix q^ ///-(verhal) is entirely distinct in use from

the prefix ^ hi- used with proper names, which latter also preserves initial h(Uitz<ih which is written as ex})lained in n. 2. ^ -/- is really an infix inserted in a word innncdiate

ly before the first vowel, thus; 4;, }>ntang, place; l^^j /*/

iinfa}~n/, Jiariinj hccii ylaccd: \J \ vtnd, cut: \;j\ ii/ntnd,

liari.iHj hmi cat. In the Sulu-Arabic script its character as an infix is always apparent, since it is always preceded in a word, either l)y hamzah or other consonant of the stem. Hut with stems having initial hainzah (vowel stems in Roman script), it a}q>ears in the Roman script to ln' a prefix and is therefore included in the subjoined list of })refixes. Being then'fore inserted after an initial Jianrjili. the lattei' is always preserve<l, but iC ija is develojx'd before a foll<>wing

>

?/, or a, while the -/-is al>sorbed in a follow

o

iniz- /' to form /; or this infix niav, in the Sulu

i^ ()9 I 51

jiiid -////- arc also infixes inserted immediately Ix-fore

tlic fii'st vowel, and tlie>e also, in lianrjih stems, aji/xdr in lioman script to he prefixes. -nm- and -iiu

j)r()duce no furllicr changes whatsoever in tlie stem. Prefixes eiidiiiii" ^ ;7f/'^ when cominiz; hefore initial hd.iiizdh, simply cause the latter to he diV)pped without change. When ^ riijd comes hefore ^ Z- or ^ <j- stems, the ^ /.- or £

(J- is drop|>e<l. The ))refix ^ may he verhal or may indicate an adjective and. as state(l. j)reserves the hiuii.iaJi; the })refixes niiiiii-, ' //^o//-, an<l 3 /x/vy/-, are a[)})lie(l oidy to

stems having initial 5 /)-, or , h-, which letters are then

dropped: the ])refixes ;^^ iikih-, ^j tntit-. and '^^ p^ui-, are

applie(l oidy to stems heginning with s '/-. ^ •^■-, and "

/-. in which cases ^ ^'-. and * /-are regularly droppe(l, and s

(/- fretpK'ntly so; -^^^ mi it- is an old form j)reserve(l in oidy

a feAV stems; \j fa-, ^ hig-, and ^^ hujn-, are usimI only with nouns and words used as nouns.

r.2 I § r,;)

Note '). Below is given a list of the principal sini})l(' Sitlii prefixes {excepting the three explained in n. 3), with illustrations showing how they should he conilnned with stems of various kin<ls. Stems having initial li(tiiizah are given* whenever such stems are used with the })refix in question. It is not feasihle to give translations of the prefixes, or the comhinations of j)refi.\ and stem, since this would involve the intricacies of grammar and would extend heyond the ])ui'viewofthis woi'k. Besides the simple j)refi;^es hert^ given, a nuiltitude of others may he formed hy com])()unding these,

thus: ^ iiKi- and ^ Ira-, compound to form y^^ iii(ilr<i-, and the latter compounds with ^ jkkj-U) form i^J^y^ iii(ihii>(t<j-: ^ III- (\-erhal) compounds with 3 [ki-, ^ ht-, and ^

jxi'j-. to foiMM ^{^ liljxi-, ^j^ Iiihi-, and ^^^ hiixnj-: ^^

. ^ " " \ ^

-/- is inserted in ^ hi-, ^ hik-, \^ nnin-, . 3 pti-. ^«

J"'y-' ^9 I"""-- <'t<-- to form 5 ^'■'//"-' ^A ""11''-' Ua

iiiii/nii-. ^3 I''!/"-' ^9 I''.'/'"./-- ^_Ji j)lj/(iIII-, ('{(•. But compounded j)refixes neecl not he included in the |)re^ent list since, as long as tiieir final letter is unaltei'ed. tlie manner of joining to the following word is hkewise unaher<'d. As to the compound prefixes tin mscKcs. since none hegins or ends with Immzali, the prohlem of me(hal Ikiiu'.iiIi within such comj)ounds. do(*s not ])resent itself.

Note (). It should he noted that the foi'ms gi\tMi hclow are written as they are pi"o))ci"ly pi'onounced. But here, as elscwhert'. Innir.iili ( mediah oi' final ) may In- slurred in rapid

i^ (59 I 58

pronunciation (§ 1*.)). Also, tl)c prefixes may even be found written as independent words, iuit tliis is incorrect since they are true inseparal)l<' parts of tlie word, hotli in meaning; and in pronunciation. Apai1 from aiiotlier stem, tlie}' liave no significance.

ref i .\'

7 ■

St(

Ml. M

caninii'

('ombinc' >

d form

Jn

( V(M-l>:i

0 ^ ^

iifud,

eiU

hVntud

J^\

tKjad,

follow

^SL^Jb

hi'agod

0 ^

1

0 }

r\

itniiti,

(J rink

^•l«b

hViaunt

r;

' >>

e }>

-/(infix 1

iifinJ,

cut

l(/titi(d

^\

(lijad,

folio ic

JJl>\

iyagad

e >

0 >0

&

ifung,

('(Hint.

itiing

e -^

e^e

t"

h In any.

do

t

hinang

'* ' " v* \ iifnd, cat \--\ liniitnd

^ (infix ) "^ ^ "^""l

4]j\ Ifnnq, ('(Hint ^a\ imitnnq

54 [ § m

Prefix Stem Meaniiiiz; Coin])iii('(l form

»> V >

1^\ itHfig, count -iXO fca'itnng

^ ;\ inuttt, drink _^^,

A wr/- ,j^\ ^'^^^^«' //»?Vi />*->V* "'f*'"^^"*

^-_^ \ <f/>/f^, (irrive -^ \_^ ma'abut

^"J^ itung, count A^-^ lua'itung

Jlc\ «fiff*^^ Z^'^/'^"' J^iVij.^ mag'agad

1

0 > 0 '^

^■

hiuni,

(h'ink

0 »-^

mag'inuin

^ ma)!!

L^^

}>utux.

wrap

^^^Lv--»

maniutus

halanja\

, x})e7id

mamalanja

>1

hintul,

^urll

0 >o ^■

mmnintnl

^ rnan

C5^

><ukai,

rent

ci^"

ntanukai

§ (i9 I 55

Prefix Stem Mcnning Conihiiicd form

C; Uikau, roh C-^^ watuikan

^ mang- * ■>. \ "j;'t', 7hocA: V^** mangnjj^C

^ \ (kIk, eompkmi J^i* wangada

•»»j . /

d^S kiihuf, pinch cL^^i.'^ iitdfigulnit

\;J^ /"^f////, scratch \xi^ inangatul

\_£^ ^//a', look \*Ji.A ttxingitd'

\ Id. ^"^</"^ embrace l^li^ tnangnlgnl

>

l-» ^"''i- t^ A \ "//•/'. go hack ^ • minuwr

«o

i> 1 '.7» 1/^ a?ya;?/ «^«^ mi nig

\ ^I'l- ^ \ ?/^?/.s*, finish k*j*v na'ubiis

,j;^^ \ a6///, ?*6ac/i ^^^j \j na'abut

55 [ § m

Prefix Stem Meaning Coml)ined form

y^

00

'S'.

go away

0 0 ^

na'ig

ii /'('(/

Ill) IIS,

finiah

0 -^-^^ /

iiag'uhnu

uXc\

<igad.

foil ON'

ji. Vr^

iiag'agad

0 } 1

0^0-^

y^^

innin.

drink

r*

nag^inum

"

» >;

0 ^/^

' nit hi

iJ*^'"-^

putus,

irrap

<_^^-JlvJ

nam II ills

hakntj(i\

spetid

*

namala nja'

0 }0

bin fill.

sa^ell

0 >0 ^

namlntnl

(S^

snkai.

ren f

nannka'i

■^

takan,

rob

nanakan

(lag at.

aea

nanagat

0 ^^

»^ ^ 0^

^u>

(lay an.

good

y^^i

nandayan

/

.J >

t^\^

4j /'"Wf/

njjn\

mock

naugnjjii'

'

i\

adn,

complain

JiitJ

nangadii

il

mi\

mock

nangijji'

§ ♦■''•> 1

.^

IV.'fix

Stc

III

Mcjiniiii;

(^Hlll)ilHMl form

'Jr

Iridrnt,

ft III eh

• }> -^

iKi fig lib lit

Icatiil.

i«'r<ifi'li

0 J^

11 iifi guild

hi III'.

look

•^

\.*i>

iiangitii'

e >

i/iil(/i(l.

I'liihrurr

uungulgul

llflld.

rut

0 > -

j)ii^ utiul

'

il(/<nJ,

follow

lia'agad

' >

0 ; y

^

0 >>

ifllfK/.

roil III

. > 0 ^

pii' itung

i.5 /"'f/

j:\

II fail.

rut

Jo"^

pug' 11 till!

lUJilil,

folio II'

pug'ugud

e >

C > 0

^

Itumj,

count

jiug^itung

57

v5 /"""" ir-^ put us, irrup (T"^^ puiniitus

y^*-) huluuj(i\ ^peii.d V^''^ pii iiiolauyi'

• 9 • O -^

*Xo ^>itt-tf\ iirextlf '; ^ puiiiinti"

J /'<'^- Ow •'"'*■'"' ■''''"^ ^5 pauuhn

58

1 § <>^>

Tivfix St(

'in

M

I'anin^

('()ml)inc'd fonu

0 ^ '

0 -'-"-'

^So

tilled II,

roh

^^e

juiiHihni

0 ^ ^

0 / '/

^^:>

iliKjaf,

.^('(1

v-^^X^

jiaiuKjdf

0 ^^

ihiyiiii.

i/ixkI

l>a 11(1(1 i/<i 11

^ .of >

e-f''. .

is /'"^i7- ^>. \

"jj"'

III nek

jxingiijjii'

S \ (kJii, ('(nilplain A^^ pitngadn

:?l

W^

iiioclc

■^

l>(ulgijji\

11

kiihiif.

l>'i iirli.

0 yy^

pdvgnhiit

J^^

hi fill.

M'riitcli

0 }^^

IKingatul

Jrifa \

look

pangita'

0 >

gidgul,

ciiihi'iU'c

0 >0> ^

j Id fig dig 1(1

^

b'"

111111(1.

III cat

0 > -

td' II ii!i(l

0 >.

Ill IIII,

irare

t(i dlan

0 >^

iplUI,

tooth

0 >

^4

td'ipint

^

y >

t

> e ^

i; /"f/

ro^

lUlll-lllllI,

nil I) til III (J

r<j\i:^

tag aiiii-ii)

j^ r2 1

51)

Tivfix

St«

■111

.M(';niiii,ir

('(>inl)iii

('(1 form

0 _■ ■

(1 iKii:,

child

0 -"fO ^

tiKJ (lllilk

C }0

c ^e 0 ^

ok\

ijin 1/,

shn'c

cy^

t(i(i' ijiiiii

^ ,

c }>

e } ^^

iC ^'*<7f^

j:\

n II ml.

IlKOt

(A> o-RJ

t(U/a'iiiiit<l

(ilu II,

irarc

t(i(j(i (ilini

« >

e ^ ^^

cy^,.

lj)H II,

huith

(^t**""

taga'ipini,

}

0 >>

• »;

(infix)^ ^

iifiitl,

nit

JXa\

iiiHiitlid

0 ^ ^

c ----^

JS.\

ti(j(i(i.

Jolloir

tAitA \

11 iiKUjdd

c

^ } >

&

ituuij,

('(Hint

iiiiiitiinij

i^ 71. KrF.K III. Wlicii h(itiiz(di occurs in Sulu bctwiM'ii a

vowel and a consonant, its j)ro}) must conform to tlic vowel.

]v\anij)lcs: Jj \r^ iiKuf ntiid, cut; Jo Vi^ tiuKfdimd, si,nil/: 4;'^^ fHi(/if(iriy, coniif; j\^ytii'lid..^trai(j}it;,^^

kn iiiiiiKiii, si.rfi/: , ^^ hii iiKiii, fijfif.

^ ~'2. Kri.F. \y. W'licn hdiiizdh is final, its prop must con

form to the |)rccc(lim!; vowel.

Kxamples: /iu', Is^hiud: \^ \ aiii(i\ futher; t^^d'i\ not.

r.() f § 72

Note. Wlu'ii hiiiii-j(li is filial or followed hv slioit vowel (or fan trill) only, after alif, inin. or ya, used as letters of prolongation, or after ir<ni or yn. used as components of dij)htliongs (§ 182). it is written to the left of such letter of })rolongation without prop.

Examples: Arahic -^ \>. ./"'"< henmic: "& i^ j rhhi'im,

■ /

(jdriiunt (noni. case).

Sulu *\ ^ iiui . not: *■ r. ill, ann: * * in ,

^^ hi' I, ijff! (imp.).

^ To. Udiii'.ah in Sulu may occur as initial hefore any vowel,

long or short; as final after any vowel, long or short; and as nH'dial, hetween any two vowels, whether long or short. But it is not ()ft(^n found in Sulu hetween tw(> long vowels, or even hetween a long vowel and a short vowel.

For further information as to the writing «»f Juinizah in Arahic—which involves many exceptions and irregularities—the student must consult an Arabic grammar.

Note. In writing hamzah hetween vowels in Sulu when one or both are long, select the prop according to Rule 11 when the first is short; when the first is long or a di])hthong, write the hamzah without prop to the left of the weak letter of the first vowel, except that wdien such weak letter

is ^, follow Rule H.

ClIAPTKR V

Transliteration, Power, and Writing, of Vowels and Orthographical Signs.

v^ 74. 'riicrc -AYo tlircc classes of aiixiliai'y si;^ns used in v.i-it

in^ llic Siilii-Arabic script^—diacritical, vowel, and orthoura))!)ical. Bv diacritical sii^ns arc uiidcrstoo<l the dots us(m1, eithei*

siiio-ly, or in uroups of two or three (* - » i „), hy which various consonants, otherwise the same, arc distinguished fi-oni each other (^114 and Tahle X). The vowel and ortho^ra|)hical signs will he treate(l here, while the diacritical signs will he explaine(l in CuArTKU \'l. The voweJ signs are the signs thre<' in nund)er.

. hy which the vowels of the sci'ii)t are indicated,

44ie consonants (A a word are written first and the vowels added later. In Sulu and Malay, the vowid signs are known hy the term h(iri><, meaning "stroke", oi* "])oint". The oi-thograj)hical

signs, r . are iiiiK^ in numhcr.

They are written ahovtMhe consonants (with the exception of

the third and the last), and serve to d<'termine more accurately

the sp(4nng and prommciation of a woi"d. or to ahhreviate the

written word in some particulai".

Not*'. In some languages, strokes aixl other mai"ks, as well as dots, are used as (hacritical signs.

Kxample: Turkish -S^ . sounde(l ;is _v (})alatal) in "give".

61

(Vi

[§T4

•<

7;

-: =^ C

.Si

c c

Power in Sulu

-t—'

1

1—1

same as Arabic; not used in Sulu words

< 1

?i _

Malay Sulu name name

1%

J

4-1 i 4 1

5

Power in Arabic

K in "full" ; 0 in "theory''; eu in French ^time

a in '*sofa''; a in "hat"; a in "net"; e in French 7/<*<f^

Zj

i-ij .

Arabic name

~2;

^ ^

Transliteration 1

~

^

—

2

C

'■7i

"^ )

i ^ 1 )'

1 1 !

J5 74]

(;:;

7.

1

s .= !

CO P 1

denotes absence of vowel

makes consonant double

■ ■ j 1

bc ! - 5

^ "X '^

^ V 1 i = '

same as Arabic; not used in 8ulu words

b/. r

^ >, X

X '- J:

'^ —^ —

^? J

""■ 1 '"^

■3

V.

Arabic name used

Arabic name use*!

Arabic name used

X

a

X

< c

'S:'

^

X

X X

X

X ^

hwnzah plus long /W^//aA; marks letter of prolongation plus hatiizah

b/.

denotes elision; initial u; initial a: initial /'

iu)t in Aral>ic

>

J i

t

^

1

i-i'l 1 1

5

'—■ z

•S

:i.

X

7.

V

Sj )\\

X!

•■ ) ^ )

\ ) - ) ,v )

1

1

-^

1 -'

1

1

X r:

' = i _ ^

i^ 7'). 'riu' sound of a simple vowel siun uiiacconipanied l)y

a It'ttcr of prolonpitioii is tcrnuMl "'sliort ", wliilc tliat of a vowel sign followed l>y a letter of pi-olonpition is teriiUMl "Iohl!;"". As a matter of faet. howi'ver, the names of the vowels in Sulu —and also in Arabic, as they are ordinaiMly wi'itten endinu in dh—refer to the si^-ns and not to thesouiuls. Jn these })ages. ne\ertheless, the English usage is followed, and the terms "long <l(ii>(iv". "short ^/^/y>'///", etc.. may refer either to the sign oi' to the sound. i^ 7(). The letters of ])rolongation are the weak consonants

\ 'il'f' ^ nuiii, and iC j/a. Ilafa'tix followe<l hy (ilif hearing Ud

vowel or orthogra])hical sign whatsoever, is long. I>(ij)ai) and hahalHi' followed h}' iraii and i/a, respectively, hearing the//<'

0

fdi ( ), are long. As letter of |)rolongatio!i and as consonant.

i/a in Sulu always receives two dots helow.

Note. In Arabic, iraii and //(/ also, when \\:<{'d as letters of prolongation, \hk\v no j<iz>ii(ih {jxitai) ( Wr. Ar. (iram.. § 10). Furth<'r, in Arabic, letters that are assimilated to :i following letter, which receives in conse(iuence tiie faslidiil (§*,ll)). altho they are retained in writing. <lo not receive the ;/^r:///f^A ipdtai) (Wr. Ar. (Tram., i^ \K Kem. b. ). For the use of tintwo dots with j/(( in Arabic, see ^ !))(>.

'ral)les II and III give a brief synoi)sis of the matters winch are considered in the text in greater detail. In Table 111, .Malay names are given when such exist, since Malay terms are frequently use<l in J^ulu. Vowels in the various non-English terms used, are ])i-onounced as indicated in note at head of Table 1. while the dash to which most of the signs are written, represents SiOJiic consonant. F'or "long" vowels in Sulu, see Table II.

§78J 65

>

Ni). 1. (hijxni {n).

^ 77. Tr(iii,'<lit('r(i(i<)n. - Diiixni {ddninuiJt ) is tniiislitcrated \)\

u ex('t'})t wlu'ii k'nL;llieiK'd l)y iran. In the lalttTcasc it is traiisliterati'd by //.

§ 78. Poirer.—Thv Arabic iiaiiu'of this vowel, (huiiiiuili, con

.^trii-f 1(1/1. refers to the puckering iij) of the hps in pronouncing: it. The .^h^lay and Sulu names reU'V to the ]H)sition of the vowel when written, hoth dihuddixni and fhijxui meaning in front. At the present time, howe\er. it is written above the consonant in tTie same relative position as h(if(('a><.

Dajxin {(hniini(iJt), in Arabic originally ( W'r. Ar. (Jram.. §§ 4, 5) and almost always in Sulu, is ])ronounced as // in "full". This is its mosL universal and })ersistent sound in Sulu, tho it sometimes varies toward o in "theory", or toward an olscure n sound formed by ])lacing the lips and teeth almost as in j^ironouncing "but", while the tongue is thickened at the sjime time that the central portion is approximated more clostdy to the hard palate. This sound a])proximates tlie German iDnJnnt o (ooror-') in bxitig, or the French en in jninr. and may be represented in English bv a dotted n {>(). For exam])le,

\^\ g.^^ hdiiihu Ilk, one, is a word in which the sound of o

in "theory" is frequently given to the second and tliird vowels {Jiamho'ok): but the sound of /' in "full" for these two vowels is a universally understood ])ronuncia.tion. In some

localities ,x^ huknn, not i<n, has for its second vowel the

obscure u sound mentioned above {hnl-iin). but it is more usual to pronounce both /<'s as in "full". When lengthened by

(')(')

§78

the iuklition of iraii, dajxtit is usually })roii()unc'(Ml as // in "rule". Sometinics long ^/'ry>/n/ has the sound of o in "no", or that of j)i-ol()ni;"e(l ohscure n. It should he added, however, that there nrc V(M"v few words which retain the o sound, or ohscure i( sound, thruout the Sulu territory.

E.\'ani])les of ordinary sound of dajxtn: ♦ij > l>iihnJr, hair:

>z >

e 0 ^

o o _^

. ^^ hiilctnn. 'iDit: N , bud, nioiiiitdiii: c, iSV/f/. Sidn.

Note. As set forth in Tahle III, Arahic vowel signs have variant })ronunciations which will not he dwelt upon hwe. For further information regarding such nia.tters, the student

must consult an Arahic grammar.

} § 79. Wi'it'nKj.—Theformof^ ddixm is that of a miniature

J

ivan. Originally in the Arahic script, the short vowels were

not written and it was only in the case of vowels lengthened hv ?/'(/'', (dif, or //'^ that any sign of the vowels appeared in writing. When, therefore, it was desired to write the short vowels also, the .\rahs ((uite logically used to rcjiresent them, miniature forms of the letters employed in the re[)resentation of the corresponding long vowels. Not wishing, moreover, to alter the consonantal outline to which they were accustomed, they also verv logically wrote the new signs ahove or helow,

the old outline.

JhijHiii is written ahove the consonant after which it is pronounced.

0 } }

» >}

Examples: \^^ iluliid. crfirmili/: ijj tnlutig, aid:

i\ \ lank, hi

ly (of sea).

SI

67

111 Aral»ic. (him/iKili (f/(//u/?/) nftcr initial IkhhkiIi is. loui'tlu-r with luinrjili, written t<> (r///'as its prop, lait in tlu'S(> cases Ikdh•jih is rci^ularly <)initt<Ml in writinu" Siilu (>^ ()1), n. '1).

Examples: *\;; \ /'/"/.■, I>r<ilii: . \ \ nhiii, rain.

i.oiii;" ihijKin aft( r mnn'.dli. initial or medial, or after any other eoii>,»!iant. is expressed l»y a<ldinii; a ifdii hearing-/>''/<// \vlii«']i siiiii ifan of jirolongatioii always hears in Siilii. tho ik t in Arahie ( W'r. Ar. (irani.. ^ 10).

loiitli: .t //'. Ilnrr.

I'vxanij)les : \ /^ head: .\ .,, ^>''/'"'.

y

No. !2. h(ihi\tx (u).

^ so. Tniiislih rafloii.—Ildfa'ii^ (J'allidli) is transliterated hy

(I except when lengthened l)y allf. In the latt«'r case it is transliierate(l hy (/.

Note. Alt/ added in writiiii;'the/'////^f// fdinrin in Arahie <loes not lengthen the vowel (^ *.>1 and W'r. A r. (Jram., ^ S, IJein. (I).

l^xani|)le: Aral)i<' \\>. j /v^///An/, ( not /•'/ji///^///)///^n/( ace.

case). N

^SI. roirrr.—The Arahie nanic^ of this v()\\(A. f'it}i<i}i, opni

linj. refers to the o|)en })osition of the mouth while jironouncini:

it. The Malay and Snlu names. liowe\-er, refer to the position

of the vowel when written, hoth tll'atd.^ and lnilii\i.-< meaninir

iiborv.

II(it(t\is (/'iflniJi) orii^inally in Ar.ahic. and ahii<\<t uni\"ersally in Snlu is })ronounce(| as a in "sofa"'. When lenii;thene<l hy the addition of tilif]\ has the sound of a in '"father". I'nlike (hquin

68 §81]

iiiid hdlxilxt', hdta'dx lias no proiiouiu'ed variant in Sulu. Sometimt's. however, the vowel in the verbal prefixes j^^ ^/J'l^f-, ^

mi

(/-, and ^ y>''.7-i '^i»d in the posessive prefixes ^ ^(/y-. antl

^ ^'(/a-, has an indefinite sound difHeult to characterize. The

two consonants run into each other without the formation of anv distinctive vowel sound, which therefore reseinl)l(\s the "indeterminate" vowel of Malay. Indeed, the utterance of the vowel in (piestion is probably due to Mhlay influence, the vowel Ii(it(i'(tx {(U'dtax) in Malay being used—tho rarely written—to represent the indeterminate vowel of the lani>;ua;;e, which resembles (I in^final", or n in "cut", ore in"nover", and which in ^lalav, is usually transliterated e.

Examples: v • . ^ iKiurjih, cntch of ihe qJoith: . v^nc 'S^iX"!^ P"0'^'f{l'f'"> I'linn'uKj: •.c-iJ^r-) ^>'"J'^"!l'f>i^ /vn<.;

• c\l-Xx.'* magdagan, run. The first Inifd'as in the last three examples is often given the indeterminat*' sound. § 82. Writing.—The form of ^ hufd'a.^ is that of a miniat

ure \ <</^/written in a slantinu' position. It is written above the

consonant after which it is pronouiu-ed. in the same relati\e position as ddjKDi.

Kxamples: ^>J^ \ dndh\ dfj'>^i>riiig: ^ i>d. i/rt: ^ \ lairag,

§ 83 I 69

In Aral>ic', A\oy{ fdtlntJi {liiihi'u.-i) nftci* initial Itdiiizah is, to

iictluT with tlic iKiiiizdh, written to the dlif as a i)r()j), hut in tliosc

cases Ji((iiiz<iJi is regularly omitted in Suhi wiMtini: (^ (i*.), and notes).

Kxaniples: " \ dtatva, or; , \ ai/dii, do not.

]^oiig ]i<(t(i\h^ after initial iKimzdli (ineludinij:; hamzdh in the middle of a word after a consonant heai'ing y^u^//), is not expressetl as might he sujjposed hy the addition of niif. hut Ity tlie use of the iixuhlnh (§ iD'i), the hniitzah. in such cases not ixdng written separately hut implied in the uKiddali.

Examples: Arahic ^\ (ikliir, fliud: •. \ ^ Kurgan

Koi'dii.

SuUi ^ \ rff//, ^n-/, .S77//; >^ \ dd, fence: A V^j

l>d(fd(ji, dctimf, .^di/iiKj.

Long lt((fd\i,'i after any consonant exce])t JidntzdJi is ex])resscd in the regular way hy adthngan (dif which, unlike the nuiu. and i/d of prolongation in Sulu, does not hear tlie pdiai, heing without mark of any kind. 'I'his true in Arahic as well (§ 7())

Exam])les: ^\^ pdd^ pidin : >\)^\ hUim, hUin}: \^ nia^ loir (of cattle).

No. o. ludxdxi' (i).

§ 83. Triin^illterdfion.—HahdhiC (hi^rdJi) is transliterated

hy / except when lengthened hy i/d. In the latter case, it is

70 § 83]

transliterated ])y i.

§ 84. Poirrr.—The Aral)ic name of th\r< vowel. ka.^raJi, friw

tnre, probal)ly refers to the interrupted vocal passage formed in pronouncing it in distinction from the open, free passage formed in tlie pronunciation of dainmah and fathaJi. The Malay and Sulu names, however, refer to the position of the vowel when written.. Both dihatraJi and hahaha mean heJow. Huhaha' {k(i>^rah) in Aral)ic originally, and almost always in 8ulu, is pronounced as i in "it". Sometimes, however, its sound in Sulu varies toward e'm "net". Rarely, the obscure n sound explained under f%Mn will be found represented ])y Jtdhaba (§78).

Examples: >li3 patik, (slave) /, is sometimes pronounced jxttek {e in "net"), but the former prommciation is pre

ferred; Aj^Cb ^".'^^f^ ^(^0^, is sometimes pronounced Jiegad: et<-.

When lengthened ])y the addition of i/(l hahdha/ is regularly pronounced as i in "machine". Sometimes, nevertheless, the variant pronunciations are given to the lengthened vowel, Avhich is then pronounced as a in "fare"; or very rarely,

as long obscure //.

0 o /

Examples of ordinary sound of haJxiha/: ^,itft.{b ^^U'^O^^i

to he .^old; K^^ jnlcil, thi)ik: ,^y\ i}>ii}i, dare.

§85. WritiiK/.—The form of ^ luihaJxt^ is that of the first

stroke of lya ((5'/c)- It is written directly below the consonant after whieh it is j)i-()iioun('ed.

^'^7 I 71

e

K.\;mii)I('s: W^ <li/iil, <ji''(: ^^JJ^ '''I'l'^ '''>'""• rSS^

jxi/ra'ill, icliitlur.

Ill Anil)ic, hixnih (lidhaJxi') [\hvv initial Jidnr.dli is, togctlicr with the Jtdiir.'ih, written to the <////"as a pi'op, hut in these cases hamzah is regularly oniittecl in wntin<;' Sulii (i:^ <?,)).

K\anij)]es: S \ ih'nti, i/on; j^ \ IHikj, cijij.

\jV>\\g hdJxdxi -dftw Jiaiii'jrJi, initial or medial, or after any othei- consonant, is expressed hy adding a i/a hearing a jxitai, which sign ya of ])rolongati()n always l)eai"s in Suln, tho not in Ai-ahic (§ 71), n., and \Vr. Ar. (irani., i^ ]()).

Kxanii^les: . jA Intni, .^larr: , A Unui, Iiand; . mi, hmi.

No. 4. (JdiiniiaJi fa.iiiriii {'in).

^ (S(». Traiixlifcratioii.—Danniiah Uiniriii is transliterated ini

final in a woi'd.

i^ S7. l*(>iri'\\—The Arahic name of this oi'thographieal sign,

tduiriii, is fi'om the root ;/////, the name of the letter , j //, and

it means iixiiiff (in n. The tnun-in is frequently called in English "nunnation", a ti'anslation of f<inirin. Tlie fanirin was devised to facilitate the wi'iting of the case endings in Ai'ahic words which very fi"e([Uently consist of final // preceded l\y one of the three vowels. Dainiiidli tdiurin adds n to (otherwise) final dauiiiKili and indicates the nominative case. The fii"st part of the siiiii. ^ , i-e})resents the sound of n as usual, while the re(luplication adds the sound of //. ()hviously, it is used oidy in Arahic words.

(Z

[ § «'^

§ SS. Wr'ii'iiKj.—Tlio foi'in of fldiniiidli taiiirin is tliat of

a (loahlcd (himiiKtli. It is tlu-refore written in tlu' same re

lative p(>sitif>n as ihinimah and is always final in the word.

Example: Arabic A.^j^ Mnl/diininKJnn, MiiJiininiifnl (nom. case).

No. 5. /(iflidh tailII'in {an).

§ 89. Tranxllfcration.—FafJiali faniriu is transliterated an fi

nal in a word.

§ 90. PoLver.—Fathah tann'in adds » to (otherwise) final JW/

hah and indicates the accusative case. The first part of the sign,

^ , represents the V(jwel sound while the redu})lication adds the

sound of n. It is used only in Arabic words.

§91. \V>'\Un(j.—The form of fathah tanirin is that of a

doubled ^ fathah. It is therefore written in the same relative

position i\ii fathah and is always final in the word. When fathah is doubled, «///is usually addi'd, but this addition does not. however, lengthen the pronunciation oi fatliah (Wr. Ar. (Jram.. §cS, Rem. a).

Example: S.xi\\m'\^y^^^^Mi{}ian\nanlan (not -(///), Miihamrtiad (ace. case).

No. (■). kaxrali tanivin {in).

^ \)'2. Tra 11.^1 iteration.—Ka.^rah tanirin is transliterated /'// fi

nal in the word.

§ 97 I 78

§ 93. roircr.—Ka-^niJi f<niirtn adds // to (otlicrwisc ) final biK

nih and indicates tlic genitive case. 'Tlie I'ii'st ])ai-t of the sij^ii.

, re])resents tlie sound of the vowel while the re(hi])lication

adds the sound of //. It is used only in Arahic words.

§ 94. IlV/Z/y/f/. -The form of kii.^r<ili intiirln is that of a dou

hled hii^nih. It is written in the same relative j)()siti()n as kaxr<ili and is always final in the word.

Example: Arabic A^^'s£. Miihdiiiihddhi, Miilntiinii(ul (j;'en. case).

0

No. 7. jxitai (nothing).

§ 95. TraNslifcni.tion.—Patai {j<i-JiiiaJi) is not transliterated.

Its use is de])endent upon the peculiarities of the Sulu-Arahic script and it lias no corresponding sign in the Roman script. § 96. Power.—The ordinary Arabic name of this orthograph

ical sign, jdzniM.h, (i/mjnifatloii, refers to its force in abruptly "cutting off" the s(3und of the consonant. That is, the consonantal sound is not continued over into a following vowel. Anotlu'r Arabic name, xnkiitK /r.v^ and the Malay and Sulu names, niati. and jxifdi both of the latter meaning deruL have the same reference. In simple language, pafai marks the absence of a vowel and indicates that the consonant to which it is written is not folh)Wed by a vowtd.

0

§ 97. Writing.—The form of ixttai is said to be that of the

ancient .\rabic tunneral form of zero, for which a simple ( • ) has

74 § '.»7 1

since been substituted in its numeral use. It is also found writ

tt-n . Vaiai (jdziiidJi) is written above the consonant in tlic

same relative position as dapanand Jtata'ax. In general, it nnist be written to hanizah and every other consonantal character forming the outline of a word, when such consonants are not followed by a vowel.

0 e } t^ o } e )

Examples: ^ , hnd, mourttain; Vo ^".'A'- ^'^•'^'•' Ji-w^i)

0 0^

hinlgsud, fi.^h con-id; ^ \ land, high ><ea.

Note 1. There is, in Sulu, one exception to the general rule that jmtm must be written to every consonant not followed l)y a vowel. Under no circumstances is pafat written directl}^ to alif. Alif, as we have seen, has two uses, one as a prop for the hamzah and the other, to prolong hata'nyt. In the first use, it always bears the hamzah.^ and patai, or hamzah and vowel. When htunzidi written to alif is followcnl by a vowel, the hamzah may be omitted in writing (§ Gl), n. ] ). When, however, the hamzah written to aJij is followed by y^^^tai, the hamzah can never be omitted in the writing. L^sually. alif oi prolongation bears no orthographical sign whatsoever (§ 76), but for a///bearing maddah, see §§ 101-3. .

Examples: ,^ Icahau, rarahao: \^ da, hritaj.

Note 2. There are, in Arabic, additional excei)lions to the rule for the use of patai (jazmah). 'I'he excej^tion mentioned above as ai)plicable only to (dif of j)rolongation in Sulu, is in Arabic usually extended to iran and //*/. All three weak consonants, therefore, wheur used as letters of ])rolongationin Arabic, generally bear no jazmah and ai'c without orthographical sign, tho some scribes write jazmah in such cases (Wr. Ar. (h-am., § 10). ;^

Exami)les: Arabic 2^ I Icimaln, price (nom. case): Uj

(■)

kiild, lie said: '» y^^ siih-iiiiiiii, rc.^f (noin. case).

Note 3. Aiintlicr excoption to the rule for the use of jiciiiah npj)lics only to the Arabic. Letters that are assimilated in ])r()nuneiati()n to a following letter, whieh letter receives in consequence the tai<h(lvl, or mark of doubling (§ 99), ai'c i-etainiMl in writini;-hut are not marked with ja.r//Ki/t (Wr. \v. (Jrani., § 9, Rem. h). The case involving this exception wliich will he encountered most frequently l)y the student of

Sulu, will he that of \ \ <il the, the Arabic definite article,

which is jirefixed to the word whieh it precedes. AVhen the first letter of such following word is a solar letter (§ 131), then the lam of the article is not pronounced, Imt the following letter—that is, the initial of the following word—is doubled in pronunciation and marked wrth the fai^hdid (§ 99). In those cases Avhere him is not pronounced, it receives no mark of any kind.

Examples, hnii ])ronounced: Arabic ^^\ (d-hinnirii, tlit

niooii (nom. ease) ;, jV5\J \ ^d-kltahu, the book (nom. case).

Lam not pi'onounced: Arabic w*.iLj \ ^^—~

.^haiiixii, the ^a_n (nom. case); ^ . (s,-vvJ \ "-S-xuratn^ the chauffer (nom. case). No. S. ^a})fii' (varies).

s^ IIS. Trdnxlilerafioii.—Saht.ii' {faxhdid or .s7//Jf/<;//) is trans

literated by doubling the consonant over which it is written, i^ 1)9. Poirrr.—Thv Arabic names of this oi-thographical sign,

76 . . I § 99

tashdid and skiddah, hoth come from the same root and mean "strengthening", the reference being to the power of the sign in douhling the consonant over which it is placed. Shiddah is the African name for the sign, tho tashdid is more generally used in Eastern Arabic and Malay. The Sulu name, sahtir seems to come from the Arabic sahtu, rest or Sabbath (om- Saturday), and to refer to the pause necessary for the doubled pronunciation of the consonant ])earingit; or it may be a corruption of shaddu (another form of shiddah) sometimes used in Malay. Sabta' doubles the sound of the consonant over which it is written; that is, this consonant is pronounced double without the intervention of any vowel sound. To be so doubled, a consonant must be both preceded and followed l)y a vowel sound. In English, altho a consonant be wTitten doubled, the combination is usually slighted or pronounced singly, and it may be difficult for beginners to pronounce double consonants distinctly. It is done by pausing momentarily when the first consonant has been uttered up to the point of greatest obstruction of the vocal passage, and then uttering the consonant again exactly as tho it were initial. Such words as "unnoticed" and "accord" are examples in English of doul)le consonants pronounced with some distinctness. But the closest approach in English to the sound of the double consonant in Arabic and Sulu is obtained when the same consonant is pronounced at the end of one word and at the ])eginning of the next, as in the phrases "good day'", "biggun", "smalllake", etc., pronounced rapidly but distinctly.

Examples: l^"^ tammat, eml{^%hl)\ V, h\u\naU correct: \^ patta\ picture; ^ Hajji\ Hadji.

§ 1>0 ] 'i^

S(iJ>hi' limy (louMc :iny (•(•iisonniil in Siilu ('X<'("i)t hmnzali and alif, tho in Arabic, even hain/atcd (d'lj is so douhlcd (W'v. \\\ CJram., §11, Rem. r). In case xnhtu' he wriUcii to .///// <iirhd, l)()th r('])n'senting conipouiid sounds, llic initial '/ or / respectively, ai'c tlic only sounds douMed, tlx' final element heinu pronounci'd hut onco {§§ ?>'! and -'U'.). The same is true of fui (§ 31 ) tho the latter occurs rarely with mhlu'. Medial hdnizah— liiiinznh between two vowels—is always doubled in i)ronunciation. That is, it is a combination of final and initial IkihizciIi, and cannot readily be pronounced otherwise, tho in Snlu it is written the same as initial or final hanr.a/ij each of which is simple (§ 10). J/^/bearing the iiuulthih is equivalent to ((///used as a j)rop foi- initial li<(iiiZ(iJi and Inita'at^, plus (dif o[ prolongation, bnt till'writing of two-(//i/"'s side by side is never permitted in Snlu.

Note 1. Watt may bear the sabtn' and then the lattei

of the two wairs so expressed is a consonant. If the vowel

preceding the trati bearing the sabtii.' \)k'(hq)(iii, then the first

tcau prolongs the daixni while the second is the consonant w.

<^>

Example: ^, Btuva, a Sulu male name.

After hata'ax, the first way is a vowel, being the final component of the diphthong a//, while the second is the consonant </'.

Example: \\ *^ Shaiuval, tenth month of the .Muham

madan year (Suluized form, without case ending). .\fter hah<th(i\ irau bearing xtthfu^ does not occur.

Note 2. The use of mhiii' with ;yaisanalogous. If the vowel piHH'eiling the //(/bearing xdhtn' is habaha , tlu-n the first !/a is ija of prolongation and the second is the consonant ij.

■^ '^ ^

Example: Arabic (C ^\^b(idaiv]\j\{u^ dc^rrf-dH'cUci' in' lU

dodlii (nom. case).

7S I § 1)0

Whon the preceding vowel is Jmta'as, tlien the first ya is a vowel, l)eingtlie fiiiMl coniponent of tiie diplitliotig ai, wliilc the second yd is tlie consonant //.

Examples: Arabic ^ ^ , \ Aii/iibii, Job (nom. case).

Siilu , lldniii, a Sidu female name.

After (hqxin, yn hearing sahiii' does not occur.

Note >). T)issynal)ic stems with the first syllal)le short —a short vowel ft)llowed by a single consonant—ha\e in Sulu a tendency to doable such single consonant. Th<' latter is then pronounced both final in the Hrst s^dlable, and initial in the second.

E.Kamples: \';^a patta, pictiire; U /(///f//, lurdy: L^bnjjiiri<j, riKiid; \^ hipixil, .diiii; t^'^^saniKinii. conifoi-l ■

£■

tat[((]>, ro)ithiii()iix; ^ ^.\ <ijji\ .^liidy.

All the above words are from the (modern) Malay, in which language the consonant, here doubled, is single as, indeed, it is sometimes in Sulu.

i^ 100. WrifliH/.—.\s stated ab )ve, the names for the S((hfii'

in the Arabic huiguage are t(i><lidiil { ^y Jj^ tadidid/m, nom.

case), and !<}iid<f(ili {/a K^shlddahni, nom. case) both from a root

beiiinniiu;'with the letter j, \. The foi'm of the sign, ,isthe

initial letter of this I'oot with the su))erimpose(l dots omitted. It is written above the consonant in the same relative position as hahdd.^ and ilajxin. A following (/(f^x/M, or hata'ds, or either of

8 i<'2 I

79

these vowel siuriis (IohMimI to form tlie fmiirin, is written rlirectly

>»» W 5

;il)0\-e tlie (iislidi'l as I'oUow.

Wlieii followed l>v

IkiIxiIki', or the eorrespoiidiiijz; form of tlie f<iniri)i, liowever. the t<i:<hthil is wi'itieii ahovc, and the lialxiJxi or kd.^rdli iaiitr'in l»c

low. the <-oiisoiiaiit, as follows:

Xo. \). DKidddh {a: '<i: nothing).

§ 101. Tran.^Ufrrdfioii.-—When nuidddh written t(j alifiifi the

lirst ehai'aeter in a word siuiiifies Inniizah and long Jidta'as, it is

ti'anslit<'rate<l a without the //*f//r:n/i expressed, since the latter is

iiiiplit'(l in initial vowels in English (§ 18). When the inaddah

has the same j)ower elsewhere in a word, Juitiizali is transliterated

as usual and. with the uiadddh, heeomes 'n. When used with a

weak consonant of prolongation, it is superfluous and merely

makes for adde(l aceuraev. Since, in Ai'ahic. the consonants of

prolongation are without orthographical sign (§ 141). the mad

d<(h placed ahove them shows that nothing has been omitted.

v^ 102. I^oircr.—The Arahic name of this orthographical sign

iiKuJddh. Indjlhciiudj. i-efers to the fact that its pro})er power is

always to indicate a long vowel sound.

Till' j)i"iucipal u>v n[ iiiddddli enc()initere(l hy students of Su

lu is to indicate hunizaJi followc(l hy the long sound of /nifd'ds.

In otliei- woivls. where two ^////x, the tii'st used as ])rop for the

li<iiiizdh and }idtd'd.<. and the second as a letter of ])i"olongation,

would come in juxtaposition, one '//c/ hearing the nnnlddh is suh

stitute<l therefo)-.

> ^.— Kxamjiles: Ai-ahic >^\ Addiun. Adam (nom. case);

80 [ § 102

aSj \ ^bVv>- '^""''f'f" /--l^'''' (Suluizod form, without case cndinii, ^cc § lo-l), sixtli month of the ^[uliammadan year.

Note 1. \\\ Arable, an a///'witli /<a^//::^f//at the begin

ning of a syllable followed l)y fathaJi and another a/?/with hamzah henrin^ jazmaJi, is also expressed by aJif with maddah (Wr. Ar. Gram., §23).

Example: Vl-a \ rt/^^a»»«, for \_;^^ \ \ anKuimi, we }>dkved.

Note 2. Tiie maddah may also be applied in Arabic to any weak letter of prolongation when sueh weak letter is followed by hamzah bearing a simple vowel or tanirin. The hamzah is then, as ordinarily after letters of prolongation, written without prop (Wr. Ar. (iram., §22 and §23, Rem. c).

Examples: Arabic '^\^ m,\i, he Ultrcated; ^ a.**^, uni^ii'u.

]tt /.s' (v/'a.s-) ill treat (nfi: -i- >^Va, ](e liax heen illfreated.

Note 3. il/fw/f/d/i is also used in Arabic over al>brevia

tions to mark them as such, and in some other cases.

Example: Arabic 4j>.j I'hh, for ^\ <\J>- j >'i(f''''>'<ffi>' I

hdiii, May God hare merci/ on him !

But in general, and excepting the case of long Artto'a.v after hamzah, there are very few cases in which the use of )naddah is really obligatory,

§ lO'). Writing.—The form of ^ itaiddah is pi'obably the

stretched-out word \^, for the root ^^ nmdd. it is placed above the weak letter to which it is written in nui<-h the same relatixc

i:^ KH; I HI

j)<)siti()ii as (himiiKili or f<ifhdh. I Nf). 10. ])('i'|)('ii(li('iilai" /iiIIkiIi {(i).

^ 104. Voircr <ilid Tniiislifcrdtion. 'I'lic .\raliic iiainc of (liis

()rthogTaj)liical si^ii is siinj)ly/////a/t.

It is ecjuivalcnt to /)////^///followc*! l>y r////" wi-ittcii in tho consonantal onllinc and is translitcratiMl hy lowix Jdfliuli (a), its us(^ arose ffoni the fact tliat in the careless Arabic writing'of ancient limes, lonii' a was frequently written defectively with jatlidli only. 'The consonantal outline thus Ix'canie fixed and later, when greatt'l- precision in writing hecanie desirable, thv f<((hah was changed into a small perpendicular (iJij] thus representing the sound accurately without changing the outline. Perpendicular/a^ArtA is used only in .Vi'ahic words (Wi-. Ar. (Jram.. § G, Rem. a).

Kxample: Arabic ^ \ dl-lahu. {the (Uxl) dod (nom. case).

I '

^ lOo. W'rifiiuj.—The form of })erpendicular fathah is

mendy that of \ dlif wi'itten above the consonaiUal outline.

usually in miniature. As has been obserx'ed above (§ 82), haht'd.'i is in form an abhi'eviated <ilif. In this specialized use, howevei'. (^///" still I'etains quite its oi-igiiial form and is written directly above the consonant which is followed by the long sound n! fidlidh, the latter not being written in this case.

lv\anq)le: . ^>. ) \ <(i'-r<i}iiiiaiiii. the iiirrcifiil (nom.case).

No. 11. ira.^JaJi (s])ace; /'; <i; i).

^ |0(). Triiiixlifcratidii mid Poircr.— Wndidi is used only in

Arabic words and will be rarelv found by the student of Sulu ex

<S2- [ § 106

cept witli tlie Aral)i(' dcHnitc nrliclo in a f(^w })roper names an<l stereotyped phrases. In general, it may he stated that intsUilt merely denotes tlie elision of an initial voAvel sonnd. A\'hen (n-ciirring within a sentence after a word ending in a roieeL iraslah has no sound and is not ti-ansliterated except that a space is left hetween the final vowel of the first word, and the first consonant of the second. Many scholars transliterate this variety of iraxlali hy an ajjostrophe ('). Such practice is not adopted here hecause the apostrophe is used to transliterate the harnzcih. If the

>r(t.^J((Ji is borne'hy the (ilif of the Arahic definite article \ \ '(/.

flie, the lam of this proclitic article, being joined to the followingword, may l)e considered as the first consonant of the latter. It is always so considered and pronounced when the consonant following the lam, is of the class denominated "lunar" (§ 1^1). If the consonant following the Irnn be of the class known as "solar", then the Ian) of the definite ai'ticle is not pronounce*! (§ 97, n. ?y), and the consonant/b//o//'7J?r/the lam is the first one uttered after the iradaJi.

Examples: Arabic ^ _^\r\ J \ \^ \ nJdii l-kitahi. ^Kajth nf ■— "^ ^"^

f/ir hoidc (Jew and (Mii'istians) : «<.\ \ 9 lainln l-hakkn.

the sailing is trnlh (used at head of letters): ^^^ ]\ J^.^C

'Ahdn r-rashidi, stare of th< (jnidi (A bdurrashid, Arabic male name ).

This use of leashth with the .\rabic deliniti' artiele is the |)rincipal one which will be eiutountered by the student of Sulu.

'I'lioso. li()\vt'\'(M-. who (lojrc to Ix' iiMc to I'cad the irdshili in all .\ral)io words. ])lii-as('s and sciitciu'i's—often unvowclcd—occurI'inu' in Sulu. slionld study the followinu; notes.

Note 1. In order coiTcetly to connect in ])ronuncia

tion the ira.^ldh of the Arahic definite article, it is not necessary, in the case of voweled Aral)ic, for tlie reader to know what letters are "solar'' and what "hmar", since the lam of the definite article always hears the jazmah (patai) if prononnciMh while if the Iain he eliminated in })i'onnn('iation. it hears no sign whatsoever and the following consonant receives the tdsMid (§ 97, n. 3). The tashdid should appear even in nn voweled writing. If the word to which the Arahic definite article is joined l)egins with hamzaJi (initial vowel in Roman script) the lam of the article joins with the initial hamzated aJif, or (t///with maddah, and hecomes lamaJif.

Examples: Suluized Arahic nouns without case endings.

c o ^. ^ ^^

• , Jj \ <\,^ SidiJui d-din, SaJlhnddin, Arahic male name; ^Joii) ; ^^ ^^'" J-hriddh. eleventh month of the Muham

^

>"

madan year: (J 3 J \ ^ ./A'/'/';/ /-aj///vr/, third month

of the .Aluhammadan year: ^-"^ \ ^^, . }\(d>i'ii J-akhir,

fourth month of the Muhammadun year.

Note '1. Whvn nvcurnng at the heghining of <i irord ai

the beginn lug of a >ientence, waslah recovers the pronunciation of tlie vowel which would be elided in other positions, and is transliterated and pronounced accordingly. This is reallv the oidy case in which ira.^Ja/i itself is pronounced, since in all othercas(»s, the vowel sound heard is that of ihv preceding vowel. It is more correct in these cases to write the vowid itself to ff///without haiiiznfi (^ 61), n. 3. and Wv. Ar. (iram..

S4 ' [ i^ IOC)

§ 15, Rem. a). So it may be said that in what is eonsi(lere<l to be the most correetly written form of voweled Aral)ic,

iri\:<J(ik lias no sound.

Kxamph's: Arabic yiM'>i" ^\ (il-l^'dtnarn. the moon

(nom.case): j^^Jl) \ ^'^' j-^^-iJ i "■•^;/^--;^'""-^'". ff><' >^"" (nom.case); \-5 \ or \ ;5 \ nlctnL Idll.' {'nn\)) \ •, \<>i

. ,\ ihnu, wn (nom. case).

Note 3. When occuri'ing i?;* a .s'^)/»Y^?<cr' after a word ending in a con.mn(iiit Jicaring jdzinah (jiattti), the consonant either takes its original vowel if it had one; or it assumes the original vowel the elision of which is indicated by the wot^lah; or it adopts kasrah., the lightest of the vowels. Wlieu the Arabic writing is voweled, there will of course be no difficulty in pronouncing it, as the proj)er vowel will be written to the consonant in question—which, but for the circumstance of ))eing follow-ed by iiuidah would (except in the case of tanwin) be written wdth jazinah. But in case the Arabic be not voweled, general working rules foi' the pronunciation of /('((xlali wdien preceded by a consonant bearing jazinoli in other situations, are given below.

Note 4. Before //'((.s-faA, doininah {dojxm) is assumed

after the pronouns of the 2nd pers. ])lu. masc -; \ mifnui :

of the 3d ])ers. })lu. masc. Q^^hnni: after the j)i-omiiial siif

ii.ves of the same pronouns \^ -Icnm and ^ -hnm. respectively; and after the verbal termination the 'ind jx-rs. ))lu. masc. [)erfect - -//////, since all liicst' words oi-iginaliy

i^ 1>>7

85

(■lidcMriii (hiniiiKili ( (htjxi II ) iXWil l'('\i\(' t his \ owcl Im'Iui'c ira^Uih ( \\v. \\\ (n-;im.. J^ ;^(>, <l).

Kxainplc: Ai-;il»ic ^\)^J1 \ j-^SsAc '"/"'/•"'"" ^-^^'damii,

Note ."). B('l'(»l"(' ir<i.<l<ili. I'dllidli (li(it,i'<is) is ;issillii('<l ;ll'

Icr llic iH'cposil ion . ^ mill, from, wlicii tin' irashih is tluil

of the (Icliiiitc article l)Ut if the irtixla/i Kc that of any otluT woivh Iciixnili {liiihdhii ) is assumed since the final //"// of the pfeposition may lake cxXhi^v fnihah or hi^i-a/i { \\ v. \ vA Irani.. J^ •_'(). ,1).

l->.\ami)les: Aral)ic

^:)\

U-:

iiinni I'-Vdjiih. from fh

man ;

, \ . ^ /////// hiiilii. from A/.s.s-e

". 'U

II.

Note (). I^efore iro><l<ili, L'<ixr<ili {hohdlid') is assiuneil aftcii'all other consonants normally hearinu' jn-.mdh {jHifdl). 'Idicse consonants adopt hisroh in ])lace of jn-.mdh. Tduirin hefoi'e ira>ildli cannot take written Jnixrali. hut the lattef is uiKle7'ir<tood in such cases (Wi*. Ar. (Jram., § 2i). d).

Kxample: Ai"al)ic ^\ A,,^J^ Miilidmmddniii n-ndlili/n.

Mn/id III mod llic rrojilicf ( nom. case).

>^ I<>7. W'riliiKj. 'idle foiMii of irdslii/i is that of a mini

^'

ature

^, ^ . the latter heiiiLi lh<' initial letter of .s-//w//( aX^

sildfiiii. nom. case), another name of this oilho,iifa]>hica! -^i,uii.

Wdxidli is always wi'itten ahoxc '////' iii the sanie I'ldative position as lidm:d/i.

No. 12. r 'ifn/ldi (\aries).

«(•) [ § 108

j^ 108. T rami Iteration.—Afiqlca is transliterated by i-epeatiuit

the preceding stem in aecordanee Nvith rules iijiven below. The repeated and original word, or part of word, are in the transliteration ordinarily separated by a hyphen. However, in writing words of a single syllable repeated l)y afighi, the hyj)iien is often omitted.

Examples: j" U piln-pihi, hoirevfr nmcli: V ^^..^.Ji^'ux'pci

sa'-pasu\ hot: ^ ]^ (jnl-guJ, or giilgul, embrace.

% 109. Power and Writbu/.—The name of this sign, vnghi,

jignre (numerical symbol),,is from the Malay and is not used as

an orthographical sign in Aral)ic, tho the sign itself. T. is the

Arabic numeral/i:* (§144). It is written after--to the left of— tlie outline of the word to be re})eated, without intervening space. When used in the middle of an outline (§1 lo), the following jijortion of the outline is also wi'itten without intervening space. There is much irregularity in the use of aiigka in Sulu and the general practice only is set forth here. By "stem"' i!i these pages is meant the word in its simple form, not necessarily a root, but without reduplications, repetitions, or particles, which can be recognized as afhxed, iiiHxed. or sufH-xinl, and without any of the I'egular modificntions to wiiicii Sulu words are subject. Tlie ahgka is used tt> indicate rejX'titions of the stem or its final syllables, as distinguisiu'd from repetitions of its initial sylliible, ordinarily called "reduplications." 44ie latter moditicatiou takes place in Sulu in the inflection of verbs and in tinf<i)rmation of certain nouns and adjectiv<'s, and nuist always be writtien out. .

Ill I ST

Exaini)lr ()[ initial reduplication of stem: ^ AjS^H) "".'/

litin<hi<i, y.s sfiiiiduig.

Rides for the LV of Ail<jka.

^ 110. KiLK I. Wlicn a simple stem of one or two syllaMcs

is followccl hy unqJra, the stem is repeated entire without chan^Jje. If the stem l)e of three syllahles, the last two syllahles alone may I»e repeated, or the repetition may include all three syllable; practiee alone will enable the student to pronounce (ifight correctly when used with a three-syllahle stem.

Kxam})les: ()ne syllal)le, ^^ J fi(h-f(ih. np ftr, T \hiil

hnl. or hiilhul. J'nr, feafher.

Two syllables, ^ ^*JJU maiink-inannk, hinl;

r ,'^\tli'in-(liin, any lehere.

^ ^> Three syllables, ^jC^Jb hiih,iy(i-linhaj/(i, hi/ nil

iticaiis; r*" ^^ \ (islJ)i'xihi' 1 Jilflc.

v^lll. Ki:t>k 11. \i \\io stem begins witii //fn/zr^f// (initial

Vowel in English ) and ends with a \"owel. whethei-the lattei- is followed by hainznli or not, Ikiiii.ki/i, tho ))ronouneed between the original stem and ivpetitioii, is not written in the translitci-ation. l»eing considered an initial harnzah {^ 1<S).

Iv\am})le: TiJ a \ 'ii'la-nnhi, i'^ihi-'kiII ij ■ \ ' \\ inni-inni, (iiii/thiiKj.

ss

ii 11->

i^ 112. IviLK III. W'licii ;i stem lia\iii^;i pi'dixcMl pjirticlc

is followed \)y Ki'nil.-ii. the simple stem only, without the particle i> onliiiarilv repeated: l)Ut when phonetic chaiiucs ha\'e occun-»m| due to the pre(i.\in,u' of the pai'ticle. the n'njlra should not he used.

l'jXanii)les : V A L-mi nin-n njn. {)r Ira im/d-hd ii i i/a. fnidch: "^

r •x,\^^A iiKKiddCfii,i-tl(i()(ni, run nlxnit: ^ ,ti^\.^{b li'nmtlnfliiilaf, con fide in.

But - Xl_4.x» iii«ul(liil-lriil (for nKKjIrnl-Ini I). hilr.

An initial reduplication is also onutted in re|)etition.

Kxaniple: \'J^iil^A iii(I(/IiiIiiihi<I-!iii>(i<I, Jit/ ahonf.

^ 111). RiTLK 1\'. AfK/hi may also he u<{'(] in the middleof

a word hcfore a suttixcMl j)artic-le, and the re])etition of the stem then follows previous rules. If the suttixe(l particle heiiins ,with a vowel, and the stem ends in a consonant, such final consonant of the stem is written again after the nu'jkn. heinij joiiieil to the sufiix. Writing the vowel of the suHix with *//// is so a\-oided. as this would indicate pronunciation with Inimiuli. The repetition of such consonant, liowe\"ei\ does not affect the proinuK-iation.

Kxamples: .* ^ . ^a jhkjiih h-jhi inm. <!.<.'<( nihlliK/:

\r" \ ^ k(is(ii/iil-siii/iil(i II. I'l (j( lollies.

But U 'A Ikiiii'ji/i comes hefore initial \o\vel of suffix, or the sutHx begins with a consonaid. the repetition of the linal consonant of the slvm is no longer necessary.

lv\;llll[>l('-: Slclil flltis ill liii iir.ttli. •. \V « ^ l.-it'djni

lljlll till. Illl'l IIItll( l'.<.

Sr.Mi.x l>t'uiii> witli coiiSMiiaiil, . ^T^^ iiiikIh

III ii'hiliiiii. niiiji il he so.' Tlic /"' pl"<>l»;il>l \' 1 x'loiiii's l<i tlie stcJii, tli<t for ilic in't'snii juii'posc. this is iiiim;it<'ri;il (?:^ •''")•

("IIAI'TKIJ VI

Writirg of Consonants.

^ J 14. The Sulu-Ai';il)ic scri[)t is wi'ittcii most easily willi

poneil. oi' stul> pen. lield vertically. A Fine jx'ii wliieli sliadceasily is not suitaMe. W^-y jn'etty, tlio coarse, writiiiii" may l>e (lone with a hamhn oi' I'eed |)eii prepaiVMl in the same way as a (juill pen. The nsers oF the Arahic- script ai'e prond oF its i>;raceFul ontlines and in most Muliammadan connlries. ui'eat attentioi\ is de\'ote<l to ]»enmanship. No iii'eai difFerence ha> dex'cloped hetween scri|)t and pi'int. The |)rinle(I character is closely modeled n))on the wi'itteii. jnsl as so-calle(l script type in the Roman alphahet is a con\-eiitionalize(I wfitten character.

Tahle 1 \' L:iN'<'s all FoiMns oF Snhi-Ai"ahic con-onants and these should Ite tliorolv memorized hy tiie student. .\ little compai'ison will reduce many ai)]>arently dixcrsely shape<l characterrto a connnon ty])e. the connected Forms oF which vary sinnlarly. The modern oi'def oFtlie letters oF the alphaix'! i<. in ^reat mea.■>>ure, deix'iident U])on the sha})e oF these lettei's. which. cla>^ilied accoi-dinii' toFoiMu. naturally Fall into ufoups. The memhci's of each i;roU]) are distin,uuishe(| Fi'om each othei' \)y dots, wi'itten ahove or helow. known as diacritical si^ns (s> 74). The mnuher oF groups is se\"enteein as shown and illustrate(l in 4'ahle \ . l-'ollowin.u; the latter 'i'ahle. the wi'itinu oF the consonants will he taken up hy groups, and attention in\ited to certain peculiarities.

90

f^ in I

91

"i'^ ^fc

c^ X ~

X.

1 __

' J i

]•: 0

M' \

\ V4<

»o

\ ^"< \

\n »

1

-1

— _. X

"^. — ^ r".

y, -z: o

b/j^. i

n-^

^^^-^

»- •»

:iU

■i

c z.

tL .

■> *r

I

]• •]

-^ 1 ^'^.

; ]•

•1

,1 _

7. : c ;::

bJC D ~ X

CJQ

t4

.«<

„"A

\1 \ I

, J' •* J 1 \-^

^'2

1

S m

.' \ 1 d i i^

y -' ' -' ''5 — ' -v

/T . ' '

— ^- .^

a 3-i KJ kj ikj kji -^! .^

^ !

!~ i i

V kJ X ^

1

: ^

^. ,-S'

_;::

' ^ 1 ~~"

r^ r~- ■

^ ' — ! J^ 1

i '^ ^

~ 1 —

"^ ; "^ ' ^

i ^ -^ A- A A

1

A..

fol lowing nant only

dj3-:. A

1 1- >

?E 1 , S '

'•'T- Z \ *^ !

~

—

"•^.^

■•~

r^ '■•^ i ^ i.^

~c

■<:

^

;^

j-::

i

"$

•

i \

"^ * , "^' 1 ^

.c £ \u ^i ^ .>kJ J^!^i ^ i .^

ti:_>.

i \ J

iVjV'.^,:^

o ^

■w 1

^ 1

1

U

:-^

th

ISO

xai

->- i - !

W

"^ >

^!

c^ ! -i.

■^

^.

■ "^

~> "t: 1 ,^

I i ^ 1 §:

?.. -?

• - .^ I -c

• bX) 5

'- 'J.

c c

.-! A- ; A i .A ■ A- 1

1 1 ! : 1

a,

!. J ! i ^

5-1 "^

1^ .—

! 1

,— ^

y.

'r ' . 1 $

^

■r

-*-j ^ _

:|: i. ! :Si ! t

=§!

.— tZ.

^

~ w ' ^ . ■■"

t

^

-~^

■^l^l-v-i^.-^J- 1

§ lit

9;^

Y.

•^, ^ b 'b 'Si "b.^

:^-.T-v;-b^ ^.-S';-^

O J

04

§ 114

-■

c — i '^i

cc -f^ f: :r

?,

->) 'M 'M

'M ri ^, 'M

—

1 ^

^ o^J oj

.»oJ -^ '<0

-^

■^v^ J-: \

...TTi^-^ "^3

=

-^

! 1

o '"3

o^

'^

X

i'

^. ^.

' j^

''^

1 " 1

X

V

Following )nant only

i 1 ^ 1 a -cA

.»cX .<f\ »«^

:

o

1

:Vw

~ -7

i<

1

~^

^ ^

~S "-- ' ^

^

-^ , ^ ' '-^

'"'s • • ' 5:

<S"

^ -i^. -i^

1 ^

i £

^

— «^^

-^

^-^*

I h

N.J ^J^ M

!

;^ i ^^ 1

1

g ] t

-^- -S. : rs ^ . i ' :^! 1 S

i=i ^ i 1

.(? ^^^ .«» »•» \/

-^

;4:

..i

!4

:^

--- r- 1 r^

^

V.

^

._

^

~

^ ^ '

L'

i~

.3.

-if

"^

'

"^

"^

"

~^

?^ 1 14

95

?.

1 - X ■M ri 'M

tc

1 ^^

1 '^'

H

^

-^ -- o

>Q

^

^.

1

1 "^

1

|\

o O

-A;

^ ' i " I i

t

i

'^

1 "___

:;._>.

-— ■"

1

4

'' -\

1 i

'A

With f

COllSOl

~5 i --- i ■^ ^ 1 i "^

-|

i

1

,^

ZL >.

1 ^

-^

H '^

1

, ^

0.

^

-^

•

-^x^

r^

. ^>

^ -^

X

I !

"^ 1 ~~~ i

li

'•

\^

1 —

^^ ^ 1 ..

J>

n

'^.

rkj

:.;^»"'J

:-5

i\

? Bf

><

1

1

^

^

V.

06

[ § 11^

§ 115. For tlic purj)ns('s of tliis discussion, consonants con

nected witli tlu' following consonant only, will Ix-referred to as "initial": those connected with hoth pi'cccMlina; and following consonants, as "nicdial"; those connecte(l with ])i"cceding consonant oidy. as "final" : while those connccte(l with neither the prece(ling nor following consonants, will he tenne(l simply "unconnected." It will he ohser\-ed that groups junnlxM-efl 14 and 17 are very similar to group 2. an<l indeed (eliminating diacritical signs) identical in initial and medial forms. 44iere

are therefore fifteen hasic forms, 4 of whi(4i. j l2> \ • ^**'"'

n.eet with ])receding hut not with following consonants, and 1 I of which, 0 JSoLS2ia....^A*^'^ ' eonnect with hoth pr<'ce(ling and following consonants.

Ctnisdiifiiif.^ Arranfjf'd Arrordind to Form, [itclinliin/ Mdlai/ Fomn Ovni^ioHaJlii Found hi Snhi.

No.

Sulu-Arahic consonants

Malay consonants.

1.

\

•

2.

t-J ^ O '—>

j; is >^ulu , , .

»>

Z.7L t -L

4. 5.

:> ':>

^ , ohsolete '/ sound.

J J

Table I', conchidcd

No. 6.

Sulu-.\ raltic consonants

Malay consonants

i.

u* J'

<s.

]^ ^

<).

t t t

10.

-i 3

^J is Suhi ^ (/■).

11.

d] (^ ^)

^ ,oi- ^ is Suln ^

12.

J

18.

f

14.

0

15.

. G)

.

H-..

J

17.

^ (^)

(ironJ) I. ?? I n>. \ lias oncpcculiaiMty in writiiiLi', namely that of coi

'oni

l)ination with a j^vccdiny- \ to forni M or V^ (§ (»8).

•)<S

l§ 11

^ 117. The (lots used (liaci-itically with this irroup should

strictly lie wi'ittiMi directly ahoxc the point in the initial and Micilial forms, hut tlic dots arc sometimes written a little after (to the left of) tile point. The two dots sometimes comhine into a short stroke, and th<" three dots, when written hastily, hccome a shoi't sti'okc havinu' a dot ahove or hcneath, as the case

mav he. as

This also ti'ue of the dots of

-7-. j,. andc..

In Malay. , ^ in its unconnected and Hnal forms, is written \

and • . This is not confusinsi' in ])riiit. since the stem in this L> ,

form is that of the deej) ♦. ////// type, not the >hallow ^ j/"/

type. But this slight distinction is not so clearly ajipart'iit in

writinu". and coid'usion with ^^^j ^^"' '^ hound to result. The Su

lu practice of writiuii' the dots helow in all cases, is ])i-efei'ahle.

(iroiiji .').

^ 1 hS. 1 n this gi'oup. the UKMlial form ^ does not hcg"in and

(Mid on the same hori/.oidal line (see also these consonants in Tahle I\'). Notice the letters in the Ixoniaii script al|)hahct:

// / // //

It will he seen that each letter of the font lu'niiis and ends j)reeisely on the same level so that any letter of the font may l»e fitte(] hefore or after anv other letter. \\\\\ \\\ most fonts

J^ lis] iM)

of Ar;ll»ic letters, tile ine(li;il forms of tlie Y" .U1"*>"P ol" l<'tlel's hegiu oil a level hiuliei- than that on which they end. thus \S y^^ iii(il,-iij'i<li. rail, in which ^-^ is on the hiuher lev

el an<l \^ on the ordinary lower lexcl. This ])ecnliarity causes

no trouhle in wriliriii'. hut is \-ery vexations in printiiiii since it necessitates a sjx'cial set of tyjx's u})on which all forms of consonants which may j)recede. in a >in,ule outline, medial foi'ins of LiToii}) o consonants, must l)e placed hiiihei" than ordinaiMly nixui the ty])e hases. The forms efFecte(l are oO in nuinher. heinii the initial and medial forms of all the consonants in tlie alphahet

except \ >^ S \ \ ''^^'' . thus ntHM'ssitating tluMiianu

factnre and use of at least oO tyj)e forms which would he sn})erHuous wei-e it not for the [XM-uliarity of thi-ee letters of this one uron|). If three or nw^re letters of this iiroup are joined in an outl'iu'. the first must l>e i-adsed still hi.uher on its hase. Some modern fonts, especially tht)se desiune(l hy western scholars,

alter the nie<lial and Hnal forms of the ^ grou}) so as to bring the heginning and ending Ujxni the same horizontal level. < )ther font-employ a c<)nnecling line, as Ai'ahic^ -7c>c^t>' ^'•^"

■^^^^ jiiJtjiiJntii. rum (nom.case): or Sulu JJl?s^.^>- ^"^' ,_lA>chnchtik, kcij.

100 l§ 119

i^ 119. In (listiiiiiuisliiiig tlic tiiial foi-ius of ^ and ^ fnmi

and \ when hurriedly written, note tliat the pen in writing;

\ and \ usually makes the upward stroke and then hfts from

tlie pa])er and makes tlie final stroke independently. In mak

iiiu final and « , however, the i)oint of the consonant is

retraei'd. almost the entire lettci- l)eing made with a siufiie eur\inii; downward stroke. Sometimes, the point is omitted altom'ther. The reader of Suhi manuscripts will frequently find

final «j^ or ^ connected with preceding letters of grou])s 4 and

n. This entirely irregular practice is most conunoii with . .

For exami)les of . connected with following letter, see Sj)ccimens of Sulu Writing, in Ai)|)endi.\ 1.

^ 120, Note that these letters require three upward points,

h("si(U"s the connecting strokes, thus y^^ ki^tila\ Spaiii^^/i.

(iroiiji^ 7 (111(1 S.

^ 121. In writing . p J? \s> =^"*^ \s> ^vhether connected

or unconnected, start is made from the left and the looj) isma<le toward the right and upwards. The dot or upright stroke is then added and lastly, the long horizontal linal stroke in the case of

unconnt-cted or final p or A. The ])en is therefore usually lift

i< \'2:\

10

<mI ill iiiakiiiL:; tlicsc consoiiaiits, even in tin' middle of an outline It should itc nott'd that uroup 7 Icttci-s have an uj)wai'd stroke foi-iniuii" a ))oiiit to the left, while i;;rouj> N W tters h;;\'e not. In the ease of the latter, the portion to ihe I-'ft oi" the u;)riu'ht merely serves toeonneet with the following- lettei".

K.xamples: ^ \^'• .\r;d>ie a..^ ••^'"/'- /"'>'//.'.• -^ l<il,\ finnl.

(iron 11 9.

vj 12"^. The writiiiLi' of lidnrjih has already het-n treated

(('hapter 1\'). The other <'onsona!its of this i>r(nip otTei' no diflieulty. I)ut i-are must i)e taken to make the loop of t-he medial forms angular, so as to distinguish them fi'om the nie(lial forms of urouj) 1<).

K.\amj)le>; ^^ "^^ . hiinix. Jinlsln il: \J^ Inijinh iraif.

But some serihes distini;ui>li these letters inei'ely hy making the loops larger than those of grouj) l(t.

(irfiHi) UK J^ \T.\. When uneonne<-ted or Hnal., a is distinuuished from

a hy the dej)th of the liiial >troke. as well as by the diacritical

->iiiiis. ln<leed. in Africa, when these consonants are used in the final form, they usually i»eai' no diacritical signs and aJ'e distinguished solely hy their final stroke {W'v. \v. <ii'am.. i:^ 1. Uem. /'). ;in<l hy the fact that tlu' kuig axis of the loop of final

, k i> \"ertical. while that of the loon of final i is—oi' should

he—in the dii'ection of wi'iting. lUit the dots an- ue\er (»mitted in Sulu.

102

IS 124

(ironji 11.

i^ \'14. Tic ('>.-('iiti;il pjirts of "K" in nil nlplialx'ts dcru

(m1 from tlic Piux'iiicinii ;in'. a vcrticnl stroke nnd a secondary siiokr ni('elin,u tlic lii'^l oMicindy. in the ordinai'v final an<l

nnconiH'ctcd forms of^^ . as used in Snln, tlie ol»li(|n<' sti'oke

is lost and these foi-ms afe liable to confusion with the corres

pondiuL;'forms of \ . To a\"oid >ucli confusion, the (inal and

unconnecteil forms of^_^. in which thr ohli(|Ue stroke does not

appear, are always distin,u;uislied hy a miniature ^N^ . •* . written

nhove. In the initial and medial foi-nis. however, the ohli(pie >troke always a|)pears and the miniature letter is not used in Sulu. in .Malay however, the ohli(jue stroke is freipiently retained in hoth final and unconnectecl foi-ms. the nuniature Icttei" heing" not then nec<'ssary in any case, tlio still sometimes used.

Examples: Malay ^^^ hrbi. ^o.s-.y/y.- ^^ \^^ huhi. r/ntr

(ii-fcr. The Malay ]»i*actice is sometimes followed in Sulu.

'I'he .Malay letter (j, eori-espondinu to Sulu c.. is foi-med from

\^ h\- the ad<lition of one or three dots. thus. ^\ . ^C .

'I'his form sometimes even retains the miniature ^ of the ^. as

i\^ . ^\ . Sulu writers friMpieiitly employ the^^^. with one

dot. in ])lace of the regular c,.

(irtnip J.J.

^ \'Z7). \ sccins to r('(|uir<' littlf coiniiiciit. Tlic lower j)or

lit)ii of tlic uncoiiiicctt'd roiiii i> (1(ci-ci" ;iihI i;;nr<i\V( r tli;in tincon'cspoinliiiii j)()rtioii ofllic,^. l''oi' hiiiKiliJ, >i'r ^ IK).

>5 \'H\. ^ sulTcrs iiuiiH^i'ous sliuht \;ii'i;itions. 1"lic uiicoiiiicctccl

form is \vi-itt('ii and *; the initial form. ^ and _^: tlic mc<lial

form is ; or is looped nmhr like an in\ci"t(Ml ^ . i. c. ^\ or sometimes the loo[> is not doscil, and the medial form is niendy a hook, as j[_ in ^ ^mn^'i. ohci.oim-r: and tlie final foi-m is

wi'itten . . or _ .

f r r

^ 127. *j ill its unconnected and final forms, is distin,u"uislie(l

f)y its deep stroke. In its initial and medial forms, it is identical (exce|)t for the dot) with the correspondinii foi'ms of urouj) 2: hut care nuist he taken to make the final and detaclie(l forms \vith dee)) sti'oke.

((rollI) h't. ii, Vl'!^. ^ also suffei-s several variations. In its unconnecte<l

form it is wiMtteii j^, ^. and ^. an<l in its medial form, a . .

104 |g 12S

i>r rt. . The final ;in<l iiii('oiiiH'('tc'<l foiMiis i)in\'. in Araliic worcls.

1)('written witli two dots a^ovc, as^, 2^,- ;i"(l wlicii in a state of

construction (§ oT.n.). are then pronounced as j^ . GroKj) JO.

^ 121) In writinii' ^ . tlie looi) sliould in strictness. l»e made

/'// the (J'n'('vt'i(ni of trritiiu/, and not at riulit aiiiiles tliereto a> in the case of the medial forms of group 10 letters and the Hnal

form of ^ 4 • I'hial ^ or ^ are sometimes irreuulai'ly eon

nectod with a preceding

(irouii 17.

J'

^ 130. in Sulu. (C is written witliout dots when usimI as a

prop for tlie luiuizah (§ ()8). In other positions, tlie dots anal ways uscmI. In .Arahic. however, the dots may also he omitted

wlien jC is final in an outline witli wliatever power.

^ 131. For certain purj)oses of Arahic granunar. the conso

nants of the .\rahic alj)l)al)et are divided into two classes denominated solar letters and lunar letters as follows:

Solar

U

>uni

ar: ^^

J i ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^r ^ -^ ^

\

The first group of letters is calle<l solar aj)pai'ehlly fi'oni tju'

^ I-">11

105

f;icl tlint the I'oiiiiiioii word - .^ihams-nii, .s//// ( iioiii. case),

lia]>|)t'iis tn l>('i;iii wit 11 <>iic (•[ tlicin. Tlic st'coiid iiroup is callcMl

luiiai' l)('<*aiis(' llir coiiiiiioii woivl a Imhkirxh, moon (i)(»ii).

case), liciiiiis with one (iT t liis urinij) ( W'l-. A i". < Jrani.. i^ 1 1 {<i) Ivciii. (i). 'I'liis division is iiii|)t»i1aiit only in Arabic, wlicrc cci'tain ('U|)lioni<' cliaiiiics arc dctci'niinc(l hy it. All that a stlKlcnt of Suln should he expected to l"eniend>ei' of the suhjcct lias ah'cady heen set forth inidei'/'f/.s-Ar// (i:^ IOC)).

CltAITKIJ \'\\

Diphthongs.

i^ 132, As a matk'T of fact, tlic i)iir<' (lij)lilli()iiii'. as wc under

stand tlic term ill English—two vowel sounds })r(>nouii('cd as a single syllaMc without intervening consonant—exists in the Sulu language and is expressed hy the Sulu-Arahic script in only

two cases. These are: ^//. or , ^\ <\\: and ^ "//. or

e\^^"ii' '" which the first element is /n/^r\/.s- (eitlu'i' long oi'

short) and the second element, one of the weak (§o'>) letter> iruK or yd—a///" has no proper sound. The weak letter is then no longer a consonant, hut expresses its related (§1)8) \(»w<'l sound, n or/. , .\ny two vowels of the Sulu-.\rahic script when ])laced in juxtaj^osition and joined in [)ronunciation. excepting when arrange(l as in the two diphthongs menlione(h geiiei'ate hetweeii Ihetn a weak consonant, and instead of two vowids united in one syhahle. we have two syllahles separated hy a weak consonant.

5^ lo.'). .\ careful examination of xowel comhination> i>

necessary in oi'der to understand certain ])eculiarities in the use of the Suhi-.\ rahic sciMi)t. The j)ossihle gi-oupings of the thi'ee \(>wels in paii's of ditTei'eiit \'oweIs. are as follows:

(' () 111 1> i II ;i t i <) n

Kxainplc

e . ;

] . ililjiK II

'1. ihtjKlii

."). Inffii'ii,^

I. Jill til'ii^

'). Iiiilidhit'

li<ifa'(i.-< n-n v , hiiinnL Id .^ini.

liuhilhir ililixi II Inihdhii ' (hi 1^)111}

ii-l

il-l

l-il

* fini'i^ iiHiin.'didfdi/.

v^ \ iiHi}, fJi( n /.S-.

e 0

) l2> '^'^^f"' jl'"'!' •

hiijiitdfl'j. jiJacciJ.

(). Imhuhn' ■- ]iiiia'iiti i-it r^ ^j fi}/^ij>-f'!l"i'' fvcrij.

^ l:>4. It will 1)(' (»l)S('r\(Ml that tlic ])eculiarities of the SuluArahic sci-i])t wve such that two vowels can not he written toijcther without an intervening'consonant, in form, at least. It will also he ohser\"e(l that in }>ronouncinii' the comhination /"./. an<l III, the vocal organs in gliding from one to the other, take

position as for nronouncinu' the weak consonant ^ iran, aii<l

that this consonant is in fact pronounced. l)eing likewise written in the Sulu-Arahic scri])t. tho not in the Roman. These combinations would he more exactlv written in Enijlish, mrii

0 -;,

and niri. l^xam})les: \ indii. lif/Jif; '\ j \ bnnilinniu,

0 ^>

Kjhtij: ~ <3 jtifii, .^I'l'i'ii: *j A.X.iu }'''il>'tii ii'iiii, xii'i'iitif.

Note. Sometimes the Sulu vowel comhination iii{iiiri) weakens in })ronunciation fi'om that of "/ in the English word "suite" (of rooms), to that of o/ in "hoil". and tliiis

108 |§ 134

Ik'Cohu's a pure diplillioiiu'. as in the Sulu word gS ha

luiiri, inxxL sonu'tinu'S ])i-()n()muHMl almost /v///o/. But tliis pronunciation of hiliKirl is as rare as the o sound of thtixm (§ T)) and need not he furtlicr considci'cd.

^ l.")5. Tlic combinations hi and hi arc analoii'ous, tlic weak consonant generated lierc heing^ ija. Tliese vowel cond)inations might more logically l>c written ////' din] iju, and. indeed, the iC II is necessarily expressed in the Sulu-Arahic scri[)t.

§ lot). The vowel cond)inations already considered, mi. nh in and hi, are recognized hy English phonologists as containing a weak consonant and for that reason are classed l)y W ehster as "impure" diphthongs. But the case of ^^/' and ^/y is different. These last (together Avith o/) are classed as "pure" diphthongs l)ecause the anatomy and relation of the vocal organs producing these vowel sounds is such that in the glide from one to the other, neither 7/' nor y is produced. But as the Sulu-Aral)ic script does not permit of two vowels heing written togetheiwithout intervening consonant, recourse is had to a weak ron.^ofKUit for expressing the final roircl of the di[)hthong. and an i^

written ^ , while ai is written

^ l'-)7. To render more convincing the stat(Mnents made un

der this heading, the student need only to make the following experiments. Let him pronounce the comhinations nn and nh slowly and distinctly, hut without a hreak in the utterance. trying to pronounce i)m'e vowel sounds. Then let him pi-onounce., also slowly and distinctly, the cond)inations inrn and

^ i:;9l 10!)

////•/ ('(nisciously proiiouiiciiii; the "'. niid lie will fiiMl tlinl mi and III have exactly the sam.' sounds as nira and ///'■/. It is impossible to utter i(<( and /'/ \\itli<»ut pronouneini:' /'• hetween each pair of vowels. Let liim })ertorni the same exj)erim('nt with /"'/ and id and he will tind it imj)ossil»le to pronounce these conihinations without generatini;' a // hetween each pair of vowels. The Sulu-Arahic system recoiiiiizes th(>se facts and writes tho ahove four c'ond)inations, not as diphtlion.u;s, hut as vowels sopa

rated l)V a weak consonant, i.e., n-a = mra; n-i =

)

inri: l-ii= liiii; and i-a = iiia.

§ 18<S. But if the same ex])ei-iment he ti-ie(l with the eom

hinations ai and a/i- (ando/zw), it will he found that d(dil)erate ])ronunciation .ucnerates no weak consonant between the vowels. ()n tlie contrary, if one ])i"onounce a weak consonant hetween the two vow(ds—(ur'i. djii, aim. niiii {o/ri, <>i/i)—he has utt<'i"e(j a c(^nd)ination of sounds entii'ely different from the diphtliongs <ii and "" (or <>i).

§ lo9. Owing to the fact that two vowels can not he wi'itten

in innuediate se(]uence in the Sulu-Arahic scri])t and the consecpient necessity of em})loying weak letters in these diphthongs,

and owing also to the fact that the . and ^^ of the diphthongs,

in the permutations of the Arahic root, freciueiitly heconie real consonants, some authoiMties have deemed it advisahle. esj)e

ciallv as reiiar<ls Ai'ahic, to ti'ansliterate ^ asf^r.and

i\^ jjii, notwithstanding the fact that the consonants //■ and // can not he pronounee(l //■//a/ in a syllahle, and ignoring the })urely

no r§ i:^^'

vowel C'liaracter of n'du and //'/ in tliesi' (•()iiil)iiiati()ii>. Tin

invariahk' tran!?literation of and ^ l>y /'and // may. indeed.

liave certain advanta<;es as regards tlie Ai-al)ic. In tliat langnage. tlie root consists of consonants, wliile tlie inflections are effected in large part l)y the insertion, omission, shortening, lengthening, or other modification, of the vowels. Note the following A rahic verl)al inflections (Wr. Ar. (Jram.. 'Pahles xiv and x\i):

Hoot, n - d - w, call (illustrates mutations of //• - /().

Perf.,act., .-""^ _

dual. :5d., masc. \^J^; nadayfx. fhr,/ hn, han mllnl.

Imperf., ind., ^ '^.

sing., 1st., com. ^J^ ' //nd?/, / rallnl {nill. inll mil).

Pei-f., act.. . o .^

sing., '2nd., masc. JIj a Jt) "^((daufa {nadawtaj. i/on Imrc rallol.

Root, r - d - y. he plaa^ed icitli (illusti'ates mutations of 1/ - I).

Peff.,act., ^ ^

sing., od., masc. ^^ radiyn. he liax hceii plcasnl ,nfh.

Perf., act., "' •"

sin"., 2nd., masc. ^j:^-,^ . tadita, i/un Jiarr hern i>l('ii>ir<l irifh.

Imperf., ind.. - o-- s

sing., 2nd., fern, rj.-.^ J tardaiiia {(ard(iyna), i/oii ,rnr {n,r.

Note also the following suhstantive inflections ( Wr. Ar. (Irani., § 304, Kem. e):

Root, th - w - r. hull (illustrates mutati(^ns of //• - n).

Sing., nom. case. . "; ^<iurini (thowr////). hull.

■«> ^ .Plur., nom. cas<'. ^ j v *^'^">""'""' hulls, collectively.

^ \\\\ 111

Ivoot. * - y - n, cj/c (illustrates mutations of // - /). ■J * Siuii,., noni. case. . ^ S/in//// {*<iyniiii), cijc

^ )) riuf., uoni. case. CjOfS- *'<'y"n///^ p//rx, collectively.

i:^ 140. So ))ossiltly l»y traiislitcratini;- the diphthongs hy air

and (III. the root of the word is made more proininent and the genius of the language is more accurately conserved. But

. and ^ <lisapj)('ar entirely in ti'ansliterating the long vowels, It and /. No on(^ has j))'oposed to ti'ansliterate hy ""', or

hv ill: it would he too ahsurd. So it is impossihh' to

avoid some inconsistency if we attempt to conserve* //' and // in transliteration thruout all the })ermutations of the Arahic I'oot. It is also true that the consonants //' and // entirely disa})pear in the diphthongs au and dl—they then represent roii'dx, not c<}/is(HHHifs. In transliterating Sulu, at any rate, no valid reason foi- violating P^nglish phonetics can he alleged. Consistency would seem rathei- to demand that ^ and j^

should he ti'ansliterated as consonants—//' and//—when they are consonants, and as vowels—ii and /—when they are vowels.

i^ 141. The exclusive vowed character-of and ^^ in these

two dij)hthongs is recognizecl even hy the Arahic grammarians.

. and ^c in these cond)iMations. must, in voweled Arahic,

hear the jaziiidli—except, of course, when such letters hear the

112 f§ 141

s((hfn' (§ 1)11 lis. 1 and 2), tint when used as letters of prolongation tliey ])ear no sign iinU'ss it he tlu' imnhhtJi (§ 102, n. 2). WliiMi used as props for the li(i,m:ali, these two letters naturally hear the luini'jih, and when used as true consouants. they are

followed hy some vowel (§^ ol), ()i). and jC bearing jV/^^)H^//

are therefore use<l in Arahie c.rcldxiiu'lt/ in tlte tiro pure diphflioiKj.^ iniiler <Ii.^riix>ii<)ii, indieating hy this distinetive treatment that the special v^owel character of inin and ipi in dij)hthongs is recognized. It has therefore heen considered advisa])le to adhere to the practice of what seem to he the best authorities on the transliteration of both Arabic and Malay, as well as the practice of P^nglish phonologists, and write ai and (in in transliterating the diphthongs in these j)ages.

Examples: Arabic Jj/rt^^ if; , ^5 li''(if"^ lioii'f

§ 142. As we lia\-e seen, then, if either of the pure diph

thongs, ii.i or (III, when final, l)ecom(\s placed before any vowel

without intervening hmnzdli, the final . or fC of these conibinations regains its consonantal power. Ai \ ii = (dpi ai + i = (iiii ; (It S- II = (iini ; an + '/ = </"'« .

nil ^^ i = (uri : (III -I- // = dim . liut there is no fixed

rule for the use of hanizdli lu'fore Sulu inflectional endings (suffixes) which begin with \-owels, such as -n, -/, -nii. -im, etc. Sometimes, therefore, //07*/:v^//ap))ears betwei'U a linal diphthong andsutlix, sometimes not. 'Ww rule should |)robal>ly be to con

§ 1 i:'>| ll;^»

\(m1 the ii'dii^ ( vowel) or i/ii ( \'o\V('l ) oM he (li|)|)tlio(ii>-, or ifnu or lid of |)l'ololl_i;;ltioil. into ;| coiisoiinilt. cXcci)! wlicll llic stciii t ii(l.< ill (I litinr.iili. I)iil tlic iiiij)('r;ili\ (■ suttixcs, <i nixl /, >(m'Iii to lii'il'in witli n IkiiiikiIi. wliilc somdiint's a //'O//:*^//. not apj^arciil ill tile siiiij)lc stem. (l('\('loj)s Ix'forc a suffix liaviiiii" an initial \(>\V('l. This Ininr.dli. lil<(' hd ill analoiions cast's (i:^ •">~ ). mav often Ite an original liiial hdnr.dli of tlie stem, wliicli /inniza/i lias l>eeii lost except in this medial j)osition faxorahle foi-its j)i'onunciation. in other cases, the insertion of the hdnr.dli mav he a mere xaiiarv of pronunciation. Before lidmidli, a linal <lij)hthoii<jin the stem (.^ 10'.)) remains, of course. unaltei-e(l. l-'oi- wi-itinii' lidiirjili after (lipiithongs, see i; 7(1. n. I.

Hxaill|)les: a,i ^ ddi/dil. i/ood: -^ -^, N (Idi/dii'o, ri'iidir!

>

>~

II. ruhlttil: \^A iKi/riii. inuir- . C^

(ini|).): '3 jidiidii. (jo: .'\^s, •$ jidiidii'nu, irlll he imf: O*

tdl.-dii. rah: ,.'\ y^ hllriinui

inilrdifiiii. rhflds: \^ .^nbii. fo rent: C^ xiihd'ri. mil'

liiHisr; . ,\^ Jdihdijdii. rilldijc: " ///. llircc: ~ /////•/. ilirer

(before certain measures of tim«'. i5 14(>) ; * t ldi'\ l-icii: '.^ "

(<iii'dii. Jri'id.

^ 14o. .\s already iiidicatc(l, the sounds/^/. ///, in, and id,

ai-e written ^ ^ in the Sulu-Araliic sci'int. and

j^ jr^ C^ L5- '

114 |§ U:'»

transliterated mra. niri, h/n and /'//". 'I'lns strict ti'anslitei-ation will Itc adli('r('<l to in tins work as Ixdng more liclpful t(» tli<'stn(Icnt. r>nt inasmncli as the writing of the /'• and // in sndi conil)inations docs not in the least affect the pronnnciation. no good pnrposc wonld seem to l»c served hy retaining these niniecessai'v I'onsonants in a popular system of writing Sulu in Roman letters—no more. indee(l, than wonld he served hy writing initial Ikiiii'jiIi in the Roman transliteration. it is therefoi'e recommendcfl that for popular use. and especially in all nanu^s. personal and geographical, the aho\-e comhinations he transliterated ini, '//, //^ and i<i, without inti-rvening weak consonant.

(^nAi'TKi^' VIII Numerals, Punctuation, and Enclitics.

>^ 144. 4"'ii<'Ai-;il>ic nuiiicricnl syinltois \v('i-('a(l<)[)t('(l tVoni In

(li;i. SiiuM' we (►l>t;iiiH'<l tjicm vi:i the Ar:il)s, liowcvcr, wc call tliciii '"Arahic", instead of i^iving them tlicir true designation. ■"Indian". I>ut the Knropeans (•()nsideral)ly vnodified the symbols ohtaiiHMJ tVom the Arabs, as will he a])])arent from a eom])ai"is()n of the Ai'ahie and European forms:

Arabic: \ ^ ^ ^^> ° 1 Y A "^ *

Euro])ean: I 2 ?> 4 5 B 7 S i) 0

44ie Arabic numerals are compounded exactly the same as

our own, the right-to-left order of Arabic writing never having

been appli(M| to the numerals adopte<l from India.

Examples: \^ \Y ^■'^''' T^ * 1 -^^"'■ ^ 145. The Arabs, however, sometimes use the letters of the

alphalx't as numerical symbols. When so used, the letters are not arrange<l in the usual order, but follow an ancient ordei' corresponding to that of the old Hebrew and Ai'amaic alphabets

as well as the ancient (ireek alphabet as far as , 3 ((ir. }h),

and the numerical values correspond to that order. The consonants with numerical values indicate*! are here given in that ancient order, known as the <d>j<i(l, fi'om the first four consonants (Wr. Ar. (tram.. § o'i):

lis

1H> I § 145

No. T.ctter X'nliic No. [.cttcr N'mIik- No. Letter \';ilu<'

1. \ — J ](). ^ — J(l 11). - -- JOU

4. ^ — -^ l'>- ^ — M> '2-2. ^ - 4011

'■>. 2^ — .V 14. /j — />(> 23. ^ — .J^)(^

^>- . — 'I 15. ^ — (>o 24.

7. J — 7 l(i. r, — 7^; 25.

<'^. ^" — -S' l~- ^ — <SV> 2H.

'•'. j^ - .'^ 1«. ^ — .W 27.

2S. c. —/OOO

Note, L('tt(^rs used ;is mnuerals ai'c joiiUMl as in ordinary writing with the greater eonipoiuMit letter on tlie right, and the lesser on the left. .Siieh groups ai'e usually distinguished from the sui-rounding words hy a sti'oke placed over them.

Kxamples: 'J^i. ( ^'^"o -I- !)(K) -i- /() -;- ;) /.'//;.• :^

(6()(^ + s()-\- (■>) t;si;: j^ r,()n.

^ I 1<». The 8ulu mnnerieal words and ('ond)inations thereof

are noteworthy, in that they ])i-eser\(' eeilain elements which

L

1)1 ni

':>

— 700

J'

— soo

ii

— V0(>

i:? nc.i 117

lia\"(' clscwlici"*' ciilircly <lis;i|»i)r;irc(l tVom tlic Ijiii^iijiac. Ivxccj)! |)()ssil)ly as a roi'iiotlcii and iiiii'ccDmii/cil compoiiciit nf cci'taiii \\'(»i"(ls. tin- luiiiicrical coinhi nat ions ainiic prcscrx'c in Sulu tlic use of (H. I. wliicli in coi^nalc lan^na^cs so coininoiily rcj^rcscnt t lie copnlatixc ■'!)('": also y7r/(^ fn/. which in many olhcr IMiilippinc lanuna,ucs nnitc adjecti\c with suhstantivr. WVai'c now concerned, howe\'er. only with the wi'itinu' of ihe numerical words, and a))pend hereto a nnmhei' of examples as illnsti'ations: FJciiK'nIitrji .\ II iinricul Words.

^\ ix'i. I. ^ inln, 7. \SJS I"/'-''''- KKOOO.

Ss /". * -^'. ^ sliniih, !L sd-, /.

' } t >o - 0 ,,

\ luiia, r>. ^^^ ijafn.^, 100.

• \ tniiiia, ('). .\ Ihii. 1000.

.1/ // / / i i>l (■ .< of Tc n.

' r°^ , ' ' ^^{^

(*) \.& y hinliK ail, JO. • -^ O h-ii'iiniiKUi. lU).

(J^U) huh, an. .10. ijj.'io h'r'f""'""' ''(^■

^O hijialaii. .jO. oj^y

0 '->. ^

kaii'aliiiriiii, SO.

ry^S hii'man. .-,(). j^-^*^ lai.^ii/amaii. HO.

IIS 1^ ur.

Kxaniplt's showing tlu'ii^io of numerical words witli tlic oi'dinarv sul»stantives: ^^ ta'ii, permit; ^ hiq'i, xecd: , ^^4, li(ii/iii>.

(l(yme>ific (iitiiiKil: C Jt) I'yliwh hiife; ^ _,^j hufm' 1. ironmn. S 4^\ isang kata'v, 1. £ • \ vimiH hiur,,. 0.

..... . _

;^.

'^ 4.

jP 4v.J ////^rr;7r/

.5.

a an * *' i^r>.

4ir4-.*i> ^\Ajrf<'(^^^f^(('(<''f'<u''>^<'>!'.i •' .^^/.

"^--^ ' -^^^

e

L^

-^4& '^ftw.r/f/r(7//.v ■• /<)//.

^ han(i<iatii>> hn/

ytp ^t-s^A^j A.4A^J2^ ^^vv'v^.^a ha 11(1(111 (dfi I s< I ill I

, c -^ ^ o ^5-, ^ * ^ ' *

III

IJO.

-^ 0 . c ,. ;

iO ^S^ i-j2> '/""•"'/.'/ .'/"'"•^" " -'00

?? 1 u\ I

119

c >

r

,Q ^j^sjks- ^j^ \ ^^p^^'^ f~"j"y<f('^-^

;-^ 5 ;/ f 'p

^-^ ^r^ r-'^'^ ^i»irt% </«^"-N'

.40(>.

i(>(y.

e >---- o »

9-jJo "^i" /*J 1 ^f^^i^iiit Uffagati/x hilddiuij. coo.

9"t^D /^-^^ ^"^

P-J^u . v-^c- 4^9 ^>'/»% r/'i^^^^

700.

>' - >

5-^.0 ^5^ 4i^ "'^'/""r/ .v"^"-^'

o }- ^ c

i^J^^^^ ^^ •^'//'"" riflafiafHs

soo.

900.

■S^ y^

^^ luuKjilniuij

1,000.

hdJHl'ibif f(i(/(hnr<i/!<! fjatii.^ ftK/Ira iiuiln ini n ta.(](J>ni'i(inj

pjob 4-^i j:> ^^^"'''^' figaih)(}!</

9* tA>J ^«^aC» a.:

1,28,2. 2,000.

.LOOO.

Note. From tliis jxiint u])war<l. the iiiiinci-iciil words luny l)('fonncd oitluT with ih^t. ilionxdnd, or l(il:.-«i\ ftn tlion.«(ml.

20 l§ l-^^<>

[^.o VJkj j:> '^""" '"^-'"''

Kxaniplcs sliowing imiiici-icnl wonls up t<» ten. as usccl with tlK' nicasiiivs of time: J^\ 'f^//"/'. (Imj: .j . /'/fAn/.

month; .^ /a//////, //r'/r; > ^ ^> '/'"/'. ///.'//'^

C '^0 ^ 0

^^.^''^ c5^:>'^""'"' " -''• ^t>\ ^i^ "•'^^""■' ■" '^'• J:>\ y f""'' " ■'■ Ji:>\ ^v-- •^■'//'"""' ■■ •'^

J:>\ j.9\ "/'^''"' " -^- ^l^>\^a.iib /'"'Iv/'"/ "■ u^.

A-J t^ C5'^- ^'l> ^^ y<-^^ fKjtl (It! 1(111. 11).

c . o ^ e -^ /^

\ N \ . *, \ nun nidi "' <>■

AhovL' U'lt. thissuHix is ui'diiiarily iist'd only with iiiiiiu'rical C()nil)inations which end in oiH' oF the mmicrical words from ixd U) h(ifiriini\ iiH'hisi\'<'.

} ; -"

Note. - 3 /"/" and , \ . /r/^///, lU'c ol'td) written

witli Hnal n'owcI loni;". When -/ is then sntlixcd. the nowcI is slioi'tciu'd as in the case of -, In. " hnri. ihrcr. ^^ huj-

^ 1(1-. and ^ u<in-. arc often wi'itten a> separate word<.

§148] l--^l

i^ 147. Tlic Arabic has, properly speaking, no ])nn('tnatioii

marks corresp(.)n(lini; to surli marks used in our grammatical and rlictorical })unctuatioiK such as capital letter, period, comma, interrogation i)oint, dash. etc. Many n4ial)le Arabic grammars do not even mention the subject of punctuation. Eacli (n/ah, or verse of the Koran, is followed l>y a small circle, Q - '^^^^^ ^^''^ is jK-acticahy the only mai'k of punctuation appearing in lithographed ('(litions of the sacred book. Modern Arabic ])rinting is, however, gi'adually intro(hicing the marks of punctuation in vogue in European languages. The period, parenthesis, bracket, l)race, and asterisk, as well as distintive type, are now commonly used by the pcM'iodicaJ press employing the Arabic script. 44ie same marks have bi^en utilized in the little Sulu which has l>een print(Ml and the tendency is to introduce still others.

Examples: . (period), Q, ^ ^<. []

^ .

(ly.l J"^ t*^^ /Kt(ill,^n</ (hunt U>({)) iiuujii . athalf pai<t tuo

o'clock:

(24, oO, and oo point type, made in Beirut, Syria.)

' Vi.: ^j\ j:>

^

\jzi

K^i.'^

I

L-^

I:

5?3

§ 14S. Sometimes tiic better educated Sulus use a dot (*),

or groups of dots (•]•), where we would emjjloy a i)eriod. But in

the language as ordinarily written by Sulus who have not come under American inHuence, no punctuation marks whatsoever

122 [§ 14<s

are used. Instead, recourse is had to certain words to indicate tiie beginning and ending of sentences, or of entire connnnni

rations. A letter usually begins p Ixilunra. a word'of Malay

origin which has little meaning except to indicate the beginning of a letter and which may sometimes be translated irhcveni^. The

usual ctmiplete phrase is j:^ , .^ ^\ .^ bahvira iiii siiraf.

irhereai< f}u>> letter. The letter or other document ends in ^j^^^*; tammat, for Arabic 2^^ tammatnv. eiul{nom. case). Sometimes

*'\.i!Jo\ liifiha\ ioY Arahk- ^\aXi\ intihanti (nom. cast-), also

a) meaning end, takes the place of ^^^^ (§ o", n.). The full ex

pression when used, is >\)^\\ 4.v; f<>i' ^N)f>0 \ ^^ tahimato I

l>oth phrases meaning, end of the com-positiori. After this come the place and date.

But in tlu' ))()dy of any Sulu writing, the only sign.s of i)unctuation which ordinarily appear are certain words such as

\\ na\ which indicates the beginning of a new sentence or subject. It is equivalent, thei-efore, to a paragraph sign, or full stop and initial capital letter. AV// is a much used word. When two Sulus meet they say )i(i\ irellf Sometimes it means i/rK. or is a noneommital exi)leti\»'. In tiie use gi\en above, as ;i mark

§ 148] ■ 12:;

of pimctuatioiL it is untranslatable. iJ aj> / *>0 \^^ '^^^^'

hiiJi (lidii (lii^Hv, nftcr fhaf: or simply U^ luahnli, after, vexf;

is anotlicr i)l)ras(> used in Siilu to indicate that one su])jcet is finished and another l)egnn. Often indeed, it immediately

precedes the t(U)\iHi\i \\\\i\ so indicates the end of a letter. \^s

Jam} (oi- \'<^ jHii^aK in its Suln form), an Arabic word meaning xectloii, ();• diri^ioH, is often written at the )>eginning of a

c

paragra])h or chapter. Arabic ^__^V, /k^A, y/^/^r^ sometimes serves

the same purpose, especially in religious writings. ^^AyS" ^(f^c

iiiat (§ 57, n.). another Arabic word meaning sign, is frequently written l)ef(^re tlie su])erscription on a letter or (^ivelope, and then means adihu.^x.

^ Ml). 'I'l)ere are in Suhi certain words (not suffixes) which

are attaclicd in writing to tlie word which they follow, l)eing then slighted in accentuation—words which resemble the enclitics in (Jreek grammar. Incase the outline of such preceding word ends in \ ^ [^ j '*'* y tlic enclitic is, of (.*ourse,

written close just "as tho it were part of the word. When by the addition of an enclitic, a consonant is caused to follow itself without intervenijig vowel, the mhhi' should be used, as •

,^J ^ ■"^'ii'cl'li'"^ III// haf: ' ^ sajrainiij/a, hlx rvp. These enclitics were inde])endcnt words which, thru frequent use, liave

4

lost their individuality—are worn out, so to say. Such arc \x-/rt',

124 • [§140

.111 interrogative particle; >| -h\, another interrogative particle ;

-i^({. which uives a(iverl)ial force: -ha, wliich uivcs eni

phasis. and sometimes indicates wonder: an<l the possessive (instrumental) forms of the personal pronouns (Tahle \'I). The above-mentioned words are invariably enclitics and shoidd al

ways be attached to the outlines of the precechiii; Avords. \^ .

i\, and ^ ^. are also found written 4.- -/'//'." <^ -hili: and

^-hah (§ 57).

Examples: \_;^; \ ii)nita\ trliaff: \_:;^,^^ hisli/nfa'. irho! ^, hunnahiL tridi/: w*^S^A& hailf/hinxn, for ihai rraxou:

,^in-afinu, i/onr lettrr; \^ ^ ^^ sunifiiii/n. h'/x Ictfcr.

There is another class of words which may or may not l)e joined to the preceding word, according, apparently, to the whim of the writer. These may be designated "oj)tional enchtics". Sueh

are s '/(^ sometimes an em|)haticand sometimes an nnti'anslatable expletive: /j na, alrcddi/. oi-an expletive: ^_^ /xt. i/il: '\ ^"' 0/(precedes ))roper name^^).

?^ 149) 12;')

(■«1 iiniiini, ^ oT), .^uiiic: . ^J or , •. _^\ limahaiiia or liina

/'«// //f(. (ilraiihj jxtxf: , ^; \ or ^_^ lJ ^ \ atnrpa or ami j><i,

/Ar/r /.s-x//// (.s-om(); ^^J ^1.^ '''■ V=?V (J J—^3^''"

^ -^ -^ ^ ^ ^

sihii T<ihiijtir, iiv f/iitsil iii Tiihnjiir. Tabirjur'spencil.

Note 1. Ill Sulii niaiiiiscripts, the reader will frequently find s])()it \V(>i(ls of nil kinds eonnected in writinji'. But this

is due nicrcly to carc^lessness. Thus, Ss^ ^'>^' o 4) ^'^'".'/

/.vf//, fj'ijo": 4^\ f^J' i* f*' '% "*<^*^^)^a, ^/<^ (plural); etc.

Xoti' "J. The render will nlso sometiiues find a directly (M)ntrarv fault, i. e., the division of the consonantal outline of a word into syllahles, or division at the end of a line, in eorreet printiiitr and in carefully written manuscript, division into syllnl>les never occurs, and division at the end of a line almost lu^'er. Even in case the outline of a word is broken hy reason of containing certain of the letters

\ ^ *^ . J ^* which do not connect with the following letter, the latter is written so close as to ohviate all danger of mistaking the intervening space for a word space. But in careless writing, Itoth kinds of division mentioned above are freelj^ made. The last consonant in the ])receding syllable or on the uj^per line, then has the tinal (or isolated) form while the first consonant of the following syllal)le or of the lower line, has the initial (or isolated) form (§ 1 lo).

12H [§ 149

I'xamplos: J^ ^^ ^^'^\ U^ k ^ ^ j"^

\ C? ^^ V f^ ^>* "^ ^ P.-^"' ^ ^ ^-^^

l hi III II iiian<i<i l>(tn(i->{<( hUun dl liahi-pn'-ptC <i7} Siuj, nfjad f 11^ lid kmiiii >ii,fi(i fla'aliiin i-han muj fa(ig(i-hiin i<in(i pariii-tif: () }/(' ofldaiiiic vdcc here hi tJie Siihi Archipelago, oheij i/( fully fhe (yrder.^ and 2>i'ahihifioii.'< of die gonuiniieiU.

In tlu' above, the divisions in the Sulu-Aral)ic script—indicated in tlie transliteration by a hyphen—of the words hailg-.^a, haJra-pti'-jni'an (first hyplien), i-hav, tagga-him. and parhi-ta, are errors. For further examples of both faults, see Specimens of Sulu Writing in Appendix I.

^ |.")0. The spelling of Snlu personal pronouns is in great confusion and in order to set forth their phonetic orthogi'aphy as well as to list in their proper setting all the enclitic forms of the same. Table VI is inserted on pages 12(S and 120. The forms in the column headed "Enclitic forms", must alirni/s Ikjoined to the outline of the preceding word. These forms express possession, or when used with jxissive verbs, tlie derived meaning of agency. The forms given in the column heade(l "Isolated forms", are to be written separately as in(lei)endent words—with A'crbs. as objects of prepositions other than hin. etc. The forms in parentheses in the cohnnn headed "'With preposition kaii^\ are ne\(M- used but are inserted merely as probable older forms—some are'still heard in remote localities—which ,show the origin by contractions of the long vowels (§ lo:!). Forms compoundt^i with kan indicate, in general, the dativr or accusative Cilse. The origin of th<' haiir.ah which has deve

loped ;it tlu^ end of some of the enclitic and /.'/// forms, is rather juizzliiii!;. It proI)al>ly de\-elo))ed lirst in tlic Inni foi-m, as tlic I'esult of an eiToi't to hrinu' ont the long vowel clearly hy contrast, heing later a|)i)lie(l to the cnolitic form. J^ lol. Final vowels of all forms of j)ersonal prononns ar<'

>;ometiines written long hy the Snlns. excepting <^nly in those

ft»rins wiiich iMid with honfjih. Kmiherniore, . , fi. whei'e\-er

aj)i)eai"ing in Tahlt' 1\', is conunonlv wi'itten \ //// or \ nil/.

0 } o ■ ) o

hy the Sulu.s, as a^^;c-Jj hirlrnjnii/n foi- ,^__^g, \) hi'lnl'jfin,

your (pin.) knife; .^ .;, hiiinnraf>u>ijn or -Jo h<uunr:i.

Iniiiijii. for ^ J "j JxDiinrafafni, our /icadwoi (^ ol). ('ons<'

([Uently. the following forms are ordinarily tV)un<l in Siilu writing:

•dinary form.

Phonetic form.

\ \ akii

foi

for

''^Oi ■^'■''

' }

">

^v- -"'"

for

-///?/,

r

*^ S hiiIIIII

for

^ S Iraiiini

for

^ l.-ifiifiii

/ ///

^o^;-. -""'" '".'/"

for

^^y^ -'i'it"'f~i"

128

^ l')!

i iC W

v^ )^ \^ S^- \^ \

^ W

?. ^.-i ^

c

.^

^

a*

r^

iKom x^'

.u

II

K

=: ot

■ o

J^ l'>ll

12'.)

^_^

1

5

:^

*5

^

^

r

■^

^ i~

';^ ~

r^

C

c

C

'^ ^ ^

^ r£

'^->

—■ ^

■^ ^

c.

:r '^

9 ~

*X

•-i 1 ^

«4; ' 'i

^

~«£ '^

•<c ]i

'-■

>-' -4i

.^^•^ -i;

-ic

^■■—' "i;

■^—^ —-c

&, Zj

1

^^^

!

C \^

. ■^_—.,

1

%

"-

js

^

~j

r^

~ *=■

<^

-~.

i**^

"^

T 1

1

**t^

1

1

. >

'r/H^,]

1

. ]••

-H

_i

>^

£

'S

:s

u

:;^

■^

.~

.^

:^

-ic

-^

Xi

s

u

Vo.

\^.

? >

V ■]

. ]••

!

i

-^

!

^^

)11S

o

~ 73 ^^

J^.

~ — t -?

p ■

^

5 .^ ^ X

^ r^ ,- CO

^

■^ JS

>.,

i u.

^4

^

tj-i

~z "^

;.;^

-^

s ! ^"

^

S ! —

'o

^ 1 -C^

^

-M) [§ 151

0 > ^

, •- -tanill 11

for

^ ^- -taiin

6 > |>^ _

for .

^a'^VS hitirtauiij

^' for

._J jV^ kotirtnui

for

\ hi mil

•

® 7

for

^ ^ -ilii

SS kaniyii

for

^ ^ hi fill

••

for

J- ■^•''"

for

M^-5^ hinila

for

l'^") kail U a

But uotwitlistaiuling this widespread practice, the final

\()\vels ill (piestion are certainly i>ri>ii(ninerd sliort; also. ^ ^ ;7

accurately represents the spoken sound so frequently wi'itten

-, //// (.!■ ; nil/ l»v the Suhis. As it is ainu'd to wi-ite Suhi O ■ Li ' ■

phonetically so far as })ossil)le. these pronouns should foi- the

sake (►f consistencv l)e wi-itteii as ahove in Tahle \'l.

Ckaptku IX

Foreign Influence on Sulu Orthography.

J^ ]')'2. Sulu lias been enriched by a copious influx of words Ironi many foreign languages including Arabic, Persian, Hindustani. Dutcb, English. Portuguese, Spanish, Malay, Bisayan, and Tagalo. \\y far the greater part of tlie non-Philippine words in Sulu are from the Malay—l)y this being meant inodcrn Malay, not those ancient roots connnon to all ^NlalaA'an languages. In fact, Sulu as it is s})oken to-day, is almost an equal mixture <»f l)isayan and modern Malay, the Bisayan being without dcnibt the l)ase uj)on which a lai-ge Malay vocabulary was grafted. This Bisayan stock was a southern dialect very closely related to that of Cebu. It furnished the inflections, pronouns, numerical woi'ds, W(jrds indicating the pai'ts of tlie body, indigenous trees, animals, fishes and seafaring terms. The (modern) Malay element, which came in with Islam, has furnished the terms I'cferring to daA's of the week, months oF the year, religious, governmental, and many abstract terms, social titles, compliments, terms relating to writing and agriculture, and in general tliose new words required by a people developing along commercial and agricultui'al lines. Most of the words from non-Pliih ippine languages, have come thru the Malay.

132 [§ 15:5

§ 153. jMalay orthograpliy, nioivovcr, is peculiar in that the vowel signs are almost never written, the weak consonants hein^ quite freely used to indicate the xhorl vowed sounds, especially wlien the latter are accented. IMany Malay words, now an integral [)art of the Sulu language, have retaine(l this peculiarity of spelling, tlio pronounced as the Malays pronounce them, i.e.. with short vowels, notwithstanding the fact that these vowel>

are written lomj;. 8uch words are: '\\ ^"t tnvnii. Mr.: —-\ ,

r<tja, I'liKJ- which are pronounced ^ ' finrari and ^ . I'^'j"

Other anomalies of ^lalay spelling Avhich, unfortunately, sometimes appear in Suluare: the writing of tinal short n or / as

tho long, as ;;_, Ixifif, xfonr, pronounced ^j^, fxifn: and Y^ .svy//. mine, pronounced \ xall: llie writing of final ^ for {\u[{\ hidiizdli. as 1 ^\ /</?'/•,'%, proiu)Uneed ^\ A//^"(or irii\%'M) : the writing of initial {^ h in [)lace of iintial h((i}i:((li

o y-^

as ,_^X& f"'f"l>' jxiliii-lc'ij i''><>Ji>i<h pronounced ^ 4J \ (il(ii>. Such

errors should he carefully avoided l)y the learner. It should Inremarked in i)assing that true long vowels (§7.")) rarely occur i'u 8idu—ordiuai'ily only in case of conti'actions an<l in adopt

ed Foreign words. Such are: c.^"; A/f/, cnlL for c, ; fa/nHj:

9 0}' ^ ?> =

9 ^ Siiij.. Siilii, for J^ Siiha/: ^ hi, Jniii. for \j hlli:

(C\_, huA, Jionsc, for K hahti: from Aral)ic. >V^\ iiDam, leader;

JL>V \ ~'^^•'"^ /'T/"^ a//w.s-; from Enulisli. \ S,^^] i^^ciil, .srAoo/.

§ 154. Most of tlu' iioii-Ar;il)ie words introduced into tlio

Sulu cither directly or tliru the Malay, have been recast into a form wiiicli harnioiiizes with the phonetics of tlie Sulu lan

guage. P'ngiish "Christian" has become ^J\V-^X**. S KirhtiIjun; S})anish m&Wd^, sforklmjf', becomes y^f^^ mijaK: San

J,/ 0

>kYit sliiyhra, xpeedihi, Ix'comes yJt,^ ^'9^^^'• But in the case

of adopted Arabic words, as it is not necessary to recast the word in a new alphabetic system, the retention of the original spelling is not infrequent even tliothis spelling is, to the Sulus,

unpronounceable. Arabic i-V^ .SW//7/. a proper name, retains

its .Arabic s])elling but is ]>i-onounced \ S,ili: |*)VviC- 'f'^

iiKiti, another |)i-oper name, is ]:)ronounccd , • ^^ \ VsnuDi;

« c. - iiharu\ hin\ is pronounced \ ^ .nv//v/"; etc. But wlien

written l)y the less ('(lucated. these words ai'e frequently spelled phonetically (^ 1). The .\rabic case endings— -v, -tin, -ani, -irna. etc.—are, of course, omitted in the case of single wordsadopted into Sulu. tho in the case()f an entire phrase, the

rules of Arabic grammar must be followetl. .\- J^.^*£l Miihdin

\:U |§ 154

"'"'^' not Jcv^ Mltll<inii,l((dnii: l)Ul ^\ J ^^^ cAv^ MnJKiiiiiiia'Inn RdxvJti l-hiJii (-i not pronounced), Miihdnrmnd (.< tlie Apoatle of GoO. "^ is frequently (and properly) converted into

^^^ as ^j^^ f<^i' A.^ t'dUiiniL end (§ o7. n. ).

i? 155. Sulu is, indeed, much closer to Arabic, orthograi)l»

icall}'. than is .Malay. This is (hie to two reasons. First, the adoption of the Arabic script for writing Sulu is more recent and there has been less time for internal development and evolution. In the second place, writing has notlx^on. in the past, a p()[)ular accomplishment. The art has until recently been confined to that select body of men termed jxc^ditos, or pundits, who also read the Koran. They therefore had constantly before them the correct Arabic forms of the words in question and quite naturally used the^e forms in writing.

^ 15(). Spelling reforju in Sulu consequently meets with

much the same difficulties that this same movement encounters in English. We write "phthisical " and j)ronounce '"tizikal"' but retain the ponderous spelling liecause of custom and because it

was so spelled in Gi-eek. The Sidu writes X\^^ S^tlih an<l

pronounces \ .SW//. but j'efuses to change long-establislied

custom and the spelling of the Koran. Simplification of the Arabic spelling must be the result, nevertheless, if the prescMit trend among the Sulus toward popularization of writing persists. The masses, who are not so familiar with the l\(.ran. will naturally spell the word as it is pronounced.

Appendix 1

Specimens of Sulu Writing.

'\'hv correct principN's to he followcMl in writing;' the SuluArabic scri])! have l)een set fortli in the ])reeoding pages, in so far as these principles may he (leterniined from the present chaotic stat(^ of Suhi ]:>ractico. In order tliat the stuch^nt may see just what is nu^ant hy ''cliaotic'' in tliis coninH-tion, three etchings of Suhi writing are printed on tlie following pages. There are addend the same words printed in the Sulu-Arahic script in accord with tlie princi})les explained in tliese pages. toi>ether v.'ith a transliteration and a translation. In order to facilitate study, th(,' lini^s of the etchings have been numbered, and the same nunduM's repc^ated in the propei' place in tlx- printed 8ulu-Aral)ic scrij)t, and in the transliteratit^ns. 1'hc transhterated Sulu is in accord with the s[)elling recommended for popular use (^ 1U.*>). Words which are superfluous iji the translation are placed in i)ar(Mitheses ( ), while words inserted to com]>lete the sense, are placed ui brackets [ |. In vi<>w of the interlinear method followed, the translations are necessarily word-for-word and may sound strange. But notes explain the juore obscure passages, and it is not doul>ted that the literal translations give a more accurate idea of the genius of the lanj^uaii'c, than wonld a mo)-<' literarv i-endei-inn.

135

136

Specimen of Sulu Writing, No. 1.

FJching of OrigiiutJ.

c^-^-'

Tlio legibility of specimen No. 1 is by no means below thai oF the average Suln writing, but t'ne beginner will doubtless find it difficult to read. The errors are many. Dam, from, is spelled with a hamzdh followed by ya and nun run together, as tho the word were chCin; niadi is spelled madr in line 3, and madi in lines 5 and 7; in line 5, dV and (//. are confused, the one to the left, which should be di\ having the entirely superfluous letter?i/a, hdUi'as, and idif; etc. Tt will help the student to bear in mind that Sulu is still so preponderantly a spoken language

witli IK) widcly-rcnd litcniry woi'ks to serve ;is iikmIcIs for style ;iii(l sjx'llinL;-. 'I'lie Koi'iiii iui<;ht serve tins pui'jxise, hut its ti'auslatiou iulo the vei-uneuhir is forhiddeii as iiii[)i(»iis. Witliout a I'ecogin/ed standard, therefoi'e, the ordiiiaiy sei'ihe employs aii\' ramiliar coiuhinatioiis of letters which a])proxiiiiately represeni the spoken sounds. To sjx'll !']iiLilish '■!"'. with the letters ai (aisl(>), /r(lie). /'//(huy), if/li (hiiih), etc., would he analoi^ous. Con-crl rrinliiKj (iiid Traiiditcvntioii fwiii R'kjJiI Io Left.

itul* ial)ah iwunA ludnaM nak niad laruS

uka itahapgaM . "aluka I) uanal^ah ajahhT nak gnutaniud gnis ilap "itul* ial>ap idani uaki gni aniahus umiak idam lapmamut ghi uaki iahuS .uniiak l)asag "aduk

uka "id an id "alaw uak gnah i»ai»as "ukak

^—"o • ^^^C-Ift) j^O ^^-^ ^^^^'' ^%--i>

iinisniK .umualnga "ah niad iahus "ilugn;un namanatak

nukuh "awamik gnis nahi idam umak uunnuhga})

• c^vJ * ^S dj\ :>^*; _3^& I; • JjVo c^c-\('^'

• lanuiiaT .umiak uka du'ut jjarali "aX .uk"avah ta^ni

138

'rnvnslitrnU'uyii (iiid Tr(ini<Udh>i\.

1 )Surat (lain kail Maiidul Aiuii* lialUii Futi"' 2)duMiaturiu Letter from Fureiuaii Anui at-Huiise White will-arrive

Isaii in^baja liaLanau Dakula'.'' Magpaliati aku •'> )kainiu sul)aiiia'' to Ubbajti at-Lanau Large. Advisee 1 to-you. must

ini;- ikaii iiiadi ])aBai Puti" pali 4)sir]g kuda'gasali

( the) yoii come to-flouise Wliite regarding (ol'-)the horse rohl><<l

kaimu. Sul>ai ikau ifig ttinianijjal .") Jmadi kaku' saltal» fr(>ni-you. Must you (the) l>e-present coming t(>-nie l)eeaiise

Lafig kau wala" di iia, di' akii kataiiainan (> linangiili" : if you not-yet liere already, not i \villing lo-rcturn [it;

siihai (lain lia'agilianniu*. Kiiisuni 7 ipagbiififuig

that] must-bc^ from consultation-your. To-morrow aceom])any

kaniti niadi i'nin sing kiniawa" Ltiktin 8)ingai

\i)U eoming witli (i)f-)the one-who-tor)k [theliorse] without knowl

baya'ku.* Na"'liarap tu'tid akii kainni. Tanmial.

ediie de'sire-my. Tiust much I in-you. Finis.

*For the spelling "Anui", in jilace of -Aniiwi'". see see. l-i-'l

•^White House, name of place.

*Large T^ake, name of place.

"*Nii, here untranslatable expletive, written as eufditic.

*L e., '\Such result must come al)oat thru consultation with yc)U.'"

']. e. *'You C(»me here to-morrow in company with the man who took.the horse without my knowledge or consent-'.

'^Na". untranslatable; indicates b(-ginning of senlenc*'.

Sulti h'ttcr wi'iting is niodidcd upon tlie (.'()nvs))(»ndiiig .Malay art. Tliis system do\<)ti\s the first sentence to giving the name (jf the writer, his residence, the name of the addressee, and Ids n^sidence. Then comes the hody of the letter, usually introduced hy the wortls Duuipahnii aku hiinnt. J (uirl^c ijon, or. / inform i/ou. .M'tcr the information - which is tlie real i>urpose of iho letter—is given, comes some formal i^\'j)ressioii of greeting. In the present, instance, such expression is "liarap Ui'iid nhn biiriVH. I liaiw entire conJldcHrr la yov. La.st of all. after tlu1,1/nvnuif, should come the dat(>, which is here omitted.

Specimen of Sulu Writing No. 2.

/''fchiiig of Or Hj in ill..

140

Cor red PrinlnHj

^^ i^t-V-v-vo >)i (J^ \ J.3 j^^- v-a ;^ ;'J\ I 9 i^i2.(,;) Si's

o c ^ c ,

>^\ , •>* k> ^^ ,-i.>\ vO^*^ iv^ /'j-'^ VOvJ ivfti

P" V L>*^ j^;^ L>. y'O^*^ iv^ (J^^^ VOvJ 4.

Trdiiditeration and Trandd.tloii.

l)l)ang ainiii niakasa'^^id, <li' makaltatal.' Ai»i]>;i

if tlierc-Ix; toncliin,^. [thai is] not i»icihiliit:ihle. lUil

iiig hai'ani liata'u 2)lKulatli—liatinia,

till- iinlawl'ul [thiniis] to-a-jicrsmi [who is] unclean—lueaning-of-it.

141

liata'u wai ayir sambalfayarii::—^^ "* " niakasamltaliavanii'. to-persou without altlutions— [mtc]: to-piay.

mag('>)t;i\va|), il)aii diiiiia sinj^. Kuraii, il)aii

t()-go-ar()Uii(l-tlic'-K;rl)ali.'' and to-cairv (of-)tho Koran, and

>uniagi(l sing uika])aiinia''. l)il>an l)ia' da^ liayaii, ifig Ii»-t()Uoh i()f-)tlu' pairc-of-it. an«l like i to-jthat, tin;

imtusiiia. ihaii sing (li'inna^ ifig tarnpat "))kialnitanganfoverinii-ut'-it. and (of-the) ulicrevor the ])hice havin<i-l>een-(:M

nia'. ' iban piilg di'innaTjn^^ kiasa«!urataii karna"

cupietl-hy-it. and (ot'-the)'- uiierevef the [place-] written-upon I'l^r-the

j)ag(())hai^alan, l)ia' inidang-uiidaiig atawa diigaiii -ako-of studvintr. like lu'iniers or others

^c' dain liayan. Ihan liai'usna^ 7)kakaputan ing [iHfTeVent] from .., ,. them. And [is] j)ermitted l.Knng-held the

Kill'"an naka'susurat . lianianga*' kakana', il)an hamaiiga'' Koran writteli' / ^.qn ' 'Clothes and on

.s)dinar' iban sifig di'inna* ing sabagaiiiia ibaii tapsir,

money and ( of-the ) wherever [is] the likeness-of-it with eomn)entary.

Huat' mayan, l))bafig inataud na^ i-fig Kur'an van dain But "^lowever, ♦ if >. ,a;i't'''it[er] the Koran there than

liatni>sir. baramna^ biigtu*. l())Iban bia" da**

commentary, [holdiuLi' is] unlawful ahsolutely. And like bayan,^ ing n'lag'ukal) il)an k'abni barusda*^ isab, ll)iljan to-that, tlie openiuLT with [a]stick [is] permitted algo. avul

bunnal tu'ud ing bata'bata' badatli yan**. .nyau [it is] trne j>erfect]y that ehildieii unclean so, let[-theni-]n()t

taggahuii daiii liakuniapnt' '■- Vw*- 'w\

l)«!-prevent<^d from holdinir I'' '• ' mt

" 1 his is end of sentence^ bo^iin on a pi-evions ]iai:-e of the old mnnu

scrii)t treatise on relij^ior.s duties—^vritten luore tlian on.e hundicd

v<,'jirs a<<(»'—from which this rtc!)int: xvas taken. ' '-^w' ^^^••

h ' ' -' *' y^/^ '-"^ '

i.e.. dnrinti-the ))ii;.ii'imiige to Mecca. "* ^ , .j^ ^

"X. e., ••'to turn the ])a<,Mjs'\ **Da, untranslatable exjiletive. ,^f *

'Nagieretfives indeilnite sense, ^Possessive pronouns also express a,<i:??|frcy.

'^X'a;,'Tiiit\;anslatal)le (\\pletive. ''.ManiKa is siizii of jiluial.

T. e,, '"The Koran. Svlien w)-itt(;n on clotljin<: or money, majf i»e touched and held by the unclean.'" '

M. c., •"likewise". *" \^^ "T. e..' --as delined al)0ve".

Sentence: is finished on-next ])age of the manuscript, the sense "b^inji' •';thd !t is perfectly true that chihlren, tho miclean. should n^t'Le prcv'-ntcd from holdin^i' the Koi'an for [lUi'poses of study''.

42

Specimen of Sulu Writing, No. 3.

FAcMnq of Ch'iginaJ..

I -I ^1

:-% -% ov

^'^

5 a- ii^ ij^'^

^3

?t '^'^ -^

^^ ^t» ^ ;1

-^^ -*?. 5N<3. ^>,

'v

:3^

^

EhhiiKJ (if Ori'jiiuil. cimchiili'l.

U'.',

i

3

^ r -I i I i \j, t. "Z

:= "5 -§ i -r o a; ""o t; .2

— ^ o

^ EI^ «f o S

£ .X ^ i^ -^ ^

^ yv /T, I' ;_ ^ ^ _ ._. ^ .^

— i- Z

.i I- ? f I ^ ^ L ^

«^ jr- f- '^ — t; =tr E ^5

X

144

('orrect Pr'ntiliuj.

■^ " ; p

) r » S

^^^.ft) w^^C^ 9\ ^<-'\^U (5i>^- i"^-*^ ^-r^V^ -^-^^

} i } 0 -- C 0

p -& o ^

; ;

• ;

^. J.^^5-'- J-!

t~

^-9

^{'0

.i^kTZJ^ '>t,V^J

0 ;

= >--; e

0 >:; ''

o o ^^^ i: ^0^

/ .^

I4r,

Triui.^liferahoii aii<l Tr^uislntioir

l)Baliiui'ini surat (lain liaanakinu ifig Padukka Datu'

This letter from son-your the Honorable Datu

.Muliamiiiad Oaliiyatii 1-Kall)i (luiuatun^ iiiadi ])a'anur (2)kii. Muhaniniiul DahiyMtu l-Kalhi will-arrive coming to-father-niy,

ing CJubiiur liaSuir, Kiirnir Istihav, iban sing niangliudku,

the (iovernor at-8ulu, Coroncl Steever, and^of-the) yourif^cr-hrother-my.

''hiChali. Mahu(."))li' niangayu' aku partulung kanii, amni Charley. Next, ask I aid of-you, being

})ikitiiluriganku*' ifig hal sing Mirkan 4)mag'idal-idal

request-for-assistauce-my the matter of-the Americans target-shooting

di balaum liida'ku; lii})ahingku'' karna' tinil)ak

here inside to\vn-my; is-r('(]vie.sted-to-forbid-by-me because [they] shoot

j)abuli kaliui 5)\vai Indda'^ miiisan hadap pabai sing

at-bottoms of-trees without difference even in-front to-liousesof-thi;

ta'u, amupaka baha' bafigbatda'bayup ing maliada(6)psing ]>eople,'same-also possibly if even animals were in-front of-the

l)ulu sinapafignila van.*'Ainpa niata'ud tivud'' hayup,

barrels of-guns-tbeir those. Also [there were] many very cattle,

niata'ud ta'u, karna' halauni kabayan. 7)Mabut,

numy people, l)ecause [this happened] inside village. Further,

limugana' aku sing paglinibak-tinibaknila karna' ing

feared-already I of-the shooting-of-them l)eeause being

niasa sing Gubnur sibil, pagknvag-]awag(S)ku siiig sapi'ku, time of-the (iovernor civil, ui)on-inspection-l)y-nie of-the cows-my.

<bia na' ing niiamatai, kiugdan sing punglu'nik.-*

two were killed, having-been-struck by-tlu' biiUets-their.

Xa'** liangkaii, Cliali. ikau daku(9)nian tainiangluidku, ing Therefore, Charley, you then brother-my, are

bara])kii maka'ingat inagpabati ba(Tul)nur, aula manabang

liopo-my to-know-liow to-inform to-(Iovernor, especially to-aid

kaku'.' Mabuli ]0)sa]am du'a dakunian aknkainni'" iban ba'to-me. Next . peace invoke then I upon-you and upon

ama'ku, ing Clubnur, Kurnir Istibar. Intiba'u 1-kalam." father-my, the (iovernor, Coronel Steever. End of-the-composition.

'Bahua, untranslatable; indicates l)eginning of letter.

Pli, untranslatalde prefix; indicates i)roj)er name. "^I. e., 'Mny request for assistance".

**1. e., •'I recjuest that it be forbidden". ^I. e., ••indiscriminately". 'Da, untrans-latal)le expletive, written as enclitic.

146

'I. e., "I re<iuest that tlii.s he forbi<ld(Mi heenuso tlioy slioot indi.scriminately at the tree trunks, even in front of peoples' houses. and H'ouhl probal)ly do the siune. even if anininls were in from of thoijc <;uns of theirs."

"T. e., "very many".

'Na. untranslatabU^ exi)letive.

■"1. e., '■[ had already been fri^jhtened I>y their siiootiiiir l)ec;uisf during the time of the Civil (governor, when 1 inspeeted my cattle, 1 found two dead, killed by the soldiers' bulh^ts''.

Na'. untranslatable; indicates beginniiiLr (tf sentence.

I. e.. "I hope you find means tojx-rsuade the Governor to :iid me"'.

"r. e., "r send ureetings to you*'. "Arabic phrase (sec. 1 hS).

Note. For the studejit \vh(» has comideted tliis work aixl is desirous of more practice in reading Sulu. not much ])rinted material is available. With the exception of various circulars and laws, the following is a complete list of Sulu puhlications in the Sulu-Arahic characters:

S(du Reader for the Fnhllc Schools of the Moro Province, by Dr. N. M. Saleebv, published by the (jovernment of the Moro Province, Zamboanga, 1*. 1., IIH),'). The Stdn News {Ifuj Kidmito'holla'on >^iig). a monthly newspaper in English and Sulu published at Zand)oanga, P. 1., by the (lovernment of the Moro Province, edited l)y CharlesR. Cameron, Datu Haja Muda Mandi. and Sheikh Mustafa Ahmad. This was pubhshcd only during 1011. Sural Hahar S'nuj Sioj.- a monthly newspaper pul^hshed in iSulu oidy, by the Suhi Press, Zamboanga. 1*. I., and edited by Rev. 11. T. McCutchen and .\idcasa Sampang, has been pul>nshed since July. 191-").

.\PPKNI>1X II

A Phonetic Alphabet.

Srv<'r;il vcnrs ;i,uo. wliilc acting as census assistant, tli<' Mullioi- }>f('})af('(i the following Phonetic Alphabet for use in the l:iking of the j^roposed Philippine Census of 1015. It was not intended lo disturh the spelling of names when such spellinghad already he»'n <leterniine<l hy custom, order, or constant use. Ihit c(^nsus eninnerators must reduce to Avriting many names of persons, j)la<'es and geographical features, the orthography of which is not yet fixed.

The lack of an alphabet which would express each distinct sound of the Philippine languages by means of a separate character of unvarying p<»\V('r, has h'd U) much confusion. The present metliod—if such it <'an be called—is a mixture of Hpanish. rcformcfl native, and Knglish orthography, ^'sounds as x or //; '/, as f/or//; //, as h. orhamzah. oi' is silent; /. as / or //; /, as A oi./; //, as Spanish // (///), or a true doul)le /. like //-/ (/-/) in ''sma// /ake" (^ tU)); //, as // or fn/: mj. as ii<i, <»r u<j. or wjii: ", as /' or If: r. as c or !>: ir. as >>• oi- //.- j/, as // or /; : as fh or .s; and hamzah is not written av all. In the i<leal alphal)et, tlna'e should b<> a sej)arate character or c(tird)i?iation of characters—preferably the formei"—to expi-ess each soun<l of the language; and the l)ower assigned to such <-haraeter or <ligraph. nivst acvur rarij.

14.S

PJtonctic AlpJiahef. The examples in quotation marks are English, while those in italics are Bulu and translations unless otherwise indicatccl. B indicates Bisayan; Tr, Tirnrai: Tb, Ibanag. a in 'Vofa": a/)/pa, hut. n in "nut''; manik, hciuJ.

b in ''bed"; xabftb, hcrausi'. ii in "seiior''; duha. trorhl. ch in "church'';chNch<tZ", keij. ngasngin*'sing" ;//c/iig///,//w'//J. d in "did"; duluil, extronitij. o in "theory'"; alco (B), /. ein "met"; J><(h((ye(B).(roiiian. p in "pet"; sopo, Hurar. f in "fit"; f/o (Tr), (ioo<L r in "roll'"; harh, rowel.'

g in "go"; tagad, wait. s in "so'"; (asa, feeling.

h in "hat"; 6<ihat, lift. sh in "she""; shuJcur, thank.

i in "it"; jAJcil, think. t in "tell"" ; t/t//r, dot.

) \n'^ je^V',kajang,palni-Ieaf nut Lu in "full""; huJiuk, hair. k in "kink"; hHU.iin, not. v in "van'"; vnlan (lb), monfh.

1 in "lad'"; pitla, red. w in "we""; watn, eif/Jif.

m in "man"; kami, we. y in "yet'"; yan, that.

(') hamzali in "go over""; di*i)i. irhere: di\ not. Pure Diphthongs;

ai in "aisle""; /(/7>ai, pai^f^.

au as ow in "how"' : tak&u, roh.

oi in "])oir"; (/Z:oi(15). lam. Impure Diphthongs (ir or//generated between xowcls):

ua (nica) in "guano'"; huaid, to xmi.

ui {nii'i) in "suite"; /ui, innnediateiii.

ia. (iija) in "Indian''; /ia)'-/ia^'. creri/.

iu ('.'/") as ew in "///ew""; hiutant/. jitarrd.

Note 1. N'arious diphthongs compounded of r and o arc also found. Other sliuht variations of thesis nowcI sounds

occur frequently, but irregularly^ in the Philippine languages hut such sounds may usually be reduced to tlie ordinary vowels, a, e, i, o and v. Long vowels also occur, as a in "father"; a in mate; i in "machine"; o in ''no"; and u in "rule". These may be written a, e, i, o, u, respectively. but it will not often be found necessary to indicate them.

Note 2. Hamzah is the Greek "smooth breathing" and the Danish "catch accent". It is the click of the glottis at the beginning of all words beginning with a vowel, and in the Philippine languages, occurs at the end and in the middle of words as well. It is not written in the Roman alphabet at the beginning of words, but in the middle and at the end of words it is denoted in this alphabet by an apostrophe (*). For further explanation, see § § 18-24.

Note 3. Both/and v, when occurring in native Philippine languages, seem to be pure labials, not labio-dentals as in English. That is, they are produced by friction between the two lips, not between the upper teeth and the lower lip.

Note 4. (\ q,.x, and :, are not used in this alphabet.

The foregoing alphabet provides a character for every ordinary sound of the Philippine languages. It has l)een suggested that the sound of French j injour (: in "azure") should l»e assigned to tlie lettei* j in the Philippines. The author has never heard this sound in Philippine languages but rather the sound of/' in Fnglish "jest" (<} ])lus French j), and ]>elieves that the latter sound should be that assigned to j in a Philippine alphabet (§32). The .Moros pronounce j in "jest" very plainly, Itut the same words, \\]\ou occurring in the North, are usuallv pronounce(l as di/. Thus Sulu !/<ij<(, cJc/jhanl. and /v//>. /cuig, ])vcome fjiuhid and hKhja in Tagalo—another proof that the Philippine j has an initial <1 sound.

It has been further suggestecl that tiie Philip])ine orthography should not recognize any diphthongs. The author be

J50

lieves that the pure diphthongs, an, aiand oi., appear with great tVequency in the Philippine languages, but that, being pundiphthongs, they should be written with vowels and not with consonants, i. e., mr, ai, and oi—not (ur, ay and <nj. Tl'and // are primarily consonants. When employed to express the second element in the pure diphthongs, they are of necessity pronounced as their corresponding vowels, ii and /. There would seem to be iio good reason for thus using consonants as vowels in a phonetic alphabet, especially when n and / are already employed to express the same vowel sounds. By so doing, one incurs the very fault—more than one sound expressed by the same character— which it is the purpose of a phonetic alphabet to avoid.

In order to illustrate the necessity for the adoption and use of a phonetic alphabet, the following names of barrios are taken almost at random from the 1903 Philippine Census Reports. The various possible pronunciations which might be applied to these names r/.s- >ipcUr<l in the Census Reports, are indicated by means of the Phonetic Alphal)et.

Note. Notice that in the Phonetic Alpha])et, tif/ is pronounced as in ''wgvo^\^'; fig as rig in ''siy^.^er" ; ngg as 7}g in "fi7i,^er". if ng be followed l)y e or /, then the g of this combination may take the sound of h. Accordingly, if ng in Philippine names be not marked as pronounced in accordance with some established rules, it may always be pronoun(;ed in any one of th<' three ways first indicated, as, Saranggrii, pronounced ISarangani; Sindangan, pronounced Sindangaii; Saiiga-Savga, pronounced Sangga-Saugga: occasionally, it may have five variations, as in "Pange". below. Without the ad()])ti()ii of rules |)rescril)ing the writing of the N'aiMoiis possible souuds of ng, how is tlic reader to di\'in(' which one of the IS (hffercnt varicnts gi\'en. is the projier

IT)!

])n)iiuii('iati()ii of "Hin,untuni;air'? If t\\v latter liad l>y (•haiK'c 1)0011 spoiled " 11 ingitun^^iliaii"—hy no moans an impossiblo combination—tlio number of possible pronnnoiations would bo one hundred.

Panuiban.

Paniio.

< Jimauaan,

1. Pangiban

2. Pangi'an .'). Pafiggiban

4. l*anggi'an

5. Pangliiban (). Pafigbi'an 7. Pan gib an (S. Pangi'an *.). Panbiban

10. Panbi'an

1. Pafige

2. Pafiggo :]. Pango

4. Pangho

5. Panlie

llain])aan.

llingatungan.

1. (limagan

2. (limaga'an '->. 1 limagan 4. llimaua'an

1. rianipan

2. Jlanipa'an o. Anipan

4. Anipa'an

1. Hingatungan

2. Hiiigatunggan

3. Hingatungan

4. H i il ggatu h ga 11 -a. Hinggatunggan

6. Hiiiggatungan

7. Hingatufigan

8. Hingatunggan *.). Hingatungan

K). Tngatungan

11. Ingatunggan

12. Ingatungan

13. Inggatungan

14. Inggatunggan

15. Tiiggatungan

16. Ingatungan

17. Ingatunggan 1(S. Ingatungan

Tbe above list migbt l)e extended indoHnitely and demonstrates a state of affairs wbieb sliould not l.)e permitted to eonliiuie. A j)bonetie al})liabet sbould be at onoe adopted for use by tbe administratoi's and ma])makers of the Philipj)ines, es])e('ially in tbose soutbei'ii ])i-()vinees \vber(! bundrods of new geogra])bical names are Ix'iiig i-e(luee(l to writing ever}' year.

INDEX

Note: Arabic niimemk indicate sectionH; Roman nnmerah, tables; ''n.'\ note; ''Ap.'\ Appendix. Table I begins on page 18; table II, on page U; table III, on page 62; table IV, on page 91; table V, on page 96; table VI, on page 128; Appendix I, on page 135; Appendix II, on page 147.

The most important reference is given first, the others following in the order of die text.

A vowel, see hata'as.

-'^ imp. suffix, 142.

Abbreviations, marked by maddah, 102 n. 3.

Abjad, 145; jim in, 32; used as numerals, 145 and n.

Accent, does not accompany hamzah, 18.

Agency, expressed by possessive forms of personal pronouns, 150.

'Ain ('), a lunar letter, 131 ; power, 47, 3,4, 6, I; transliteration, I, \y: writing, 122, IV, V.

Al (Arab. def. art.), lainoi, assimilated, 10() and n.l, 07 n. 3; waxlaJi with, IOC).

Wlarnat, indicates address of letter. 148.

Ar,f

Classed as ''weak" letter, 28,

59. ''Conforms" to haia as, ()S. Lunar letter, 131. Power.

Prolouiis//«/'/ ''N, 2()-28. 50.

II; in lama.lif, 63 ; in perpendicular fathah, 104;

in fathah tanwin 91, 80

n. ; with maddah, 99, 101102. Prop for hamzah, 25, 26, 59, II, 65, 68, 69 and ns. 1, 2, and 3, 70 n. 2, 85, 97 n. 1,99, 102 n. 1; in lamalif, 63. Transliteration, 25, I, II. I\';

in lamalif 62. Writing, 116, II, IV, V; unconnected with following consonant, 14, 115; doubled by tashdid in Arabic, 99; expressed l)v maddah. 102 n. 1; in lamalif 116. 106 n. 1 ; in perjx'Utbcular fathah, 105; repugnance to use of, 70 n. 2: without patiii, 82, 7(). 97 us. 1 and 2. Alphabet.

Arabic, 10; ancient, called

(dtjad, 145 ;ind n. i'boiietic, Ai>. II.

152

15:J

Arabic nuinerdJ^i iiiillcAiie xecdon.^; Iioman uiiiiier<il><, hihlex.

Alpliabot, continiKMl. Sulu, 11-12.

Sulu-Arabic, 11^, I. IV. V; order of consonants in. lo; names ofconsonants in, 1(): power, writing, and transliteration of consonants in, see individual names.

Arigkd, name, 100; rules for ' use, 110-11:); transliteration, 108, III.

Apostrophe, transliterates liamzah, IS; used by some to transliterate ivadah, lOB.

Arabic, language, alpb-abet, 10; ahjad order, 145, 146; afn/ka not in. 109; case endings in. 87, 90,93, 154; definite article in, 97 n. 3, 106 and n. 1 ; diphthongs in, 139141 ; liaiti.wh in. ()9 n. 3; jii'.iiKih in, 76 n., 97 ns. 2 aud 3; maddali m, 102 ns. 1, 2 and 3; perpendicular fitfhdli in, 104; numerals

in. 144, 145; punctuation in, 147; roots in, 139, 140; hdtirin in, 86-94; inrti^IaJi in.106 ns. 1-6 ; \v(^r<ls from, in Sulu, 152-154.

Article,def.. in Aral)ic,see'"'//''.

Assimilated letters in Arabic, 76 n., 97 n. 3, 106 n. 1.

Asterisk, mark of })unctuation, 147.

Ai/((h, j)unctuation of. 147.

n,i {]>), a lunar letter, 131 ; h stems after prefixes. 70 ns. 4,6; power, 17 n.. I: transliteration. 17 n.. I. 1 \':

writing, 117, IV, V.

-ha, enclitic, 149.

BaJuiivH, l)egins epistle, 14S.

P)isavan language, l)aseofSulu. 152.

Brace, mark of punctuation, 147.

Bracket, mark of ])unctuatioii, 147.

eh. to transliterate Mrt, 8, 9.

(1ui (ch), name, 12; order in al])habet, 15; power 36, 1, 99; transliteration, 9, 1, IV; writing, 117, 118.

Compounded prefixes, 70 n. 5.

Consonants,

Arabic, ahjad order, 145 and n.; assimilated, written without jazmah, 76 n., 97 n. 3, 106 n. 1; doubled with lashdldisahtii'),99and ns. 1 and 2;emphatic, 33, 35, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 54 ;redundancy of, in Sulu. 3; list of, 10; more important than vowels, 14; ma<Jdah with, 102 ns. 1, 2 and 3; of prolongation, written without jer.'7/1''^// (paial), 7() n., 97 n. 2. Sulu, list of, 12 : n umber of, 11. Sulu-Arabic, names, 10. 12, I and n., 16; new, 2; order in alphabet, 15; "initial", "medial", "final"' 115; power, writing an<l transliteration, see individual names.

Da, optional enclitic. 149.

Dad (d), a solar letter, 131 ; power 44, 3, 4, 6. I:trans

154

Arabic numerals indicate sections; Roman rnimerals, tables.

Dad ((/), continued.

I,'IV, 8, 9, 54; writin<>-, 121, IV, V.

iHl (d), a solar letter, 131; d stems after prefixes, 70ns. 4, 6 ; power, 37, I; transliteration, I, IV, 8, 37, 54: writing, 119, 14, IV, V.

Danimah,ivdn\e,lS; see^^d,apan'\

Dammah tan ir in,111,S()-SS; with sabtn\ 100; with waslali,

lOG n. 0.

Dapan {danrinah, a vowel), Name,'78, III. Power, 78, 2, 5, 59, II, 11 [; waslah, pronounced as, lOG n. 4; Iran ''conforms"' to. 68. TransHteration, 77. rS^^, II,

III. Writing, 79, II; form, 79, 08 ; lengthened, 58, 59, 76, 79 ; short in JMalay, written long, 153; witli JnunzaJi, 79, II; with sabtii\ 100.

J)lnd{dh). a solar letter, 131: power, 38, 3, 4, 6, 17, I; transliteration, I, IV, 8,9, 54; writiiiii-, 119, 14. IV. V, 115.

1 )i;U'ritical signs. 74. 114; imperfectly written, 117; omitted witli xliin used as sign of s(d)tii, 100; omitted with !/a. 08, 1.30.

Di'atas, name. Si: see ''hala'as"'.

Dihairah. name. S}; see'7^^^}>aba' '.

Digraphs, used in transliterat

ing, 9.

Dlhadapan, name, 78; see '\laj)au^\

Diphthongs, 132-143, 58-61. Ap. il; with >«ibtn\ 99ns. I and 2.

Division of consonantal outline of words, 149 n. 2.

Dots, under consonants in transliteration, 9; see "diacritical signs".

Doul)led consonants, see >t(d>fii'.

Dutch language, words from, in Sulu,"l52.

iJiiira dVatas, see ^'failudi tan

irhi' \ Dkii'ii dih(tha(i-((]t, see "Ica^rah

(((iiirin'". Duiva dlliadapan, see ''(Jatnniali

tan.II'in ".

E vowel sound. 2. 5. II. 84: see 'liababa' ".

Emphatic consonants. 33, 35, 43-47, 49, 54.

Enclitics, 149; personal pronouns as, 150, 151, \l.

English language, consonants of, selected for transliteration. 8, 9: diphthongs in. 132: spelling reform in. 15(); words From, in Sulu. 152, 153.

Ivxamples ol'Sulu wi-iting, .\)k 1.

Exjicriments ni vowel comhiiia'tions, 137, 13S.

/•'(/(/■). name. 12: a lunar letter. 131 : ])owei". 5:5, 2. .'>. (>. I. 17. 52; transliteration, 52, 1. 1\'; writin-. 122. 123. 1\'. \'.

155

irdhic iiiiiiicrdls imlicfdc srcfioii.^: lioni'i.ii mimirdh^ tables.

Fdthah, name, 81; see '7ia<a'

Fafhdii, perpendicular, power and translitei-ation, 104, III; writing, 105.

Fathah tanwin, III, <S9-91; vowel j

not lengthened l)y (i1it\ J^Oj

. n., 1)1;"with sabtn'/ 10<»;|

with waslaJi, 106 n. (>. j

(i<i {y), see ''(/haiii'\ |

(jhaiii if/h), name, 12; a solar! letter, lol; prefixes end-| ing in, preserve hamzah,\ 70 ns. 4, 6; g stems after; figa, 70 ns. 4, 6; power, 40,1 2, 8, 0, I, 48; translitem-| tion, IS, 9, 1, IV; writinii". 122, IV, V. (ireek language, aft'eets English orthography, 150; (MK'lities in, 140; ''smooth hreathing" in, Ap. II.

Ila, preposition. \)vUn'v Inini'jih, 70 n. :}.

11(1 (A), a lunar letter, 1:>1; power, 57, 1; with two dots, 57 n.; used for initial haitizdh in Malay, 15o; transliteration, I, l\\0. 54: writing, 128. 120. IV, \\

fl<i {h), a lunar letter, VM; l)o\vi'r, o;-», :M. :>, 4. <'>. 1; transliteration, 1, I\', 8, 0. 54; writing, 118, 1\', A\

ff(ihah(r {hixrali. 1 vowel),

Name, 84, III.

Power, S4, 2, 5. 01, II, III;

long, formed hv two i's,

70 n. 4; vndnli pronounced

as, ]i)i') ns. :\. 5. and (>; i/ti

"conforms" to, 68. Transliteration, 8.S, OO, 11.

III. Writing, 85, II; form, CxS, 85; when lengthened, 60, 61, 7(i, 85; short final in Malay, written long, 158; with liamzah, 85, 11; with mhta\ 100. Hamzah, Name, 18.

Order in alphahet, 15. Power, 19-24, Ap. II; reappears before suffixes, 142; is consonant, 10, 19; l)cfore Sulu suffixes, 142; double, 99; difficult to detect, 24; distinct from 'ain. 47; occurs in Danish, 19; in English, 19, 21, 22; in what combinations in Sulu, 78; omitted after certain prefixes,70 ns. 4, 6; waslah is variety of, 106; weakening in Arabic and Sulu, 19, 70 n. (). 4^-ansliteration, 18. II, IOC). Writing,

In general II. (')4-78, 122. Form, ()5, 26. Followed hy patai, 67, 97. Initial, after prefixes, 70

n. 6. Xot written in English, 24. Prop for, definition, 26; only alif, tvan and y<t used as, 68. 25, 26, 58, 59, 60, 61, 65; separate necessary, 67; without, ()7, (U, 70 ns. 1 and 7, 72 n.; after maddali.

")(■)

Arabic numeraU indicate sections; Roman numerals, tables.

: I amzah, Writing, Prop for, c't'd. 102 n. 2.

Ivule for writing final. 72; after long vowel or diphthong, 70 n. 1, 72 n., 142; initial, of suffix, 113; expressed hy kaf \u Malay. 153.

Uule for writing initial, 6i); dropped after certain prefixes, 70 ns. 4, 6;expressed by ha in Malay, 153; expressed by maddah, 69 n. 4, 82, 101, 102 ; not written in Sulu, P)9 n. 2, 79, 82, 85; not written in Arabic, 69 n. 3, 106 n. 2.

liule for writing medial, 70; after prefixed prepositions, 70 n. 3; after verbal, nominal and adjectival prefixes, 70 ns. 4, 6; between long vowels or long vowel and diphthong, 70 n. 1, 73 n. 1; expressed by maddaJi, 101; not written in Sulu, (•)9 n. 1, 97 n. 1. Ildld'a^ {fathaJi, a vowel).

Name, 81,' III.

Power, 81, 2, 5, 27, II. Uf; iradah pronounced as. 106 n. 5; rnJi/""conforms"to, ()S.

'Ti-ansliteration, 80. 25, II, III.

Writing, 82, II; form. 82, ()8; wlien lengthened, 27, 76); lengthened bv niadddh, S2, 102 and n." 1; short, written long in Malay, 1 '^'-V,

with hamzalL, S'2, Ti;with sahfa'', 100; prefixes ending in, preserve hamzah. 70 ns. 4, 6. Hi-, prefixed particle, before

hamzah, 70 n. 3. Hi-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4-(). Hindustani language, words

from, in Sulu, 152. Hyphen, in repeated words. lOS. 7 vowel, see ''Jadxiba' ''. -/', imp. suffix, 142. -i-, verl)al infix, 70 ns. 4-6. -iiu-, verbal infix. 70 ns. 4, 6. India, Arabic numerals taken

from. 144.

Infixes, not part of stem, 109:

not repeated l)y arighL

112; writing of, 70 ns. 4-(».

-///-. infix, see "-/-''.

Jdz III ah {>^h]cii.ii), iVcXme. 96; sec

''pataV\ Jim (j), a lunar letter. 1:51 : power, 32, 17, I, A[). 1: doubled, 99; transliteration, 32. I. \\\ writinu'. 118. [V, V. K(i-. verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4-6. -ha, enclitic, 149. Kaf (k), a lunar letter, 131; /• stems after77f/r^ 70 ns. 4. 6; ])ower, 17 n., I; transliteration,! 7 11.. S. 0. 1. 54, I\^: writing. 121. I\'. V. k'lifilr), a lunar lettei-. 131; |)()wer, 55, 3, 1, 6, 1; transliteration, 54. S, 0, I, LV: writing 122. 123. IV, V; used foi- tlnal hamiah in Malay, 153. I\aii, preposition, 150. \'I.

i;

)<

Amine niiDicrah ni'licnlc .^fclious: llumdu. iminends, tables.

fCasrah,name,84; sec' 7<a//<(/>a'''.

Kasrah tanwin, 111, 1)2-94; witli mhtu\ 100; witli ivadah, IOC) n. 0.

AV^'^ {B), a lunar letter, \\\\\ power, 35, 3, 4, (>, I; transliteration, 8, 0, 1, 54, IV; writing, 118, IV, V.

Ijini (/), a solar letter, 131; power, I; power in Arabic def. art., 5(3, 97 n. 3, 100 n. 1; transliteration 1, IV; transliteration in Arabic def. art., 56; writing, 125, 63, IV, V, 116; writing in Arabic def. art., 97 n. 3, 106 n. 1.

Lamalif (/; la), power, 63. I; transliteration, 62, I, IV: Avriting, 116, 106 n. 1. IV.

Letters of prolongation, see alij] trail, and ]/a.

Lunar letters, 131. KHiand h.l.

MadJah, Name, 102.

Power and writing. 102 and ns., 103, n. III; hamzal, omitted with, 69 n. 4, 82; use obligatory in few cases, 102 n.3; with abbreviations, 102 n. 3 ; with letters of prolongation followed by Jiamzah, 102 n. 2. Transliteration, 101, II, 111.

.1/-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6.

Ma-, verbal oi" adjectival prefix. 70 i is. 4-6'.

.lA/f/-, vcrl)al pi-clix. indeterminate souikI of \()wel.81; hamzah i\hv\\ 7(i ns. 4, 6.

Malay language, amjka '<h\o\)Uh\ from, 109; consonants peculiar to Malay, V; (ja :\\v\ k(if in, 124; iia, cha and ilga, adopted from, 12 ; Suhi orthography closer to that of Arabic, 155; peculiarities of orthography, 153: Komanized, 7; vowels, indeterminate in, 81; words from, in Sulu, 76, 152: foreign words in Sulu coming thru Malay, 152, 154.

J/rry/7-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6.

Man-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4-6.

.17(7,;7r/-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6.

Mati, name, 96; see ''pata,V\

Mwi{m.),a lunar letter, 131; power, 17 n., I; transliteration, 17 n., I, IV; writing. 126, IV, V.

Mil)-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4, 6.

Na, optional enclitic, 149.

S'a (fi), name, 12; order in alphabet, 15; power 31, I: transliteration, 1, IV ; writing, 117, IV, V; form, 31: nij used for, 31, 151.

A'/'.indicates beginning of sentence, 148.

Xaij-, verl)al prefix, indeterminate sound of vowel, 81 : liamzali after, 70 ns. 4, 6.

Nam-, verbal prefix,70 ns. 4, 6.

Nan-, verbal prefix,70 ns. 4, 6.

Nam/-, verbal pretix,70ns. 4, 6.

Nga, ligature' in numerals, 146.

Ni/a {ni/a), name, 12; order in alphabet, 15; prefixes ending in, 70 ns. 4, 6; power.

.18

Arabic numerals indicate sectiovs: Roman namerals, tables.

X'ja (fig), continued.

51, I; transliteration,50. 0, 1; writing, 122, IV, V, 117.

.V/, optional enclitic, 149.

Numerals. Arabic, taken from India, 144; (thjad used as, 145 and n.; Sulu names, from Bisayan, 152.

\iiii{n), a solar letter, KU; power, 17 n., 1; translitei-ation,17 n., 1; writing, 127, IV, V; /^//for fi, :;M, 151.

Nunnation (taiurin), 87.

() vowel sound, 2, 5; see "dapan^ '.

Orthographical sig)is, 8r3-llo; definition, 74: list of. III: names of, 12. Ill: see angko, dammah tauivln.fdihali tan win, hasrah tanvin, fathaJi perpendieulai", maddah, yatai, mhtii\ ivashdi.

( hlhography, foreign, altered in Buhl. 4, 1); foreign influence on Sulu, 15o, 15(»: of geographical names, A p. II; reform of. in Sidu. *.). 156.

I'd (p),name, 12: /> stems after prefixes, 70 ns. 4, (>; power, 51), I: transliteration. 52, I. IV: writino. 122, 12;J, IV, V.

1*0. optional enclitic, hlU.

ra-. prefixed preposition.Ixfore hamzah, 70 n. :].

1*0-, verbal prefi.x, 70 ns. 4-0,

/V/j7-, verl)al prefix. 70 ns. \-{\\

indeterminate sound oT vowel, 81.

Pan}-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4-().

Pail-, verbal prefix. 70 ns. 4, 0.

Panditas, 155.

]*ang-, verbal prefix, 70 ns. 4. 0.

Parenthesis, mark of punctuation, 147.

Paml, indicates divisions of composition, 148.

Patai {jazma/i, .^ulcnu), name, 96, III; power, 96; transliteration, 95, III; writing, 97 and ns.; not written with alif oi prolongation, 76, 82, 97 ns. 1 and 2; not written with assimilated letters in Arabic, 7(') n., 97 n. !>; not written with tr<iii and ya of prolongation in Aral)ic. 76 n., 79. 85. 97 n. 2. 141; written with//v//' and ya of diphtbongs, 141 : written with irau -dud i/a o\ prolongation, 79, 82, 85.

Period, mark oF punctuation. 147.

l^M'sian language, letter cIki. ininvented for. 'Mr, letter tJia invented f(U'.'.">1: words from, in 8ulu. 152.

Pbonetic Alpbabd. A p. 11.

Phonetics of Suhi languag*'. l-(»: of adopte<l foreign words, 0. 154; of pcrsoiinl |)ronouns. 151.

Portuguese language, woi'ds from, in Sulu. 152.

Preiixes. excluded to determine st(Mu. 109: bow written

ir,'.i

Arabic nil lilt ral.'< i ml Irdff' .s(r//o//.s; liouKUi iinincnils, tables.

Prefixes, continued.

before hamzali, 70 ns. 3, 4, 6; list of, 70 ns. o-(»; not repeated by aiigbi, 112.

1'repositions,//a-and^^a-, writing of before liamzali, 70 n. )>; k(U>, with personal pi"onouns, 150, IV; ni, optional enclitic, 149.

I'riiiting, of jini gronp, ILS; of (ligrai)lis, 0; of works in 8ulu-Arabic characters, Ap.I.

i'rolongation, letters of, see alij\ iiuiii, ya.

Pronouns, personal, enlitic forms of, VI, 149-151; of Bisayan origin, 152.

Pronunciation, basis of transliteration, 0, 8, 9; of Arabic consonants, '>. 4, (>, 8, 9: of doubled consonants, 91); of final vowels in personal pronouns, 151 ; of nenEnglish terms, 70: see "power'" under names of consonants and vowels.

Vvops oUutiiiziih, definition. 2(): see hanii'f'h, <dif, inin, i/a.

Publications, ))rinted in Sulu. Ap. 1.

Punctuation, signs ot, 147, 148,

fj, used in transliterating/v//', .S.

9, 54.

/l'i[ r),i\ solar iettei", P)l; j)o\ver, )^)9. T; '/(// pronounccMl as, .')7; transliteration. 1. IV; writiiiii, 119. II, I\', V. 115.

lv('(hi})lication. excluded to determine stem, 109; not repeated by (ulf/hi. 112.

Repetitions, excluded to determine stem, 109; iingka in; dicates. 109-113.

IJomanized Sulu, difficulties of. ! 1; })rinciples to be followed

in. 7, 8, 9, 50, 54; changes j for [)o])ular use, 143; pho

etic alphabet, Ap. II. |-.sv/, enclitic, 149.

llSdhtii' {(a xJi did, .^// h hi ah), I Name, 99.

I Power, 99, 111; required with I consonants following assi

! milated letter,76 n., 97 n.3,

106 n. 1; with dissylabic stems, 99 n. 3; with enclitics, 149; with nwi/^d n. 1: with ya, 99 n. 2. Transliteration, 98. III. Writing, 100, 111. Sad («), a solar letter 131: power.

43, 3, 4, 6, I; transliteration, 1, 8, 9, 54. IV; writing, 121, IV, V.

Script, Sulu-Arabic. 10-14, 1: auxiliary signs used in, 74, 111; examples of. Ap..l: how best written. Ill: method of treatment, 17: ))honetic inaccuracy of, 3-(»: see ' 'consonants'', ' 'orthographicrd signs", "vowels".

I^haddii i<li.iddah, name, 911: see ''sa.hfii' ".

Shiddah {shaddn), name. 911: see .'(ahfii'.

^Shi,i (.^h), -A solar letter. l:')l: power, 42, 3. 4. (>, 17, 1 : transliteration. 1. I\', 8, li.

I GO

Arabic numerals indicate sections; Roman nnmerals, tables.

SJiin, continued.

54; writing, 120,117,IV,V.

Signs in Sulu-Arabic script, see "diacritical signs", ortliograpliical signs'', vowels".

Sin {s), a solar letter, 131; -s stems after prefixes, 70 n. 4, B; power, 41, I; transliteration I, 54, IV; writing, 120, IV, V.

Solar letters, 131, 07 n. 3, 106 and n. 1.

Sounds, see names of consonants and vo\vels.

Space, used to transliterate Lvaslah, 106.

Spanish language, words from, in Sulu, 152.

Spelling, see "ortbograpliy".

Stem, definition, 109; «%k/, repeats, 110-113; ha reappears at end of, 57; hamzah, reappears at end of, 142; prefixes modify, 70 n. 4, 6; sabtii' in dissylabic, 99, n. 3.

Suffixes, anghi l)efore, 113; ha reappears before, 57; hamzah reappears ))efore, 142.

Siitiin (jazmdli). name, 96; see pafdi.

Sulu language, alpbabet of. 1 1. 12, I; Arabic words in. 4, 9, 152. 154; foreign words in. 152; orthograpby, close to Arabic, 155: Bisayan. base of, 152: hamzah weakening in. 19; orthographic reform in, 9, 156; phonetics of, 1-9, A p. 1; writing. A [). . 1

Sulu-Arabic script; see "script. Sulu-Arabic".

Syllables, words of one or more. Avith angka, 110; words of two, with mbti(\ 99 n. 3.

Ta (0, a solar letter, 131; / stems after prefixes, 70 ns. 4, 6; power,29, I; transliteration, I, 8, 9, 54, IV; WTiting, IV, V, 117.

T<i (f), a solar letter, 131; power, 45, 3. 4, 6, I; transliteration, 1, cS. 9, 54, IV; writing, 121. IV, V.

-fa, enclitic, 149.

Ta-, nominal prefix,70 ns. 4. ().

Ta(/-, nominal prefix, 70 ns. 4. 6; indeterminate sound of vowel, 81.

T( u/a -, n ominal prefi x, 70 ns. 4,6.

Tlai [fh), a solar letter, 131; power, 30, 3, 4, 6, I, 17; transliteration, I, 8, 9, 54, IV; writing. 117, IV. V.

Tagalo language, grave accent in, 18; words from, in Sulu, 152.

Tumiaat, indicates o\\i\ of composition, 148.

Taiiiriii, nanu'. 87; sec (lainnnih laiiirlii. fathdh fdiin'iii. hisraJi tail II-1)1.

TaMid (shlildah). name. 99; see sabtn''.

Transliteration. 1-9. ')\: eonsonants omitted in. 143; see under names of consonants, vov.'cls. and oilho

, gi'apbieal signs.

(•)1

Anihh' itn.nici'iiJs iihlirair xrc/zo/zx; lloiuan uHiiHrnh, tnhle><.

Turkish language, (liiici-iticnl

signs in, 74. /' \"<)\vol, see "dapitii". -iiiii-, infix, 70 ns. 4. (>. riuh^rlinc, used to indicjitc

tligniphs. 1).

\'()\vel.s,

Xamesof, 10, 12, 78, SI, 84.

Power, n, 78, 81, 84; excessive number of sounds in Sulu. :>; long, rareinSulu, loo; "long" and "'short" defined, 75; jnodilied by cmphatie eonsonants, 88; in Sulu. 2, 5; related to iilij\ (ran, and i/a, ()8; "'vowel" stems, 70 n. 4; see "dap(tn'\ ^ hohaha' ", "hatcCtix".

Transliteration, M, 111, 2."), 58, 60, 77, 80, 88.

AVriting, 79, 82, ^?), 74, 14, EI, III; expressed in diphthongs by wan and //«, 189-141; final, in personal pronouns, 151; possible groupings of, 188; long, 27, 59, 61, 76; long in personal pronouns, 150, VI; not written in Arabie, 14;in Malay, 14,158 ;signs, II, III; derived from related eonsonants, 68. 11 ^adah, j)ower, 106 ns. 1 -6, III;

transliteration. 106, III;

writing, 107. Waa (w), Classed as "weak" letter, 59.

61. ■"Conforms" to dapan, 68.

Lunar letter, 131.

Powr-r, 59, [I, 68, 76, 78; with i<(ibf>i\ 99 n. I ; in diphthongs, 182-142.

Transliteration, 58,1, II, 1\'; in diphthongs, 182-148.

Writing, 129, II, IV, V; unconnected, 14, 115; with niaddah, 102 n. 2; without iazriHth ipatai) in Arabic. 76 n.. 79, 97 n. 2, 141. M'cak lettei-s, see alif, van and

Writing,Sulu, specimens, Aj). 1.

Classed as "weak" letter. (»1, 59.

"'Conforms" to hahaba', 68.

Lunar letter, 181.

Power, 71,59,11, 68,76,84; after infix -1-, 70 ns. 4, 6; in diphthongs, 132-142; with mbtu\ 99 n. 2.

Transliteration, 60, I, II, IV: in diphthongs, 182-148.

Writing, 117, 115, II, IV V: omits two dots, 68, 76 n.. 130; with maddah, 102 n. 2; without ^"«;i7iiirt/? (patai) in Arabic, 76 n.,79. 85. 97 n. 2, 141. Za (z), a solar letter, 181; powei-. 46, 8, 4, 6, I; transliteration. I, 8, 9, 54, IV: writing, 121, IV, V. Zni ('.), a solar letter, 181; name, 40 n.; power, 40, 8, 4,6, I, 17 ; transliteration, I, 8, 54, IV; writing, 119. 14, IV. V, 115.

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