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Zosterops japonicusZosterops japonicus

Mountain White-eye

Zosterops japonicus

Abstract

Mountain White-eye Zosterops japonicus has most recently been assessed for The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2019. Zosterops japonicus is listed as Least Concern.


The Red list Assessmenti

Last assessed

02 August 2019

Scope of assessment

Global

Population trend

Unknown

Number of mature individuals

U

Population in detail

Habitat and ecology

Forest, Shrubland, Artificial/Terrestrial

Habitat and ecology in detail

Geographic range

+−
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  • Extant (resident)

  • Extant (breeding)

  • Extant & Introduced (resident)

BirdLife International and Handbook of the Birds of the World (2019) 2019. Zosterops japonicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2
Geographic range in detail

Taxonomy

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Aves

Order

Passeriformes

Family

Zosteropidae

Genus

Zosterops

Scientific name

Zosterops japonicus

Authority

Temminck & Schlegel, 1845

Synonyms

Zosterops japonicus Temminck &amp; Schlegel, 1845 <i>pro parte</i>

Zosterops montanus Bonaparte, 1850

Common names

English

Mountain White-eye, Japanese White-eye

Taxonomic sources

Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International. 2019. Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 4. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v4_Dec19.zip.

Round, P. D., Manawattana, S., Khudamrongsawat, J., Thunhikorn, S., Safoowong, M., & Bhummakasikara, T. 2017. Disentangling avian diversity: South-East Asian mainland Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus constitutes two distinct lineages. Forktail 33: 103-115.

Lim, B.T., Sadanandan, K.R., Dingle, C., Leung, Y.Y., Prawiradilaga, D.M., Irham, M., Ashari, H., Lee, J.G. & Rheindt, F.E. 2019. Molecular evidence suggests radical revision of species limits in the great speciator white-eye genus Zosterops. Journal of Ornithology 160(1): 1-16.

Identification Information

Taxonomic notes

Zosterops japonicus has been split into Z. japonicus and Z. simplex, and Z. montanus has been lumped with the resulting Z. japonicus following detailed work on genetics, morphology and vocalisations (Round et al. 2017, Lim et al. 2019).

Subspecies Z. j. hainanus has been transferred to Z. simplex (Handbook of the Birds of the World 2019, Lim et al. 2019). 

Assessment Information

IUCN Red List Category and Criteria

Least Concern 

ver 3.1

Date assessed

02 August 2019

Year published

2019

Year last seen

Previously published Red List assessments

    Regional assessments

      Assessor(s)

      BirdLife International

      Reviewer(s)

      Hermes, C.

      Contributor(s)

      Facilitator(s) / Compiler(s)

      Elliott, N., Harding, M. & Martin, R.

      Partner(s) / Institution(s)

      Authority / Authorities

      IUCN SSC Bird Red List Authority (BirdLife International)

      Justification

      This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). The population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size has not been quantified, but is not believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern.

      Geographic Range

      Native

      Extant (resident)

      Indonesia; Japan; Korea, Republic of; Philippines; Timor-Leste

      Number of locations

      Upper elevation limit

      2,660 metres

      Lower elevation limit

      Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²)

      Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO)

      Unknown

      Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO)

      No

      Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²)

      15100000

      Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO)

      Unknown

      Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO)

      No

      Continuing decline in number of locations

      Unknown

      Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations

      No

      Range Description

      This species has a large range. The subspecies whiteheadi, halconensis, parkesi, pectoralis, diutiae and volcani are present in the Phillipines (van Balen 2019a). Subspecies obstinatus, dificilis and montanus are present in Indonesia; montanus is also present in Timor-Leste (van Balen 2019b). Subspecies japonicus, insularis, loochooensis, daitoensis, stejnegeri and alani are present in Japan; japonicus is also present in the southern part of South Korea (van Balen 2019a).

      Population

      Current population trend

      Unknown

      Number of mature individuals

      U

      Population severely fragmented

      No

      Continuing decline of mature individuals

      Unknown

      Extreme fluctuations

      No

      No. of subpopulations

      Continuing decline in subpopulations

      Unknown

      Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations

      No

      All individuals in one subpopulation

      No

      No. of individuals in largest subpopulation

      Description

      No population estimate has been made, however the species is the result of merging two species that were common in much of their range and so it is likely to have a very large global population.

      Trend Justification: The population trend of this species is unknown, however it is not thought to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly for the species to be threatened.

      Habitat and Ecology

      System

      Habitat type

      Forest, Shrubland, Artificial/Terrestrial

      Generation length (years)

      Congregatory

      Movement patterns

      Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat

      Unknown

      Habitat and Ecology

      There are 15 subspecies within the Mountain White-eye (Zosterops japonicus). These are: whiteheadi, halconensis, parkesi, pectoralis, diutiae, volcani, difficilis, montanus, obstinatus, japonicus, insularis, loochooensis, daitoensis, stejnegeri and alani.
      The subspecies whiteheadi, halconensis, parkesi, pectoralis, diutiae, volcani, difficilis, montanus and obstinatus usually occupy primary montane or moss forest, as well as ericaceous shrubs, forest edge, secondary growth, and in isolated bushes almost up to barren mountain summits, or as high as the fumes, fires and eruptions of volcanoes permit vegetation to approach. On Timor, Java and Luzon islands they also occupy casuarina (Casuarina) stands and pine (Pinus) forests. On Sumbawa island, they can be found in dodonaea shrubs, and on Flores island, in wooded cultivation. These subspecies are generally found no lower than 500 m, generally above 900–1,200 m; above 1,000 m in Philippines, 2,200–3,100 m in Sumatra, 1,600–3,300 m in Java, 1,500–3,500 m (occasionally down to 900 m) on Sulawesi; fairly common between 1,000 m and 1,300 m, common above 1,000 m to at least 2,300 m on Sumbawa, scarce at 2,300 m on Seram. The lowest mountain on Java on which it is known to occur is Mt Papandayan (2,660 m) (van Balen 2019a).
      The subspecies japonicus, insularis, loochooensis, daitoensis, stejnegeri and alani occupy deciduous or mixed forests, thickets, open woodland, secondary growth, and also cultivated areas (e.g. urban parks, gardens, farmlands, groves, orchards). They can be found in tall forest trees in winter. They mostly breed in lowlands, but occur up to c. 1,000 m (van Balen 2019b).

      Classification scheme

      HabitatsSeasonSuitabilityMajor importance
      1. Forest1.4. Forest - TemperateResidentSuitableNo
      1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist LowlandResidentSuitableNo
      1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneResidentSuitableNo
      3. Shrubland3.6. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical MoistResidentSuitableNo
      3.7. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical High AltitudeResidentSuitableNo
      14. Artificial/Terrestrial14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - PlantationsResidentSuitableNo
      14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural GardensResidentSuitableNo

      Threats

      Biological resource use

      • Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals

      Threats

      This species may be being trapped for the cage-bird trade.

      Classification scheme

      ThreatsTimingStressesScopeSeverityInvasive speciesVirus
      5. Biological resource use5.1. Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals5.1.1. Intentional use (species is the target)Ongoing
      2. Species Stresses2.1. Species mortality
      		Minority (<50%)No decline

      Use and Trade

      Pets/display animals, horticulture

      Local: ✘
      National: ✘
      International: ✔

      Use and Trade

      This species may be being trapped for the pet trade.

      Conservation Actions

      Conservation Actions

      Conservation actions classification scheme

      Conservation Actions NeededNotes

      Research classification scheme

      Research NeededNotes

      Bibliography

      Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International. 2019. Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 4. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v4_Dec19.zip.

      IUCN. 2019. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 10 December 2019).

      Lim, B.T., Sadanandan, K.R., Dingle, C., Leung, Y.Y., Prawiradilaga, D.M., Irham, M., Ashari, H., Lee, J.G. & Rheindt, F.E. 2019. Molecular evidence suggests radical revision of species limits in the great speciator white-eye genus Zosterops. Journal of Ornithology 160(1): 1-16.

      Round, P. D., Manawattana, S., Khudamrongsawat, J., Thunhikorn, S., Safoowong, M., & Bhummakasikara, T. 2017. Disentangling avian diversity: South-East Asian mainland Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus constitutes two distinct lineages. Forktail 33: 103-115.

      van Balen, B. 2019. Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonicus). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona. Available at: https://www.hbw.com/node/60161. (Accessed: 22 May 2019).

      van Balen, B. 2019. Mountain White-eye (Zosterops montanus). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona. Available at: https://www.hbw.com/node/60173. (Accessed: 2 August 2019).

      External Data

      Images and External Links

      iNaturalist.org observations

      Search sites for species

      GooglePicSearchCalPhotosFishBaseBirdLife InternationalNatureServe ExplorerGBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility Encyclopedia of LifeCatalogue of Life (Species2000)

      CITES Legislation from Species+

      Data Source

      The information below is from the Species+ website.

      Studies and Actions from Conservation Evidence

      Data Source

      The information below is from the Conservation Evidence website.

      Search terms: "Zosterops japonicus", "Zosteropidae"

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