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Pond loach

Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Abstract

Pond loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus has most recently been assessed for The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2011. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is listed as Least Concern.


The Red list Assessmenti

Last assessed

20 September 2011

Scope of assessment

Global

Population trend

Unknown

Number of mature individuals

Population in detail

Habitat and ecology

Wetlands (inland), Artificial/Aquatic & Marine

Habitat and ecology in detail

Geographic range

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Distribution data is not mapped for this species.
Geographic range in detail

Taxonomy

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Actinopterygii

Order

Cypriniformes

Family

Cobitidae

Genus

Misgurnus

Scientific name

Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Authority

(Cantor, 1842)

Synonyms

Common names

English

Pond loach, Dojo loach, Weather loach

Taxonomic sources

Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W.N. and Van der Laan, R. (eds). 2019. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: genera, species, references. Updated 05 August 2019. Available at: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.

Identification Information

Taxonomic notes

Large morphological interpopulation variability and differences in chromosome numbers suggest that several species may be confused under the name M. anguillicaudatus. Some populations from Viet Nam earlier identified as this species are in fact M. multimaculatus and M. tonkinensis.

Assessment Information

IUCN Red List Category and Criteria

Least Concern 

ver 3.1

Date assessed

20 September 2011

Year published

2012

Annotations

Needs updating

Year last seen

Previously published Red List assessments

    Regional assessments

      Assessor(s)

      Zhao, H.

      Reviewer(s)

      Kottelat, M. & Smith, K.

      Contributor(s)

      Allen, D.

      Facilitator(s) / Compiler(s)

      Partner(s) / Institution(s)

      Authority / Authorities

      Justification

      A widespread species that has been very widely introduced. Although there is some evidence that the species has declined in parts of the species' native range, the species is considered Least Concern at present.

      Geographic Range

      Native

      Extant (resident)

      China (Tianjin, Henan, Guangxi, Beijing, Heilongjiang, Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hunan, Shandong, Guangdong, Jilin, Liaoning); Hong Kong; Japan; Korea, Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Russian Federation (Sakhalin, Amur); Spain; Taiwan, Province of China (Taiwan, Province of China (main island)); Viet Nam

      Extant & Introduced (resident)

      Australia; Cambodia; Canada; Germany; Italy (Italy (mainland)); Kazakhstan; Philippines; Spain (Spain (mainland)); Thailand; Turkmenistan; United States; Uzbekistan

      Extant & Origin Uncertain (resident)

      Lao People's Democratic Republic

      Presence Uncertain & Origin Uncertain

      Myanmar

      Number of locations

      Upper depth limit

      Lower depth limit

      Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²)

      Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO)

      Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO)

      Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²)

      Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO)

      Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO)

      Continuing decline in number of locations

      Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations

      Range Description

      The species is known from eastern Asia, from eastern Russia (Siberia (Tugur and Amur drainages) and Sakhalin), Korea, Japan, and eastern China south to northern Viet Nam (to the Ma River; Masuda et al. 1984, Zheng 1989) and Lao PDR (native in the Nam Ma basin, also present in the Nam Theun of the Mekong basin but is probably introduced there; Kottelat 2001, M. Kottelat pers. comm. 2011).

      It has been very widely introduced through the ornamental fish trade, and as a food and a live angling bait fish; Germany (Rhine), Italy (Ticino, north of Milan), Spain, the Aral Sea basin, North America (widely introduced on the eastern and western coasts of USA), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, the Philippines, Australia and Hawaii (as a foodfish by immigrants).

      Population

      Current population trend

      Unknown

      Number of mature individuals

      Population severely fragmented

      No

      Continuing decline of mature individuals

      Extreme fluctuations

      No. of subpopulations

      Continuing decline in subpopulations

      Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations

      All individuals in one subpopulation

      No. of individuals in largest subpopulation

      Description

      Populations are have declined in parts of the species natural range (China and Japan; Kano et al. 2010, Qin et al. 2010) as a result of ecosystem loss and degradation.

      Habitat and Ecology

      System

      Habitat type

      Wetlands (inland), Artificial/Aquatic & Marine

      Generation length (years)

      Congregatory

      Movement patterns

      Not a Migrant

      Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat

      Habitat and Ecology

      Found in still or gently flowing rivers, lakes and ponds with muddy bottoms. The species is widely associated with agricultural landscapes especially rice fields and field ditches (Kano et al. 2010, Qin et al. 2010). Feeds on small aquatic organisms and can breathe air to supplement oxygen in oxygen-depleted waters.

      Classification scheme

      HabitatsSeasonSuitabilityMajor importance
      5. Wetlands (inland)5.1. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)-SuitableYes
      5.2. Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks-SuitableNo
      5.5. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)-SuitableNo
      5.7. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)-SuitableNo
      15. Artificial/Aquatic & Marine15.7. Artificial/Aquatic - Irrigated Land (includes irrigation channels)-SuitableNo
      15.9. Artificial/Aquatic - Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches-SuitableNo

      Threats

      Natural system modifications

      • Other ecosystem modifications

      Pollution

      • Agricultural & forestry effluents

      Threats

      Kano et al. (2010) record that the species has been impacted by agricultural intensification, especially the use of agrochemicals, and the species has declined in parts of China as a result of ecosystem degradation (Qin et al. 2010). The species global population is expanding through introductions, and is not through to be threatened.

      Classification scheme

      ThreatsTimingStressesScopeSeverityInvasive speciesVirus
      7. Natural system modifications7.3. Other ecosystem modificationsOngoing
      1. Ecosystem stresses1.1. Ecosystem conversion
      1.2. Ecosystem degradation
      		Minority (<50%)Slow, Significant Declines
      9. Pollution9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents9.3.3. Herbicides and pesticidesOngoing
      1. Ecosystem stresses1.2. Ecosystem degradation
      		Minority (<50%)Slow, Significant Declines

      Use and Trade

      Establishing ex-situ production *

      Local: ✘
      National: ✘
      International: ✘

      Medicine - human & veterinary

      Local: ✔
      National: ✔
      International: ✘

      Pets/display animals, horticulture

      Local: ✘
      National: ✔
      International: ✔

      Food - human

      Local: ✔
      National: ✘
      International: ✘

      Use and Trade

      Commonly used by anglers as live bait and also found in the aquarium trade. The species can be found in large quantities in markets, and it is also cultivated (M. Kottelat pers. comm. 2011). Utilised in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of a range illnesses including  hepatitis, carbuncles, inflammations and cancers (Qin et al. 2010), and production is high (hence the need for cultivation) in China and Korea.

      Conservation Actions

      Conservation Actions

      Research is required into the species natural and introduced ranges, the causes of population declines, and the taxonomic status of populations.

      Conservation actions classification scheme

      Conservation Actions NeededNotes

      Research classification scheme

      Research NeededNotes
      1. Research1.1. Taxonomy
      1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
      1.5. Threats

      Bibliography

      IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2012.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 19 June 2012).

      Kano, Y., Kawaguchi, Y., Yamashita, T., and Shimatani, Y. 2010. Distribution of the oriental weatherloach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, in paddy fields and its implications for conservation in Sado Island, Japan. Ichthyological Research 57(2): 180-188.

      Kottelat, M. 2001. Fishes of Laos. WHT Publications Ltd., Colombo 5, Sri Lanka.

      Masuda, H., Amaoka, K., Araga, C., Uyeno, T. and Yoshino, T. 1984. The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan.

      Qin, C.G., Huang, K.X., and Xu, H.B. 2010. Protective effect of polysaccharides from the loach on the in vitro and in vivo peroxidative damage of hepatocyte. Journal of Nutrirional Biochemistry 15: 592-597.

      Zheng, C.-Y. 1989. Fishes of the Zhujiang river. Science Press, Beijing.

      External Data

      Images and External Links

      iNaturalist.org observations

      Search sites for species

      GooglePicSearchCalPhotosFishBaseNatureServe ExplorerGBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility Encyclopedia of LifeCatalogue of Life (Species2000)

      CITES Legislation from Species+

      Data Source

      The information below is from the Species+ website.

      Studies and Actions from Conservation Evidence

      Data Source

      The information below is from the Conservation Evidence website.

      Search terms: "Misgurnus anguillicaudatus", "Cobitidae"

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