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Izu Thrush

Turdus celaenops

Abstract

Izu Thrush Turdus celaenops has most recently been assessed for The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2018. Turdus celaenops is listed as Vulnerable under criteria A2ce+3ce+4ce; C1.


The Red list Assessmenti

Last assessed

09 August 2018

Scope of assessment

Global

Population trend

Decreasing

Number of mature individuals

2500-9999

Population in detail

Habitat and ecology

Forest, Artificial/Terrestrial

Habitat and ecology in detail

Geographic range

+−
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  • Extant (resident)

  • Extant (non-breeding)

BirdLife International and Handbook of the Birds of the World (2018) 2018. Turdus celaenops. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2
Geographic range in detail

Taxonomy

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Aves

Order

Passeriformes

Family

Turdidae

Genus

Turdus

Scientific name

Turdus celaenops

Authority

Stejneger, 1887

Synonyms

Common names

English

Izu Thrush

Taxonomic sources

del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A., Fishpool, L.D.C., Boesman, P. and Kirwan, G.M. 2016. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: Passerines. Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.

Identification Information

23 cm. Medium-sized, strikingly patterned thrush. Male has black head and upper breast, rich orange-red breast, flanks and white centre of belly. Dark brown upperparts. Female has rich brown head and white throat with black streaks. Similar spp. Brown Thrush T. chrysolaus male has olive-brown head with darker throat and orange-red top of breast. Female has indistinct pale supercilium and pale throat streaked brown.

Taxonomic notes

Assessment Information

IUCN Red List Category and Criteria

Vulnerable A2ce+3ce+4ce; C1

ver 3.1

Date assessed

09 August 2018

Year published

2018

Year last seen

Previously published Red List assessments

Regional assessments

    Assessor(s)

    BirdLife International

    Reviewer(s)

    Wheatley, H.

    Contributor(s)

    Yamamoto, Y.

    Facilitator(s) / Compiler(s)

    Benstead, P., Derhé, M., Gilroy, J., Khwaja, N. & North, A.

    Partner(s) / Institution(s)

    Authority / Authorities

    IUCN SSC Bird Red List Authority (BirdLife International)

    Justification

    This thrush has a small, rapidly declining population as a result of high levels of nest-predation by introduced species, probably compounded by habitat loss. It therefore qualifies as Vulnerable.

    Geographic Range

    Native

    Extant (resident)

    Japan

    Number of locations

    11-100

    Upper elevation limit

    Lower elevation limit

    Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²)

    Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO)

    Unknown

    Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO)

    No

    Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²)

    256000

    Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO)

    Unknown

    Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO)

    No

    Continuing decline in number of locations

    Unknown

    Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations

    No

    Range Description

    Turdus celaenops is endemic to Japan. The majority of the population is resident on the Izu Islands between Oshima and Aogashima, but a few birds move to adjacent parts of Honshu and the Shikoku Islands during winter. There are also small numbers on the islands of Yaku-shima and Tokara in the northern Nansei Shoto Islands. Given that the total area of the Izu Islands is only c.300 km2, it is unlikely that the population ever exceeded more than a few thousand individuals and it is now declining rapidly.


    Population

    Current population trend

    Decreasing

    Number of mature individuals

    2500-9999

    Population severely fragmented

    No

    Continuing decline of mature individuals

    Yes

    Extreme fluctuations

    No

    No. of subpopulations

    2-100

    Continuing decline in subpopulations

    Unknown

    Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations

    No

    All individuals in one subpopulation

    No

    No. of individuals in largest subpopulation

    1001-8900

    Description

    The global population is estimated to be in the band c.2,500-9,999 mature individuals (BirdLife International 2001), equivalent to 3,750-14,999 individuals, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals. The population in Japan has been estimated at c.100-10,000 breeding pairs (Brazil 2009).

    Trend Justification: On islands affected most heavily by introduced predators, population declines have been rapid; for example surveys on Miyake-jima showed declines from 24.4, 23.4 and 33.3 individuals per km in 1978-1980, to 6.7 and 11.1 individuals per km in 1990-1991. These results suggest a rapid decline is likely to be occurring across the population.

    Habitat and Ecology

    System

    Habitat type

    Forest, Artificial/Terrestrial

    Generation length (years)

    6.1 years

    Congregatory

    Movement patterns

    Not a Migrant

    Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat

    Yes

    Habitat and Ecology

    It inhabits deciduous woodlands with a well developed canopy and sparse shrub layer, avoiding understoreys with bamboo. On Yaku-shima, it occurs in mixed juniper-rhododendron forest. It also feeds outside forest along roadsides, in ploughed fields and undisturbed gardens, foraging for fruit, seeds and, in summer, mainly invertebrates.


    Classification scheme

    HabitatsSeasonSuitabilityMajor importance
    1. Forest1.4. Forest - TemperateresidentSuitableYes
    14. Artificial/Terrestrial14.1. Artificial/Terrestrial - Arable Landnon-breedingSuitableNo
    14.4. Artificial/Terrestrial - Rural Gardensnon-breedingSuitableNo

    Threats

    Residential & commercial development

    • Tourism & recreation areas

    Agriculture & aquaculture

    • Wood & pulp plantations

    Transportation & service corridors

    • Roads & railroads

    Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases

    • Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases
    • Problematic native species/diseases

    Geological events

    • Volcanoes

    Threats

    Nest-predation by Siberian weasels Mustela sibirica, Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos and domestic cats is the main threat. Its population on Miyake-jima declined rapidly following the introduction of Siberian weasels in the 1970s. The population of Large-billed Crow on Mikake-jima and the other Izu Islands has increased as a result of the dumping of raw garbage. During a survey on Miyake-jima in 1992, a total of 22 nests were found containing eggs, all of which hatched, but all nestlings were subsequently predated. The effects of predation are likely to have been compounded by habitat loss, associated with timber production, tourist developments and road construction. Volcanic eruptions on Miyake-jima in 2000 had a negative effect on the population on that island (Y. Yamamoto in litt. 2012).

    Classification scheme

    ThreatsTimingStressesScopeSeverityInvasive speciesVirus
    1. Residential & commercial development1.3. Tourism & recreation areasOngoing
    1. Ecosystem stresses1.1. Ecosystem conversion
    1.2. Ecosystem degradation
    		Minority (<50%)Slow, Significant Declines
    2. Agriculture & aquaculture2.2. Wood & pulp plantations2.2.2. Agro-industry plantationsOngoing
    1. Ecosystem stresses1.1. Ecosystem conversion
    1.2. Ecosystem degradation
    		Minority (<50%)Slow, Significant Declines
    4. Transportation & service corridors4.1. Roads & railroadsOngoing
    1. Ecosystem stresses1.1. Ecosystem conversion
    1.2. Ecosystem degradation
    		Minority (<50%)Slow, Significant Declines
    8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases8.1.2. Named speciesOngoing
    2. Species Stresses2.1. Species mortality
    2.3. Indirect species effects2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
    		Minority (<50%)Rapid DeclinesFelis catus
    8.2. Problematic native species/diseases8.2.2. Named speciesOngoing
    2. Species Stresses2.1. Species mortality
    2.3. Indirect species effects2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success
    		Majority (50-90%)Rapid DeclinesCorvus macrorhynchos_old
    10. Geological events10.1. VolcanoesOngoing
    1. Ecosystem stresses1.1. Ecosystem conversion
    1.2. Ecosystem degradation
    		Majority (50-90%)Rapid Declines

    Use and Trade

    Use and Trade

    Conservation Actions

    In-place research and monitoring

    • Action Recovery Plan : No
    • Systematic monitoring scheme : No

    In-place land/water protection

    • Conservation sites identified : Yes, over entire range
    • Occurs in at least one protected area : Yes
    • Invasive species control or prevention : No

    In-place species management

    • Successfully reintroduced or introduced benignly : No
    • Subject to ex-situ conservation : No

    In-place education

    • Subject to recent education and awareness programmes : Yes
    • Included in international legislation : No
    • Subject to any international management / trade controls : No

    Conservation Actions

    Conservation Actions Underway
    It is legally protected in Japan. The entire Izu Archipelago has been designated as a national park and several important sites as Special Protected Areas. There is a small sanctuary on Miyake-jima. A recent awareness campaign has been carried out (Y. Yamamoto in litt. 2012).

    Conservation Actions Proposed
    Research its ecology, especially the migratory movements of the Tokara Islands population. Maintain and enhance areas of suitable forest and woodland on the Izu Islands. Plan new development on the Izu Islands to minimise their negative effects on the habitats of this and other endemic species. Strengthen the infrastructure and human resources of the national park on the Izu Islands to improve enforcement of habitat conservation measures. Control predators, particularly Siberian weasel and Large-billed Crow. Instigate new controls on the dumping of garbage to reduce the numbers of Large-billed Crow.

    Conservation actions classification scheme

    Conservation Actions NeededNotes
    1. Land/water protection1.1. Site/area protectionPlan new development on the Izu islands to minimise their negative effects on the habitats of this and other endemic species. </P>
    2. Land/water management2.1. Site/area managementMaintain and enhance areas of suitable forest and woodland on the Izu Islands. </P>
    2.2. Invasive/problematic species controlControl predators, particularly Siberian Weasels and Large-billed Crows. Instigate new controls on the dumping of garbage to reduce the numbers of Large-billed Crows. </P>

    Research classification scheme

    Research NeededNotes
    1. Research1.3. Life history & ecologyResearch its ecology, especially the migratory movements of the Tokara Islands population. </P>

    Bibliography

    BirdLife International. 2001. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.

    Brazil, M. 2009. Birds of East Asia: eastern China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, eastern Russia. Christopher Helm, London.

    IUCN. 2018. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2018-2. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 15 November 2018).

    External Data

    Images and External Links

    iNaturalist.org observations

    Search sites for species

    GooglePicSearchCalPhotosFishBaseBirdLife InternationalNatureServe ExplorerGBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility Encyclopedia of LifeCatalogue of Life (Species2000)

    CITES Legislation from Species+

    Data Source

    The information below is from the Species+ website.

    Studies and Actions from Conservation Evidence

    Data Source

    The information below is from the Conservation Evidence website.

    Search terms: "Turdus celaenops", "Turdidae"

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