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Spheres Of Influence By Lloyd Gardner

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Lloyd Gardner’s book, Spheres of Influence, focuses on Roosevelt’s foreign policies, and relations with Great Britain and Russia, from 1938 to 1945. The book highlights the expansion of spheres of influence, from an empire of imperialism to hegemony, concentrating on the development and rivalrous objectives of the Allied leadership during World War II (WWII), and the need to temporarily divide Europe. According to Gardner, American involvement in WWII became necessary for the safety and future of the United Kingdom and Russia, leading to an internal war among leaders, the birth of the American way of empire, and the widespread movement of American cultural and economic power, creating new spheres of influence. Imperialism advertises exclusivity; it is the military, cultural and economic exportation of influence to other countries. Rooted in ‘American exceptionalism,’ the idea that the United States is different from other countries led by the mission to spread liberty and democracy, American imperialism creates an economy of desire, expanding its sphere of influence. The height of American imperialism supported expansion overseas, creating an American empire. In WWII, Germany bade for hegemony across Europe, and as Stalin and Churchill recognized as “a power to dominate the world.” Following WWII, the United States created hegemony, based on liberty and freedom, sustaining their economic, ideological soft-power, and spreading to countries like Cuba and the
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