Ericsson Microwave Outlook 2020

The science of calculating backhaul end-site capacity

Enhancing 5G with microwave

As 5G is switched on at an incredible pace, several transport aspects like spectrum usage, differentiated availability and the mix of fiber and microwave become more important than ever.

Report

5G Transport

This year's edition we're provides unmissable insights and trends up until 2025 in the microwave industry. With the increasing transport demands from the switch on of 5G, the report also discusses how to deal with scattered spectrum and new ways of planning with differentiated availability and multi-band booster.

Check out the key highlights from the report:

With 5G the capacity needs in urban areas will in 2025 vary from 3Gbps to 20Gbps, as operators deploy different amounts of New Radio (NR) spectrum and advanced RAN features.
By 2025, 62 percent of backhaul connections are predicted to be based on microwave globally, when excluding the fiber-dense countries China, South Korea and Japan.
With ever-increasing capacity demands it becomes more important to differentiate the availability of the backhaul. Our simulations show that availability can be relaxed in capacity-demanding services like video without negative impact on user Quality of Experience.
E-band and Multi-band booster solutions are well positioned as future-proof wireless backhaul technologies when the traffic loads increase in 5G and beyond.
A hot topic in backhaul spectrum is how we will use 6GHz in the future.

Estimated 5G capacity needs until 2025

Read now

Backhaul capacity evolution (.zip)

Latest on spectrum (.zip)

A balanced mix of fiber and microwave (.zip)

Lessons learned from long-haul use around the globe (.zip)

Resolving scattered spectrum (.zip)

The importance of differentiated availability (.zip)

Ericsson Microwave Outlook Report 2020 Webinar

Learn more from our experts where they will share insights and trends in the microwave industry until the year 2025.

Name	Provider	Purpose	Expiry	Type
BIGipServer#	Marketo	Used to distribute traffic to the website on several servers in order to optimise response times.	Session	HTTP
__cf_bm [x6]	891-blc-619.mktoweb.com Marketo Google Ericsson Vimeo	This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. This is beneficial for the website, in order to make valid reports on the use of their website.	1 day	HTTP
SESS# [x2]	app.ripplematch.com jometer.com	Preserves users states across page requests.	Session	HTTP
ak_bmsc [x2]	Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. This is beneficial for the website, in order to make valid reports on the use of their website.	1 day	HTTP
bm_sv [x2]	Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	Used in context with the website's BotManager. The BotManager detects, categorizes and compiles reports on potential bots trying to access the website.	1 day	HTTP
CookieConsent [x15]	Cookiebot	Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain	1 year	HTTP
_cs_c [x3]	t.contentsquare.net	Determines whether the visitor has accepted the cookie consent box. This ensures that the cookie consent box will not be presented again upon re-entry.	13 months	HTTP
3pm-sw-policy#state [x4]	www.ericsson.ca Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	This cookie is used to speed up content delivery on websites using Akamais adaptive acceleration feature which continuously applies performance optimizations for website load time.	Persistent	IDB
AI_buffer [x4]	Azure	Used in context with the "AI_sentBuffer" in order to limit the number of data-server-updates (Azure). This synergy also allows the website to detect any duplicate data-server-updates.	Session	HTML
AI_sentBuffer [x4]	Azure	Used in context with the "AI_buffer" in order to limit the number of data-server-updates (Azure). This synergy also allows the website to detect any duplicate data-server-updates.	Session	HTML
ai_session [x4]	Azure	Preserves users states across page requests.	1 day	HTTP
ApplicationGatewayAffinity [x4]	www.ericsson.ca Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	Registers which server-cluster is serving the visitor. This is used in context with load balancing, in order to optimize user experience.	Session	HTTP
ApplicationGatewayAffinityCORS [x4]	www.ericsson.ca Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	This cookie is used in context with load balancing - This optimizes the response rate between the visitor and the site, by distributing the traffic load on multiple network links or servers.	Session	HTTP
ARRAffinity [x4]	www.ericsson.ca Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	Used to distribute traffic to the website on several servers in order to optimise response times.	Session	HTTP
ARRAffinitySameSite [x4]	www.ericsson.ca Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	Used to distribute traffic to the website on several servers in order to optimise response times.	Session	HTTP
UserMarket [x4]	www.ericsson.ca Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	Sets the current market for the user.	1 year	HTTP
.AspNetCore.Antiforgery.# [x2]	Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	Helps prevent Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks.	Session	HTTP
.AspNetCore.Session	Ericsson	Identifies the logged in user. A unique session ID is linked to the user so that he/she is identified while navigating the website. The user is logged out when the cookie expires.	Session	HTTP
.EPiForm_BID [x2]	Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	EpiForm cookies are used to save state in a form.	3 months	HTTP
.EPiForm_VisitorIdentifier [x2]	Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	EpiForm cookies are used to save state in a form.	3 months	HTTP
__EC_TEST__	Ericsson	Used to remember if the user is accessing the website on a computer or mobile device.	Session	HTTP
_cs_mk [x2]	Google	Random number_timestamp in milliseconds	Session	HTTP
ai_user [x4]	Azure	Used by Microsoft Application Insights software to collect statistical usage and telemetry information. The cookie stores a unique identifier to recognize users on returning visits over time.	1 year	HTTP
AKA_A2 [x2]	Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	This cookie is necessary for the cache function. A cache is used by the website to optimize the response time between the visitor and the website. The cache is usually stored on the visitor’s browser.	1 day	HTTP
datadome	Ericsson	Used in context with the website's BotManager. The BotManager detects, categorizes and compiles reports on potential bots trying to access the website.	1 year	HTTP
Ericsson_Subscription_Popup_Closed	Ericsson	Functional cookie for browsing Ericsson.com	3 months	HTTP
qualityVisit [x6]	Google	Used to keep track on the number of interactions made by visitors.	Session	HTML
RT	s.go-mpulse.net	This cookie is used to identify the visitor through an application. This allows the visitor to login to a website through their LinkedIn application for example.	6 days	HTTP
test	Ericsson	Used to detect if the visitor has accepted the marketing category in the cookie banner. This cookie is necessary for GDPR-compliance of the website.	Persistent	HTML
akacd_# [x3]	www.ericssonlg.com Ericsson p11.techlab-cdn.com	Used in connection with phased release which allows the website owner to assign a certain number of users to a specific version of the website.	Session	HTTP
PIM-SESSION-ID [x2]	www.ericssonlg.com Ericsson	This cookie is used to spot and block malicious activity in Akamai.	Session	HTML
RSMKTO1 [x2]	Ericsson	These encrypted cookies provide load balancing.	Session	HTTP
CONSENT [x3]	Google YouTube	Used to detect if the visitor has accepted the marketing category in the cookie banner. This cookie is necessary for GDPR-compliance of the website.	2 years	HTTP
rc::a	Ericsson	This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. This is beneficial for the website, in order to make valid reports on the use of their website.	Persistent	HTML
rc::c	Google	Used in context with video-advertisement. The cookie limits the number of times a visitor is shown the same advertisement-content. The cookie is also used to ensure relevance of the video-advertisement to the specific visitor.	Session	HTML
JSESSIONID [x3]	Ericsson LinkedIn	Preserves users states across page requests.	Session	HTTP
li_gc	LinkedIn	Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain	179 days	HTTP
stsservicecookie	Microsoft	Used in connection with the synchronisation between the website and third-party Data Management Platform. The cookie serves to monitor this process for security reasons.	Session	HTTP
x-ms-gateway-slice	Microsoft	Used in connection with the synchronisation between the website and third-party Data Management Platform. The cookie serves to monitor this process for security reasons.	Session	HTTP
anonymous-consents	Ericsson	Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain	1 year	HTTP
cookie-notification	Ericsson	Determines whether the visitor has accepted the cookie consent box. This ensures that the cookie consent box will not be presented again upon re-entry.	4166 days	HTTP
PHPSESSID	www.redbeecreative.com	Preserves user session state across page requests.	Session	HTTP
deviceId	wl-9c0a7c.enigmatv.io	Identifies the logged in user. A unique session ID is linked to the user so that he/she is identified while navigating the website. The user is logged out when the cookie expires.	Persistent	HTML

Name	Provider	Purpose	Expiry	Type
lang [x2]	LinkedIn	Remembers the user's selected language version of a website	Session	HTTP
CookieConsentBulkSetting-#	Cookiebot	Enables cookie consent across multiple websites	Persistent	HTML
@@scroll#	Ericsson	Pending	Session	HTML

Name	Provider	Purpose	Expiry	Type
_cs_id [x3]	t.contentsquare.net	Registers statistical data on visitors' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator.	13 months	HTTP
_cs_root-domain [x3]	t.contentsquare.net	Registers how the user has reached the website to enable pay-out of referral commission fees to partners.	Session	HTTP
_cs_s [x3]	t.contentsquare.net	This cookie is used to identify the frequency of visits and how long the visitor is on the website. The cookie is also used to determine how many and which subpages the visitor visits on a website – this information can be used by the website to optimize the domain and its subpages.	1 day	HTTP
_cs_same_site [x4]	t.contentsquare.net	Registers data on visitors' website-behaviour. This is used for internal analysis and website optimization.	Session	HTTP
_ga [x5]	Google	Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.	2 years	HTTP
_ga_# [x4]	Google	Used by Google Analytics to collect data on the number of times a user has visited the website as well as dates for the first and most recent visit.	2 years	HTTP
_gat [x5]	Google	Used by Google Analytics to throttle request rate	1 day	HTTP
_gd# [x2]	Google	Pending	Session	HTTP
_gid [x5]	Google	Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.	1 day	HTTP
__utma [x2]	Ericsson Google	Collects data on the number of times a user has visited the website as well as dates for the first and most recent visit. Used by Google Analytics.	2 years	HTTP
__utmb [x2]	Ericsson Google	Registers a timestamp with the exact time of when the user accessed the website. Used by Google Analytics to calculate the duration of a website visit.	1 day	HTTP
__utmc [x2]	Ericsson Google	Registers a timestamp with the exact time of when the user leaves the website. Used by Google Analytics to calculate the duration of a website visit.	Session	HTTP
__utmz [x2]	Ericsson Google	Collects data on where the user came from, what search engine was used, what link was clicked and what search term was used. Used by Google Analytics.	6 months	HTTP
FPID	Google	Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator.	2 years	HTTP
FPLC	Google	Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.	1 day	HTTP
pdfjs.history	Ericsson	Remembers which and how many PDF-documents have been downloaded or read by the user. This is used for internal statistics.	Persistent	HTML
__utm.gif	Google	Google Analytics Tracking Code that logs details about the visitor's browser and computer.	Session	Pixel
collect [x2]	Google Ericsson	Used to send data to Google Analytics about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels.	Session	Pixel
AnalyticsSyncHistory	LinkedIn	Used in connection with data-synchronization with third-party analysis service.	29 days	HTTP
fpc	Microsoft	Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.	29 days	HTTP
ROUTE	Ericsson	Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator.	Session	HTTP
__utmt	Google	Used to throttle the speed of requests to the server.	1 day	HTTP
j/collect	Ericsson	Used to send data to Google Analytics about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels.	Session	Pixel
cookiesession1	sfgw.leadspace.com	Sets a ID for the visitor. This serves to count the number of specific visitors on the website.	1 year	HTTP
personalization_id	Twitter Inc.	This cookie is set by Twitter. The cookie allows the visitor to share content from the website on his/her Twitter profile.	2 years	HTTP
vuid	Vimeo	Collects data on the user's visits to the website, such as which pages have been read.	2 years	HTTP

Name	Provider	Purpose	Expiry	Type
IDE	Google	Used by Google DoubleClick to register and report the website user's actions after viewing or clicking one of the advertiser's ads with the purpose of measuring the efficacy of an ad and to present targeted ads to the user.	1 year	HTTP
pagead/landing [x2]	Google	Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.	Session	Pixel
pagead/viewthroughconversion/834776053	Google	Pending	Session	Pixel
r/collect	Google	This cookie is used to send data to Google Analytics about the visitor's device and behavior. It tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels.	Session	Pixel
test_cookie	Google	Used to check if the user's browser supports cookies.	1 day	HTTP
_boomr_akamaiXhrRetry [x4]	www.ericsson.ca s.go-mpulse.net	Collects information on user preferences and/or interaction with web-campaign content - This is used on CRM-campaign-platform used by website owners for promoting events or products.	Persistent	HTML
_gcl_au [x2]	Google	Used by Google AdSense for experimenting with advertisement efficiency across websites using their services.	3 months	HTTP
_mkto_trk [x2]	Marketo	Contains data on visitor behaviour and website interaction. This is used in context with the email marketing service Marketo.com, which allows the website to target visitors via email.	2 years	HTTP
lpCookie [x5]	Google	Used to store the location.pathname of the first three pages a user visits in a session.	Session	HTTP
_gaexp	Google	This cookie is used by Google Analytics to determine if the visitor is involved in their marketing experiments.	3 months	HTTP
_mkto_cross	Google	Used to ensure identification cross ericsson.com and ericsson.net hostnames.	2 years	HTTP
BE_CLA3	cdn.b0e8.com	Enables data aggregation, analysis and report creation to assess marketing effectiveness and for website performance.	557 days	HTTP
_session_id	PathFactory	Stores visitors' navigation by registering landing pages - This allows the website to present relevant products and/or measure their advertisement efficiency on other websites.	2 years	HTTP
visitor_id# [x3]	Salesforce	Used in context with Account-Based-Marketing (ABM). The cookie registers data such as IP-addresses, time spent on the website and page requests for the visit. This is used for retargeting of multiple users rooting from the same IP-addresses. ABM usually facilitates B2B marketing purposes.	10 years	HTTP
visitor_id#-hash [x3]	Salesforce	Used to encrypt and contain visitor data. This is necessary for the security of the user data.	10 years	HTTP
ads/ga-audiences	Google	Used by Google AdWords to re-engage visitors that are likely to convert to customers based on the visitor's online behaviour across websites.	Session	Pixel
pagead/1p-conversion/#	Google	Collects data on visitor behaviour from multiple websites, in order to present more relevant advertisement - This also allows the website to limit the number of times that they are shown the same advertisement.	Session	Pixel
pagead/1p-user-list/#	Google	Tracks if the user has shown interest in specific products or events across multiple websites and detects how the user navigates between sites. This is used for measurement of advertisement efforts and facilitates payment of referral-fees between websites.	Session	Pixel
www-claim-v2	Instagram	Used for sharing content onto the social platform Instagram - This functionality is used for gathering information on visitor preferences for marketing purposes.	Session	HTML
#{8}-#{4}-#{4}-#{4}-#{12}	jometer.com	Pending	29 days	HTTP
bcookie	LinkedIn	Used by the social networking service, LinkedIn, for tracking the use of embedded services.	1 year	HTTP
bscookie	LinkedIn	Used by the social networking service, LinkedIn, for tracking the use of embedded services.	1 year	HTTP
lidc	LinkedIn	Used by the social networking service, LinkedIn, for tracking the use of embedded services.	1 day	HTTP
UserMatchHistory	LinkedIn	Used to track visitors on multiple websites, in order to present relevant advertisement based on the visitor's preferences.	29 days	HTTP
lpv#	Salesforce	Used in context with behavioral tracking by the website. The cookie registers the user’s behavior and navigation across multiple websites and ensures that no tracking errors occur when the user has multiple browser-tabs open.	1 day	HTTP
i/adsct [x2]	Twitter Inc.	The cookie is used by Twitter.com in order to determine the number of visitors accessing the website through Twitter advertisement content.	Session	Pixel
muc_ads	Twitter Inc.	Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant.	2 years	HTTP
i/jot/embeds	Twitter Inc.	Sets a unique ID for the visitor, that allows third party advertisers to target the visitor with relevant advertisement. This pairing service is provided by third party advertisement hubs, which facilitates real-time bidding for advertisers.	Session	Pixel
RichHistory	Twitter Inc.	Collects data on visitors' preferences and behaviour on the website - This information is used make content and advertisement more relevant to the specific visitor.	Session	HTML
VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE	YouTube	Tries to estimate the users' bandwidth on pages with integrated YouTube videos.	179 days	HTTP
YSC	YouTube	Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen.	Session	HTTP
yt.innertube::nextId [x2]	YouTube	Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen.	Persistent	HTML
yt.innertube::requests [x2]	YouTube	Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen.	Persistent	HTML
ytidb::LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY [x2]	YouTube	Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video	Persistent	HTML
yt-remote-cast-available [x2]	YouTube	Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video	Session	HTML
yt-remote-cast-installed [x2]	YouTube	Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video	Session	HTML
yt-remote-connected-devices [x2]	YouTube	Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video	Persistent	HTML
yt-remote-device-id [x2]	YouTube	Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video	Persistent	HTML
yt-remote-fast-check-period [x2]	YouTube	Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video	Session	HTML
yt-remote-session-app [x2]	YouTube	Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video	Session	HTML
yt-remote-session-name [x2]	YouTube	Stores the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video	Session	HTML

Name	Provider	Purpose	Expiry	Type
brightedge3.php	a1.b0e8.com	Pending	Session	Pixel
tracker/track.gif	Marketo	Pending	Session	Pixel
EPiStartUrlKey [x4]	www.ericsson.ca Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	Pending	Session	HTTP
EPiStateMarker [x4]	www.ericsson.ca Ericsson www.ericssonlg.com	Pending	Session	HTTP
__cdrop	Amazon	Pending	1 year	HTTP
__csess	Amazon	Pending	Session	HTTP
aws:cognito-identity-ids#IdentityIds	Kaltura	Pending	Persistent	IDB
aws:cognito-identity-ids#state	Tint	Pending	Persistent	IDB
bil_test_seen	Google	Pending	Persistent	HTML
bss_test_seen	Google	Pending	Persistent	HTML
tint_identify_traits	Tint	Pending	Persistent	HTML
tint-anonymous-uid	Tint	Pending	1 year	HTTP
CF_store	Marketo	Pending	Persistent	HTML
csPersisted#.last	Ericsson	Pending	Persistent	HTML
expirationDateTime	wl-9c0a7c.enigmatv.io	Pending	Persistent	HTML
preferredLanguage	wl-9c0a7c.enigmatv.io	Pending	Persistent	HTML
sessionToken	wl-9c0a7c.enigmatv.io	Pending	Persistent	HTML
tokenIsAnonymous	wl-9c0a7c.enigmatv.io	Pending	Persistent	HTML

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Ericsson Microwave Outlook 2020

The science of calculating backhaul end-site capacity

Enhancing 5G with microwave

Data and graphs

Backhaul capacity evolution (.zip)

Latest on spectrum (.zip)

A balanced mix of fiber and microwave (.zip)

Lessons learned from long-haul use around the globe (.zip)

Resolving scattered spectrum (.zip)

The importance of differentiated availability (.zip)

Articles

Microwave report 2020 - Differentiated availability.pdf

Microwave report 2020 - Long haul use.pdf

Microwave report 2020 - Resolving Scattered Spectrum.pdf

Microwave report 2020 - Spectrum Update.pdf

Read more

5G transport

Microwave Outlook Report – previous editions

5G transport cases