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Chaetodon miliaris

Abstract

Chaetodon miliaris has most recently been assessed for The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2009. Chaetodon miliaris is listed as Least Concern.


The Red list Assessmenti

Last assessed

07 October 2009

Scope of assessment

Global

Population trend

Stable

Number of mature individuals

Population in detail

Habitat and ecology

Marine Neritic

Habitat and ecology in detail

Geographic range

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  • Extant (resident)

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 2010. Chaetodon miliaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1
Geographic range in detail

Taxonomy

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Class

Actinopterygii

Order

Perciformes

Family

Chaetodontidae

Genus

Chaetodon

Scientific name

Chaetodon miliaris

Authority

Quoy & Gaimard, 1825

Synonyms

Chaetodon mantelliger Jenkins, 1901

Common names

English

Lemon Butterflyfish, Lemon butterfly, Millet Butterflyfish, Millet Butterflyfish, Millet-seed Butterflyfish

Danish

Hirsefanefisk

Hawaiian

lau-wiliwili

Taxonomic sources

Identification Information

Taxonomic notes

Assessment Information

IUCN Red List Category and Criteria

Least Concern 

ver 3.1

Date assessed

07 October 2009

Year published

2010

Annotations

Needs updating

Year last seen

Previously published Red List assessments

    Regional assessments

      Assessor(s)

      Pyle, R. & Craig, M.T.

      Reviewer(s)

      Elfes, C., Polidoro, B., Livingstone, S. & Carpenter, K.E.

      Contributor(s)

      Facilitator(s) / Compiler(s)

      Partner(s) / Institution(s)

      Authority / Authorities

      Justification

      Chaetodon miliaris is an abundant species throughout its range. More than two thirds of its range is enclosed by the Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument, a no-take marine protected area. It is therefore listed as Least Concern.

      Geographic Range

      Native

      Extant (resident)

      United States (Hawaiian Is.); United States Minor Outlying Islands (Midway Is., Johnston I.)

      Number of locations

      Upper depth limit

      0 metres

      Lower depth limit

      250 metres

      FAO Fishing Areas

      OriginLocations
      NativePacific - eastern central
      NativePacific - northwest

      Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²)

      Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO)

      Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO)

      Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²)

      Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO)

      Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO)

      Continuing decline in number of locations

      Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations

      Range Description

      This species is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll (Burgess 1978, Randall 2005, G.R. Allen pers. comm. 2006). It is known to occur to at least 250 m depth.

      Population

      Current population trend

      Stable

      Number of mature individuals

      Population severely fragmented

      No

      Continuing decline of mature individuals

      Extreme fluctuations

      No. of subpopulations

      Continuing decline in subpopulations

      Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations

      All individuals in one subpopulation

      No. of individuals in largest subpopulation

      Description

      It is very abundant in the Hawaiian Islands, but very rare at Johnston Atoll (Allen 1980, M. Craig pers. obs. 2005, G.R. Allen pers. comm. 2006, P. Lobel pers. comm. 2007). Populations are generally stable (G.R. Allen pers. comm. 2006).

      Habitat and Ecology

      System

      Habitat type

      Marine Neritic

      Generation length (years)

      Congregatory

      Movement patterns

      Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat

      Habitat and Ecology

      Habitat for this species includes coastal fringing reefs, lagoons, and outer reefs to at least 250 m depth. Juveniles are found on shallow inner reefs from April to June. The species feeds in mid-water on zooplankton, supplementing the diet with benthic invertebrates (especially polychaete worms) and fish eggs (particularly those of damselfishes) (G.R. Allen pers. comm. 2006).

      The species may form large groups and spawns in groups from January through May (Ralston 1981). Ralston (1976a) reported that the onset of reproductive maturity in Chaetodon miliaris begins at 90 mm standard length, which is equivalent to one year of age (Ralston 1976b).

      The mean size of C. miliaris in Hawaii reported by Ralston (1981) was ~105 mm corresponding to approximately two years of age.



      Classification scheme

      HabitatsSuitabilityMajor importance
      9. Marine Neritic9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef9.8.1. Outer Reef ChannelSuitableYes
      9.8.2. Back SlopeSuitableYes
      9.8.3. Foreslope (Outer Reef Slope)SuitableYes
      9.8.4. LagoonSuitableYes

      Threats

      Threats

      There appear to be no major threats to this species. Collection is limited and is not considered to be impacting the global population.

      Classification scheme

      ThreatsTimingStressesScopeSeverityImpact scoreInvasive speciesVirus

      Use and Trade

      Pets/display animals, horticulture

      Local: ✘
      National: ✔
      International: ✔

      Use and Trade

      This species is sometimes collected for aquarium trade (G.R. Allen pers. comm. 2006).

      Conservation Actions

      In-place land/water protection

      • Percentage of population protected by PAs : 66
      • Occurs in at least one protected area : Yes

      Conservation Actions

      There are no species-specific conservation measures in place (Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources.). It is present within marine protected areas, for example, the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, a no-take marine reserve that encompasses 2/3 of the species range.

      Conservation actions classification scheme

      Conservation Actions NeededNotes

      Research classification scheme

      Research NeededNotes

      Bibliography

      Allen, G.R. 1980. Butterfly and angelfishes of the world. Wiley, New York.

      Allen, G.R., Steene, R. and Allen, M. 1998. A guide to angelfishes and butterflyfishes. Odyssey Publishing/Tropical Reef Research.

      Burgess, W.E. 1978. Butterflyfishes of the world. A monograph of the Family Chaetodontidae. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey.

      IUCN. 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2010.4). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 27 October 2010).

      Ralston, S. 1976a. Anomalous growth and reproductive patterns in populations of Chaetodon miliaris from Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Science 30: 395-403.

      Ralston, S. 1976b. Age determination of a tropical butterflyfish utilizing daily growth rings of otoliths. United States Fishery Bulletin 74: 990-994.

      Ralston, S. 1981. Aspects of the reproductive biology and feeding ecology of Chaetodon miliaris, a Hawaiian endemic butterflyfish. Environmental Biology of Fishes 6: 167-176.

      Randall, J. 2005. Reef and Shore Fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. University of Hawaii Seagrant Program, Honolulu.

      External Data

      Images and External Links

      iNaturalist.org observations

      Search sites for species

      GooglePicSearchCalPhotosFishBaseNatureServe ExplorerGBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility Encyclopedia of LifeCatalogue of Life (Species2000)WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species

      CITES Legislation from Species+

      Data Source

      The information below is from the Species+ website.

      Studies and Actions from Conservation Evidence

      Data Source

      The information below is from the Conservation Evidence website.

      Search terms: "Chaetodon miliaris", "Chaetodontidae"

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