Nu Html Checker

1. Error: Element style not allowed as child of element div in this context. (Suppressing further errors from this subtree.)

   From line 61, column 118; to line 61, column 173

   r-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094834805">.mw-pa

   Contexts in which element style may be used:

   Where metadata content is expected.

   In a noscript element that is a child of a head element.

   Content model for element div:

   If the element is a child of a dl element: one or more dt elements followed by one or more dd elements, optionally intermixed with script-supporting elements.

   If the element is not a child of a dl element: flow content.

2. Error: Element style not allowed as child of element div in this context. (Suppressing further errors from this subtree.)

   From line 113, column 44; to line 113, column 99

   ns-float"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1053378754">.mw-pa

   Contexts in which element style may be used:

   Where metadata content is expected.

   In a noscript element that is a child of a head element.

   Content model for element div:

   If the element is a child of a dl element: one or more dt elements followed by one or more dd elements, optionally intermixed with script-supporting elements.

   If the element is not a child of a dl element: flow content.

3. Error: Element style not allowed as child of element div in this context. (Suppressing further errors from this subtree.)

   From line 215, column 29; to line 215, column 84

   -content"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1007624485">.mw-pa

   Contexts in which element style may be used:

   Where metadata content is expected.

   In a noscript element that is a child of a head element.

   Content model for element div:

   If the element is a child of a dl element: one or more dt elements followed by one or more dd elements, optionally intermixed with script-supporting elements.

   If the element is not a child of a dl element: flow content.

4. Error: Element style not allowed as child of element div in this context. (Suppressing further errors from this subtree.)

   From line 271, column 6; to line 271, column 60

   /h2>↩<div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r997272951">.mw-pa

   Contexts in which element style may be used:

   Where metadata content is expected.

   In a noscript element that is a child of a head element.

   Content model for element div:

   If the element is a child of a dl element: one or more dt elements followed by one or more dd elements, optionally intermixed with script-supporting elements.

   If the element is not a child of a dl element: flow content.

5. Error: Bad value simple for attribute lang on element span: The language subtag simple is not a valid IANA language part of a language tag.

   From line 339, column 76; to line 339, column 144

   rg/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Simple English (simple:)" lang="simple">Simple

6. Warning: The navigation role is unnecessary for element nav.

   From line 403, column 1; to line 403, column 151

   ead">↩ ↩↩<nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" >↩ <h3↩

7. Warning: The navigation role is unnecessary for element nav.

   From line 421, column 1; to line 421, column 174

   on">↩ ↩↩<nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" >↩ <h3↩

8. Warning: The navigation role is unnecessary for element nav.

   From line 438, column 1; to line 438, column 189

   av>↩↩ ↩↩<nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown-noicon vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" >↩ <inp

9. Error: An input element with a type attribute whose value is checkbox and with a role attribute whose value is button must have an aria-pressed attribute whose value is true.

   From line 439, column 2; to line 446, column 3

   tion" >↩ <input type="checkbox"↩ id="p-variants-checkbox"↩ role="button"↩ aria-haspopup="true"↩ data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants"↩ class="vector-menu-checkbox"↩ aria-labelledby="p-variants-label"↩ />↩ <lab

10. Warning: The navigation role is unnecessary for element nav.

    From line 465, column 1; to line 465, column 159

    on">↩ ↩↩<nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" >↩ <h3↩

11. Warning: The navigation role is unnecessary for element nav.

    From line 482, column 1; to line 482, column 210

    av>↩↩ ↩↩<nav id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu-drop…n vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation" title="More options" >↩ <inp

12. Error: An input element with a type attribute whose value is checkbox and with a role attribute whose value is button must have an aria-pressed attribute whose value is true.

    From line 483, column 2; to line 490, column 3

    tions" >↩ <input type="checkbox"↩ id="p-cactions-checkbox"↩ role="button"↩ aria-haspopup="true"↩ data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions"↩ class="vector-menu-checkbox"↩ aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label"↩ />↩ <lab

13. Warning: The navigation role is unnecessary for element nav.

    From line 540, column 1; to line 540, column 159

    </div>↩ ↩↩<nav id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" role="navigation" >↩ <h3↩

14. Warning: The navigation role is unnecessary for element nav.

    From line 557, column 1; to line 557, column 162

    /nav>↩↩ ↩↩<nav id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label" role="navigation" >↩ <h3↩

15. Warning: The navigation role is unnecessary for element nav.

    From line 573, column 1; to line 573, column 135

    ↩</nav>↩↩↩<nav id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" >↩ <h3↩

16. Warning: The navigation role is unnecessary for element nav.

    From line 589, column 1; to line 589, column 180

    ↩</nav>↩↩↩<nav id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label" role="navigation" >↩ <h3↩

17. Warning: The navigation role is unnecessary for element nav.

    From line 605, column 1; to line 605, column 195

    ↩</nav>↩↩↩<nav id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" role="navigation" >↩ <h3↩

18. Warning: The navigation role is unnecessary for element nav.

    From line 622, column 1; to line 622, column 141

    /nav>↩↩ ↩↩<nav id="p-lang" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" role="navigation" >↩ <h3↩

19. Warning: The contentinfo role is unnecessary for element footer.

    From line 641, column 1; to line 641, column 58

    ↩↩</div>↩↩<footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" >↩ <ul

There were errors. (Tried in the text/html mode.)

Image report

The img elements of the page are shown below categorized by their type of textual alternative. Please review that the images in each group match that group’s definition.

Empty textual alternative—Omitted from non-graphical presentation

The following images are marked to be omitted from non-graphical presentations (alt="").

Purely decorative images belong in this category. Also, iconic images that are redundant with text next to them belong here.

If the page would become less understandable if the presence of an image was concealed, the image doesn't belong here. In that case, a textual alternative should be supplied or if the markup generator does not have a textual alternative available (because the user refused to provide it), the alt attribute should be omitted by the markup generator.

Image	Location
	From line 392, column 17; to line 392, column 172

Images with textual alternative

The following images have textual alternatives. Please review that the textual alternatives make sense considering the purpose of the image in the context of the page and that phrases like “Image of …” are avoided.

Note that iconic images that are redundant with text next to them or purely decorative should have alt="" instead.

Image	Textual alternative	Location
	1893 Old Head double sovereign	From line 74, column 144; to line 74, column 912
	William George Carlile Kent	From line 94, column 190; to line 94, column 1248
	William Ruto in 2014	From line 115, column 107; to line 115, column 699
	Battle of Crécy	From line 141, column 90; to line 141, column 585
	John Paul I (left) and John Paul II (right)	From line 165, column 113; to line 165, column 555
	White-fronted bee-eater	From line 185, column 172; to line 185, column 867
	Commons logo	From line 221, column 70; to line 221, column 476
	MediaWiki logo	From line 225, column 68; to line 225, column 531
	Meta-Wiki logo	From line 229, column 69; to line 229, column 562
	Wikibooks logo	From line 233, column 67; to line 233, column 500
	Wikidata logo	From line 237, column 66; to line 237, column 493
	Wikinews logo	From line 241, column 65; to line 241, column 492
	Wikiquote logo	From line 245, column 67; to line 245, column 500
	Wikisource logo	From line 249, column 69; to line 249, column 509
	Wikispecies logo	From line 253, column 74; to line 253, column 522
	Wikiversity logo	From line 257, column 71; to line 257, column 548
	Wikivoyage logo	From line 261, column 69; to line 261, column 557
	Wiktionary logo	From line 265, column 69; to line 265, column 512
	Wikimedia Foundation	From line 660, column 74; to line 660, column 306
	Powered by MediaWiki	From line 661, column 68; to line 661, column 320

Source

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3. <head>↩
4. <meta charset="UTF-8"/>↩
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11. <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector"></script>↩
12. <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/>↩
13. <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector"/>↩
14. <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26"/>↩
15. <meta name="referrer" content="origin"/>↩
16. <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-crossorigin"/>↩
17. <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"/>↩
18. <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/>↩
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21. <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"/>↩
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26. <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"/>↩
27. <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"/>↩
28. <meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/>↩
29. <meta property="og:title" content="Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"/>↩
30. <meta property="og:type" content="website"/>↩
31. <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"/>↩
32. <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 720px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"/>↩
33. <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia picture of the day feed" href="/w/api.php?action=featuredfeed&amp;feed=potd&amp;feedformat=atom"/>↩
34. <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia featured articles feed" href="/w/api.php?action=featuredfeed&amp;feed=featured&amp;feedformat=atom"/>↩
35. <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia &quot;On this day...&quot; feed" href="/w/api.php?action=featuredfeed&amp;feed=onthisday&amp;feedformat=atom"/>↩
36. <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/>↩
37. <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/>↩
38. <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/>↩
39. <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/>↩
40. <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/>↩
41. <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"/>↩
42. <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />↩
43. <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"/>↩
44. </head>↩
45. <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Main_Page rootpage-Main_Page skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div>↩
46. <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>↩
47. <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">↩
48. <a id="top"></a>↩
49. <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>↩
50. <div class="mw-indicators">↩
51. </div>↩
52. <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" style="display: none"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Main Page</span></h1>↩
53. <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body">↩
54. <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>↩
55. <div id="contentSub"></div>↩
56. <div id="contentSub2"></div>↩
57. ↩
58. <div id="jump-to-nav"></div>↩
59. <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a>↩
60. <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a>↩
61. <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094834805">.mw-parser-output .mp-box{border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0 0.5em 0.5em;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mp-h2,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .mp-h2{border:1px solid #aaa;margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em 0.4em;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;font-family:inherit}.mw-parser-output h2.mp-h2::after{border:none}.mw-parser-output .mp-later{font-size:85%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output #mp-topbanner{background:#f9f9f9;border-color:#ddd}.mw-parser-output #mp-welcomecount{text-align:center;margin:0.4em}.mw-parser-output #mp-welcome{font-size:162%;padding:0.1em}.mw-parser-output #mp-welcome h1{font-size:inherit;font-family:inherit;display:inline;border:none}.mw-parser-output #mp-welcome h1::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output #mp-free{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output #articlecount{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .mp-contains-float::after{content:"";display:block;clear:both}.mw-parser-output #mp-banner{background:#fffaf5;border-color:#f2e0ce}.mw-parser-output #mp-left{background:#f5fffa;border-color:#cef2e0}.mw-parser-output #mp-left .mp-h2{background:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output #mp-right{background:#f5faff;border-color:#cedff2}.mw-parser-output #mp-right .mp-h2{background:#cedff2;border-color:#a3b0bf}.mw-parser-output #mp-middle{background:#fff5fa;border-color:#f2cedd}.mw-parser-output #mp-middle .mp-h2{background:#f2cedd;border-color:#bfa3af}.mw-parser-output #mp-lower{background:#faf5ff;border-color:#ddcef2}.mw-parser-output #mp-lower .mp-h2{background:#ddcef2;border-color:#afa3bf}.mw-parser-output #mp-bottom{border-color:#e2e2e2}.mw-parser-output #mp-bottom .mp-h2{background:#eee;border-color:#ddd}@media(max-width:875px){.mw-parser-output #mp-tfp table,.mw-parser-output #mp-tfp tr,.mw-parser-output #mp-tfp td,.mw-parser-output #mp-tfp tbody{display:block!important;width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output #mp-tfp tr:first-child td:first-child a{text-align:center;display:table;margin:0 auto}}@media(min-width:875px){.mw-parser-output #mp-upper{display:flex}.mw-parser-output #mp-left{flex:1 1 55%;margin-right:2px}.mw-parser-output #mp-right{flex:1 1 45%;margin-left:2px}}.mw-parser-output div.hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output div.hlist.inline li,.mw-parser-output div.hlist.inline{display:inline}</style>↩
62. <div id="mp-topbanner" class="mp-box">↩
63. <div id="mp-welcomecount">↩
64. <div id="mp-welcome"><h1><span class="mw-headline" id="Welcome_to_Wikipedia">Welcome to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></span></h1>,</div>↩
65. <div id="mp-free">the <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> that <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_Wikipedia" title="Help:Introduction to Wikipedia">anyone can edit</a>.</div>↩
66. <div id="articlecount"><a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">6,544,601</a> articles in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></div>↩
67. </div>↩
68. </div>↩
69. <div id="mp-upper">↩
70. <div id="mp-left" class="MainPageBG mp-box">↩
71. <h2 id="mp-tfa-h2" class="mp-h2"><span id="From_today.27s_featured_article"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="From_today's_featured_article">From today's featured article</span></h2>↩
72. <div id="mp-tfa" class="mp-contains-float"><div id="mp-tfa-img" style="float: left; margin: 0.5em 0.9em 0.4em 0em;">↩
73. <div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 140px;">↩
74. <a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_proof_double_sovereign_MET_DP100383_(transparent).png" class="image" title="1893 Old Head double sovereign"><img alt="1893 Old Head double sovereign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Queen_Victoria_proof_double_sovereign_MET_DP100383_%28transparent%29.png/140px-Queen_Victoria_proof_double_sovereign_MET_DP100383_%28transparent%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Queen_Victoria_proof_double_sovereign_MET_DP100383_%28transparent%29.png/210px-Queen_Victoria_proof_double_sovereign_MET_DP100383_%28transparent%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Queen_Victoria_proof_double_sovereign_MET_DP100383_%28transparent%29.png/280px-Queen_Victoria_proof_double_sovereign_MET_DP100383_%28transparent%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1728" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">1893 Old Head <a href="/wiki/Double_sovereign" title="Double sovereign">double sovereign</a></div></div>↩
75. </div>↩
76. <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Old_Head_coinage" title="Old Head coinage">Old Head coinage</a></b> were British coins struck and dated between 1893 and 1901, with a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brock" title="Thomas Brock">Thomas Brock</a> of an aged <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> <i>(example shown)</i>. It replaced the <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_coinage" title="Jubilee coinage">Jubilee coinage</a>, struck since 1887, which had been widely criticised. In 1891, a committee was appointed to consider the matter, and recommended replacements. Some coins continued with their old reverse designs, with <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Pistrucci" title="Benedetto Pistrucci">Benedetto Pistrucci</a>'s design for the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_(British_coin)" title="Sovereign (British coin)">sovereign</a> extended to the <a href="/wiki/Half_sovereign" title="Half sovereign">half sovereign</a>, and others gained new ones, created either by Brock or by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Poynter" title="Edward Poynter">Edward Poynter</a>. The issue became the first to bear, as part of the monarch's royal titles, <i>IND IMP</i>, abbreviated Latin for '<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Empress of India</a>'. The issue originally consisted only of gold and silver coins, but in 1895, the Brock head of Victoria was placed on the bronze coinage (the penny and its fractions) as well. They continued to be struck until Victoria's death in 1901 caused a change in the obverse design; starting in 1902, the coinage bore the head of her successor, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward&#160;VII</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Old_Head_coinage" title="Old Head coinage">Full&#160;article...</a></b>)↩
77. </p>↩
78. <div class="tfa-recent" style="text-align: right;">↩
79. Recently featured: <div class="hlist hlist-separated inline">↩
80. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zufar_ibn_al-Harith_al-Kilabi" title="Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi">Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi</a></li>↩
81. <li><a href="/wiki/1982_World_Snooker_Championship" title="1982 World Snooker Championship">1982 World Snooker Championship</a></li>↩
82. <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaze_to_Ki_no_Uta" title="Kaze to Ki no Uta">Kaze to Ki no Uta</a></i></li></ul>↩
83. </div></div>↩
84. <div class="hlist hlist-separated tfa-footer noprint" style="text-align:right;">↩
85. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Today%27s_featured_article/August_2022" title="Wikipedia:Today&#39;s featured article/August 2022">Archive</a></b></li>↩
86. <li><b><a href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/daily-article-l.lists.wikimedia.org/" class="extiw" title="mail:daily-article-l">By email</a></b></li>↩
87. <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles" title="Wikipedia:Featured articles">More featured articles</a></b></li>↩
88. <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About_Today%27s_featured_article" title="Wikipedia:About Today&#39;s featured article">About</a></b></li></ul>↩
89. </div></div>↩
90. <h2 id="mp-dyk-h2" class="mp-h2"><span class="mw-headline" id="Did_you_know_...">Did you know&#160;...</span></h2>↩
91. <div id="mp-dyk" class="mp-contains-float">↩
92. <div class="dyk-img" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em;">↩
93. <div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 121px;">↩
94. <a href="/wiki/File:British_School_-_Commander_William_George_Carlisle_Kent_(c.1788%E2%80%931871)_-_BHC2819_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" class="image" title="William George Carlile Kent"><img alt="William George Carlile Kent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/British_School_-_Commander_William_George_Carlisle_Kent_%28c.1788%E2%80%931871%29_-_BHC2819_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/121px-British_School_-_Commander_William_George_Carlisle_Kent_%28c.1788%E2%80%931871%29_-_BHC2819_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="162" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/British_School_-_Commander_William_George_Carlisle_Kent_%28c.1788%E2%80%931871%29_-_BHC2819_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/182px-British_School_-_Commander_William_George_Carlisle_Kent_%28c.1788%E2%80%931871%29_-_BHC2819_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/British_School_-_Commander_William_George_Carlisle_Kent_%28c.1788%E2%80%931871%29_-_BHC2819_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/242px-British_School_-_Commander_William_George_Carlisle_Kent_%28c.1788%E2%80%931871%29_-_BHC2819_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">William George Carlile Kent</div></div>↩
95. </div>↩
96. <ul><li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/William_George_Carlile_Kent" title="William George Carlile Kent">William George Carlile Kent</a></b> <i>(pictured)</i> was court-martialled for disobeying deposed Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a><span class="nowrap">&#39;s</span> order to destroy <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>?</li>↩
97. <li>... that the <b><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_Atlas" title="Acoustic Atlas">Acoustic Atlas</a></b> at <a href="/wiki/Montana_State_University_Library" title="Montana State University Library">Montana State University Library</a> helped to create a <a href="/wiki/Public_domain_in_the_United_States" title="Public domain in the United States">public domain</a> archive of sounds from <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>?</li>↩
98. <li>... that in 1836, a jury ignored the judge's advice and found <b><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Arnoldi" title="Daniel Arnoldi">Daniel Arnoldi</a></b> guilty of assaulting a black man?</li>↩
99. <li>... that in <i><b><a href="/wiki/Crippled" title="Crippled">Crippled</a></b></i>, author <b><a href="/wiki/Frances_Ryan" title="Frances Ryan">Frances Ryan</a></b> describes a disabled British woman who was unable to afford heating or her specialist meals due to an <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme" title="United Kingdom government austerity programme">austerity programme</a> that began in 2010?</li>↩
100. <li>... that amateur astronomer <b><a href="/wiki/A._O._Granger" title="A. O. Granger">A.&#160;O. Granger</a></b> expanded his home to include the largest observatory and <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> in the southeastern United States?</li>↩
101. <li>... that in the concert <b><a href="/wiki/Songbird_Sings_the_Classics" title="Songbird Sings the Classics">Songbird Sings the Classics</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Regine_Velasquez" title="Regine Velasquez">Regine Velasquez</a> paid homage to the music of <a href="/wiki/Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Legrand" title="Michel Legrand">Michel Legrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mancini" title="Henry Mancini">Henry Mancini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Manilow" title="Barry Manilow">Barry Manilow</a>?</li>↩
102. <li>... that <a href="/wiki/Ballet_Russe_de_Monte-Carlo" title="Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo">Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo</a> dancer <b><a href="/wiki/George_Verdak" title="George Verdak">George Verdak</a></b> was awarded an honorary doctorate by <a href="/wiki/Butler_University" title="Butler University">Butler University</a>?</li>↩
103. <li>... that the <b><a href="/wiki/Scilly_Boys" title="Scilly Boys">Scilly Boys</a></b><span class="nowrap">&#39;</span> idea to try and beat the transatlantic rowing record was started while they were at the <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a>?</li></ul>↩
104. <div class="hlist hlist-separated dyk-footer noprint" style="margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;">↩
105. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recent_additions" title="Wikipedia:Recent additions">Archive</a></b></li>↩
106. <li><b><a href="/wiki/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Start a new article</a></b></li>↩
107. <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Did_you_know" title="Template talk:Did you know">Nominate an article</a></b></li></ul>↩
108. </div>↩
109. </div>↩
110. </div>↩
111. <div id="mp-right" class="MainPageBG mp-box">↩
112. <h2 id="mp-itn-h2" class="mp-h2"><span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_news">In the news</span></h2>↩
113. <div id="mp-itn" class="mp-contains-float"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1053378754">.mw-parser-output .itn-img{float:right;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.2em}</style><div role="figure" class="itn-img">↩
114. <div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 123px;">↩
115. <a href="/wiki/File:William_Ruto_at_WTO_Public_Forum_2014.jpg" class="image" title="William Ruto in 2014"><img alt="William Ruto in 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/William_Ruto_at_WTO_Public_Forum_2014.jpg/121px-William_Ruto_at_WTO_Public_Forum_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="162" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/William_Ruto_at_WTO_Public_Forum_2014.jpg/182px-William_Ruto_at_WTO_Public_Forum_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/William_Ruto_at_WTO_Public_Forum_2014.jpg/242px-William_Ruto_at_WTO_Public_Forum_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="3828" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word; text-align: left;">William Ruto</div></div>↩
116. </div>↩
117. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a> <i>(pictured)</i> is <b><a href="/wiki/2022_Kenyan_general_election" title="2022 Kenyan general election">elected</a></b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President of Kenya</a>.</li>↩
118. <li>In <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>, Egypt, <b><a href="/wiki/Giza_church_fire" title="Giza church fire">a church fire</a></b> spreads to a nursery, killing 41 people, including at least 18 children.</li>↩
119. <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a></i>, is critically injured after <b><a href="/wiki/Stabbing_of_Salman_Rushdie" title="Stabbing of Salman Rushdie">a stabbing</a></b> at a speech in the United States.</li>↩
120. <li><b><a href="/wiki/2022_Oder_environmental_disaster" title="2022 Oder environmental disaster">A mass fish kill</a></b> occurs in the river <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> in Poland and Germany.</li></ul>↩
121. <div class="itn-footer" style="margin-top: 0.5em;">↩
122. <div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Ongoing</a></b>: <div class="hlist hlist-separated inline">↩
123. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li>↩
124. <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></div>↩
125. <div><b><a href="/wiki/Deaths_in_2022" title="Deaths in 2022">Recent deaths</a></b>&#58; <div class="hlist hlist-separated inline">↩
126. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Len_Dawson" title="Len Dawson">Len Dawson</a></li>↩
127. <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Finnigan" title="Robert E. Finnigan">Robert E. Finnigan</a></span></li>↩
128. <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Cohen_(rabbi)" title="Shalom Cohen (rabbi)">Shalom Cohen</a></li>↩
129. <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Yates" title="Wayne Yates">Wayne Yates</a></li>↩
130. <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_Sommer" title="Theo Sommer">Theo Sommer</a></li>↩
131. <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Kabat" title="Carl Kabat">Carl Kabat</a></li></ul></div></div></div>↩
132. <div class="hlist hlist-separated itn-footer noprint" style="text-align:right;">↩
133. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:In_the_news/Candidates" title="Wikipedia:In the news/Candidates">Nominate an article</a></b></li></ul>↩
134. </div></div>↩
135. <h2 id="mp-otd-h2" class="mp-h2"><span class="mw-headline" id="On_this_day">On this day</span></h2>↩
136. <div id="mp-otd" class="mp-contains-float">↩
137. <p><b><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Heroes%27_Day_(Namibia)" title="Heroes&#39; Day (Namibia)">Heroes' Day</a></b> in Namibia; <b><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women&#39;s Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></b> in the United States↩
138. </p>↩
139. <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.5em;" id="mp-otd-img">↩
140. <div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 149px;">↩
141. <a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" class="image" title="Battle of Crécy"><img alt="Battle of Crécy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/149px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="131" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/224px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/298px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1755" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">Battle of Crécy</div></div>↩
142. </div>↩
143. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/683" title="683">683</a> – <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a>: The <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Harra" title="Battle of al-Harra">Battle of al-Harra</a></b> was fought between <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> forces and the rebel defenders of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> at a lava field northeast of the city.</li>↩
144. <li><a href="/wiki/1346" title="1346">1346</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years&#39; War">Hundred Years' War</a>: English forces established the military supremacy of the <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbow</a> over the French combination of <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a> and armoured <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> at the <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a></b> <i>(depicted)</i>.</li>↩
145. <li><a href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928</a> – At a cafe in <a href="/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire" title="Paisley, Renfrewshire">Paisley</a>, Scotland, a woman found the remains of a snail in her bottle of <a href="/wiki/Ginger_beer" title="Ginger beer">ginger beer</a>, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_landmark_court_decisions" title="Lists of landmark court decisions">landmark</a> civil action case <i><b><a href="/wiki/Donoghue_v_Stevenson" title="Donoghue v Stevenson">Donoghue v Stevenson</a></b></i>.</li>↩
146. <li><a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a> – <i><b><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali" title="Pather Panchali">Pather Panchali</a></b></i>, the first film in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apu_Trilogy" title="The Apu Trilogy">The Apu Trilogy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, was released and went on to win many Indian and international film awards.</li>↩
147. <li><a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a> – The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a> launched an attack against <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a> guerrilla fighters at <a href="/wiki/Omugulugwombashe" title="Omugulugwombashe">Omugulugwombashe</a>, starting the <b><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></b>.</li></ul>↩
148. <div class="hlist hlist-separated" style="margin-top: 0.5em;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></b> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr>&#160;1882)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></b> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr>&#160;1918)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a></b> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr>&#160;1958)</li></ul></div>↩
149. <div style="margin-top:0.5em;">↩
150. More anniversaries: <div class="hlist hlist-separated inline nowraplinks">↩
151. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a></li>↩
152. <li><b><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a></b></li>↩
153. <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a></li></ul>↩
154. </div></div>↩
155. <div class="hlist hlist-separated otd-footer noprint" style="text-align:right;">↩
156. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Selected_anniversaries/August" title="Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/August">Archive</a></b></li>↩
157. <li><b><a href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/daily-article-l.lists.wikimedia.org/" class="extiw" title="mail:daily-article-l">By email</a></b></li>↩
158. <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_days_of_the_year" title="List of days of the year">List of days of the year</a></b></li></ul>↩
159. </div></div>↩
160. </div>↩
161. </div>↩
162. <div id="mp-middle" class="MainPageBG mp-box">↩
163. <h2 id="mp-tfl-h2" class="mp-h2"><span id="From_today.27s_featured_list"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="From_today's_featured_list">From today's featured list</span></h2>↩
164. <div id="mp-tfl" class="mp-contains-float"><div id="mp-tfl-img" style="float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.4em 0.9em;"><div class="thumbinner mp-thumb" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0; max-width: 200px;">↩
165. <a href="/wiki/File:John_Pauls.jpg" class="image" title="John Paul&#160;I (left) and John Paul&#160;II (right)"><img alt="John Paul&#160;I (left) and John Paul&#160;II (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/John_Pauls.jpg/200px-John_Pauls.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/John_Pauls.jpg/300px-John_Pauls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/John_Pauls.jpg/400px-John_Pauls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="padding: 0.25em 0; word-wrap: break-word;">John Paul&#160;I (left) and John Paul&#160;II (right)</div></div>↩
166. </div>↩
167. <p><b><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_in_the_1978_papal_conclaves" title="Cardinal electors in the 1978 papal conclaves">One hundred and twelve cardinal electors participated in the papal conclaves of August and October&#160;1978</a></b>, which were respectively convened to elect a <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, to succeed <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul&#160;VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul&#160;I</a> following their respective deaths on 6&#160;August and 28&#160;September 1978. According to the apostolic constitution <i><a href="/wiki/Romano_Pontifici_eligendo" title="Romano Pontifici eligendo">Romano Pontifici eligendo</a></i>, which governed the <a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">vacancy of the Holy See</a>, only <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a> who had not passed their 80th birthday on the day on which the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">conclave</a> began were eligible to participate. The cardinal electors entered the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> to begin <a href="/wiki/August_1978_papal_conclave" title="August 1978 papal conclave">the first conclave</a> on 25&#160;August. On 26&#160;August, after four ballots over two days, they elected Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Albino Luciani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Patriarch of Venice</a>, who took the <a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">papal name</a> John Paul&#160;I <i>(pictured, left)</i>. After his death 33 days into his papacy, the cardinal electors again entered the Sistine Chapel to begin <a href="/wiki/October_1978_papal_conclave" title="October 1978 papal conclave">the second conclave</a> on 14&#160;October. On 16&#160;October, after eight ballots over three days, they elected Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Karol Wojtyła</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kraków">Archbishop of Kraków</a>, who took the papal name John Paul&#160;II <i>(pictured, right)</i>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_in_the_1978_papal_conclaves" title="Cardinal electors in the 1978 papal conclaves">Full&#160;list...</a></b>)↩
168. </p>↩
169. <div class="tfl-recent" style="text-align: right;">↩
170. Recently featured: <div class="hlist hlist-separated inline">↩
171. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_League_Golden_Glove" title="Premier League Golden Glove">Premier League Golden Glove</a></li>↩
172. <li><a href="/wiki/MewithoutYou_discography" title="MewithoutYou discography">mewithoutYou discography</a></li>↩
173. <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_International_Feature_Film" title="List of German submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film">German submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film</a></li></ul>↩
174. </div></div>↩
175. <div class="hlist hlist-separated tfl-footer noprint" style="text-align:right;">↩
176. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Today%27s_featured_list/August_2022" title="Wikipedia:Today&#39;s featured list/August 2022">Archive</a></b></li>↩
177. <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_lists" title="Wikipedia:Featured lists">More featured lists</a></b></li></ul>↩
178. </div></div>↩
179. </div>↩
180. <div id="mp-lower" class="MainPageBG mp-box">↩
181. <h2 id="mp-tfp-h2" class="mp-h2"><span id="Today.27s_featured_picture"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Today's_featured_picture">Today's featured picture</span></h2>↩
182. <div id="mp-tfp">↩
183. <table role="presentation" style="margin:0 3px 3px; width:100%; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:left; background-color:transparent; border-collapse:collapse;">↩
184. <tbody><tr>↩
185. <td style="padding:0 0.9em 0 0; width:350px;"><a href="/wiki/File:White-fronted_bee-eater_(Merops_bullockoides)_Namibia.jpg" class="image" title="White-fronted bee-eater"><img alt="White-fronted bee-eater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/White-fronted_bee-eater_%28Merops_bullockoides%29_Namibia.jpg/350px-White-fronted_bee-eater_%28Merops_bullockoides%29_Namibia.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/White-fronted_bee-eater_%28Merops_bullockoides%29_Namibia.jpg/525px-White-fronted_bee-eater_%28Merops_bullockoides%29_Namibia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/White-fronted_bee-eater_%28Merops_bullockoides%29_Namibia.jpg/700px-White-fronted_bee-eater_%28Merops_bullockoides%29_Namibia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3651" data-file-height="3651" /></a>↩
186. </td>↩
187. <td style="padding:0 6px 0 0">↩
188. <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/White-fronted_bee-eater" title="White-fronted bee-eater">white-fronted bee-eater</a></b> (<i>Merops bullockoides</i>) is a species of <a href="/wiki/Bee-eater" title="Bee-eater">bee-eater</a> widely distributed in sub-equatorial Africa. Like other bee-eaters, it is a richly coloured, slender bird, but with a distinctive black mask, white forehead, square tail, and a bright red throat, with a length of 23 centimetres (9&#160;in). This white-fronted bee-eater was photographed on the <a href="/wiki/Cuando_River" title="Cuando River">Linyanti River</a> in Namibia.↩
189. </p>↩
190. <p style="text-align:left;"><small>Photograph credit: <a href="/wiki/User:Charlesjsharp" title="User:Charlesjsharp">Charles J. Sharp</a></small></p>↩
191. <div class="potd-recent" style="text-align:right;">↩
192. Recently featured: <div class="hlist hlist-separated inline">↩
193. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2022-08-25" title="Template:POTD/2022-08-25">Citric acid cycle</a></li>↩
194. <li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2022-08-24" title="Template:POTD/2022-08-24">Kobe Bryant</a></li>↩
195. <li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2022-08-23" title="Template:POTD/2022-08-23"><i>The Goldfinch</i></a></li></ul>↩
196. </div></div>↩
197. <div class="hlist hlist-separated potd-footer noprint" style="text-align:right;">↩
198. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_of_the_day/Archive" title="Wikipedia:Picture of the day/Archive">Archive</a></b></li>↩
199. <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Featured pictures">More featured pictures</a></b></li></ul>↩
200. </div>↩
201. </td></tr></tbody></table></div>↩
202. </div>↩
203. <div id="mp-bottom" class="mp-box">↩
204. <h2 id="mp-other" class="mp-h2"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_areas_of_Wikipedia">Other areas of Wikipedia</span></h2>↩
205. <div id="mp-other-content">↩
206. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="Wikipedia:Community portal">Community portal</a></b> – The central hub for editors, with resources, links, tasks, and announcements.</li>↩
207. <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Village pump</a></b> – Forum for discussions about Wikipedia itself, including policies and technical issues.</li>↩
208. <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:News" title="Wikipedia:News">Site news</a></b> – Sources of news about Wikipedia and the broader Wikimedia movement.</li>↩
209. <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></b> – Ask basic questions about using or editing Wikipedia.</li>↩
210. <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></b> – Ask questions about using or editing Wikipedia.</li>↩
211. <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desk</a></b> – Ask research questions about encyclopedic topics.</li>↩
212. <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Content portals</a></b> – A unique way to navigate the encyclopedia.</li></ul>↩
213. </div>↩
214. <h2 id="mp-sister" class="mp-h2"><span id="Wikipedia.27s_sister_projects"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Wikipedia's_sister_projects">Wikipedia's sister projects</span></h2>↩
215. <div id="mp-sister-content"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1007624485">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style>↩
216. <p>Wikipedia is written by volunteer editors and hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other volunteer <a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/" class="extiw" title="foundationsite:our-work/wikimedia-projects/">projects</a>:↩
217. </p>↩
218. <div class="plainlist">↩
219. <ul id="sister-projects-list">↩
220. <li>↩
221. <div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div>↩
222. <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="c:">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div>↩
223. </li>↩
224. <li>↩
225. <div><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/" title="MediaWiki"><img alt="MediaWiki logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/35px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/53px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg/70px-MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></div>↩
226. <div><span><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mw:">MediaWiki</a></span><br />Wiki software development</div>↩
227. </li>↩
228. <li>↩
229. <div><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Meta-Wiki"><img alt="Meta-Wiki logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/35px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/53px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/70px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></div>↩
230. <div><span><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a></span><br />Wikimedia project coordination</div>↩
231. </li>↩
232. <li>↩
233. <div><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" title="Wikibooks"><img alt="Wikibooks logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></div>↩
234. <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="b:">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div>↩
235. </li>↩
236. <li>↩
237. <div><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wikidata logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></div>↩
238. <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="d:">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div>↩
239. </li>↩
240. <li>↩
241. <div><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/" title="Wikinews"><img alt="Wikinews logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></div>↩
242. <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="n:">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div>↩
243. </li>↩
244. <li>↩
245. <div><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Wikiquote"><img alt="Wikiquote logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div>↩
246. <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div>↩
247. </li>↩
248. <li>↩
249. <div><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div>↩
250. <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="s:">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div>↩
251. </li>↩
252. <li>↩
253. <div><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="Wikispecies"><img alt="Wikispecies logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/53px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/70px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></div>↩
254. <div><span><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="species:">Wikispecies</a></span><br />Directory of species</div>↩
255. </li>↩
256. <li>↩
257. <div><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" title="Wikiversity"><img alt="Wikiversity logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></div>↩
258. <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div>↩
259. </li>↩
260. <li>↩
261. <div><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" title="Wikivoyage"><img alt="Wikivoyage logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/35px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/53px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/70px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div>↩
262. <div><span><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a></span><br />Free travel guide</div>↩
263. </li>↩
264. <li>↩
265. <div><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Wiktionary"><img alt="Wiktionary logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a></div>↩
266. <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div>↩
267. </li>↩
268. </ul>↩
269. </div></div>↩
270. <h2 id="mp-lang" class="mp-h2"><span class="mw-headline" id="Wikipedia_languages">Wikipedia languages</span></h2>↩
271. <div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r997272951">.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-complete{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages>ul{list-style:none;text-align:center;clear:both}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count-container{width:90%;display:flex;justify-content:center;padding-top:1em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-prettybars{width:100%;height:1px;margin:0.5em 0;background-color:#c8ccd1;flex-shrink:1;align-self:center}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count{padding:0 1em;white-space:nowrap}</style>↩
272. <div class="wikipedia-languages nourlexpansion">↩
273. <p>This Wikipedia is written in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Many <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" class="extiw" title="meta:List of Wikipedias">other Wikipedias are available</a>; some of the largest are listed below.↩
274. </p>↩
275. <ul class="plainlinks">↩
276. <li>↩
277. <div class="wikipedia-languages-count-container">↩
278. <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div>↩
279. <div role="heading" class="wikipedia-languages-count">1,000,000+ articles</div>↩
280. <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div>↩
281. </div>↩
282. <ul class="wikipedia-languages-langs hlist hlist-separated inline">↩
283. <li><a class="external text" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Arabic (ar:)" lang="ar">العربية</span></a></li>↩
284. <li><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="German (de:)" lang="de">Deutsch</span></a></li>↩
285. <li><a class="external text" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Spanish (es:)" lang="es">Español</span></a></li>↩
286. <li><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="French (fr:)" lang="fr">Français</span></a></li>↩
287. <li><a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Italian (it:)" lang="it">Italiano</span></a></li>↩
288. <li><a class="external text" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Dutch (nl:)" lang="nl">Nederlands</span></a></li>↩
289. <li><a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Japanese (ja:)" lang="ja">日本語</span></a></li>↩
290. <li><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Polish (pl:)" lang="pl">Polski</span></a></li>↩
291. <li><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Portuguese (pt:)" lang="pt">Português</span></a></li>↩
292. <li><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Russian (ru:)" lang="ru">Русский</span></a></li>↩
293. <li><a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Swedish (sv:)" lang="sv">Svenska</span></a></li>↩
294. <li><a class="external text" href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Ukrainian (uk:)" lang="uk">Українська</span></a></li>↩
295. <li><a class="external text" href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Vietnamese (vi:)" lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</span></a></li>↩
296. <li><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Chinese (zh:)" lang="zh">中文</span></a></li>↩
297. </ul>↩
298. </li>↩
299. <li>↩
300. <div class="wikipedia-languages-count-container">↩
301. <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div>↩
302. <div role="heading" class="wikipedia-languages-count">250,000+ articles</div>↩
303. <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div>↩
304. </div>↩
305. <ul class="wikipedia-languages-langs hlist hlist-separated inline">↩
306. <li><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Indonesian (id:)" lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li>↩
307. <li><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Malay (ms:)" lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li>↩
308. <li><a class="external text" href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Min Nan Chinese (nan:)" lang="nan">Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li>↩
309. <li><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Bulgarian (bg:)" lang="bg">Български</span></a></li>↩
310. <li><a class="external text" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Catalan (ca:)" lang="ca">Català</span></a></li>↩
311. <li><a class="external text" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Czech (cs:)" lang="cs">Čeština</span></a></li>↩
312. <li><a class="external text" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Danish (da:)" lang="da">Dansk</span></a></li>↩
313. <li><a class="external text" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Esperanto (eo:)" lang="eo">Esperanto</span></a></li>↩
314. <li><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Basque (eu:)" lang="eu">Euskara</span></a></li>↩
315. <li><a class="external text" href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Persian (fa:)" lang="fa">فارسی</span></a>&#8206;</li>↩
316. <li><a class="external text" href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Hebrew (he:)" lang="he">עברית</span></a></li>↩
317. <li><a class="external text" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Korean (ko:)" lang="ko">한국어</span></a></li>↩
318. <li><a class="external text" href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Hungarian (hu:)" lang="hu">Magyar</span></a></li>↩
319. <li><a class="external text" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Norwegian (no:)" lang="no">Norsk Bokmål</span></a></li>↩
320. <li><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Romanian (ro:)" lang="ro">Română</span></a></li>↩
321. <li><a class="external text" href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Serbian (sr:)" lang="sr">Srpski</span></a></li>↩
322. <li><a class="external text" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Serbo-Croatian (sh:)" lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski</span></a></li>↩
323. <li><a class="external text" href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Finnish (fi:)" lang="fi">Suomi</span></a></li>↩
324. <li><a class="external text" href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Turkish (tr:)" lang="tr">Türkçe</span></a></li>↩
325. </ul>↩
326. </li>↩
327. <li>↩
328. <div class="wikipedia-languages-count-container">↩
329. <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div>↩
330. <div role="heading" class="wikipedia-languages-count">50,000+ articles</div>↩
331. <div class="wikipedia-languages-prettybars"></div>↩
332. </div>↩
333. <ul class="wikipedia-languages-langs hlist hlist-separated inline">↩
334. <li><a class="external text" href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Asturian (ast:)" lang="ast">Asturianu</span></a></li>↩
335. <li><a class="external text" href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Bangla (bn:)" lang="bn">বাংলা</span></a></li>↩
336. <li><a class="external text" href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Bosnian (bs:)" lang="bs">Bosanski</span></a></li>↩
337. <li><a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Estonian (et:)" lang="et">Eesti</span></a></li>↩
338. <li><a class="external text" href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Greek (el:)" lang="el">Ελληνικά</span></a></li>↩
339. <li><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Simple English (simple:)" lang="simple">Simple English</span></a></li>↩
340. <li><a class="external text" href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Galician (gl:)" lang="gl">Galego</span></a></li>↩
341. <li><a class="external text" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Croatian (hr:)" lang="hr">Hrvatski</span></a></li>↩
342. <li><a class="external text" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Latvian (lv:)" lang="lv">Latviešu</span></a></li>↩
343. <li><a class="external text" href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Lithuanian (lt:)" lang="lt">Lietuvių</span></a></li>↩
344. <li><a class="external text" href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Malayalam (ml:)" lang="ml">മലയാളം</span></a></li>↩
345. <li><a class="external text" href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Macedonian (mk:)" lang="mk">Македонски</span></a></li>↩
346. <li><a class="external text" href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Norwegian Nynorsk (nn:)" lang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li>↩
347. <li><a class="external text" href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Albanian (sq:)" lang="sq">Shqip</span></a></li>↩
348. <li><a class="external text" href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Slovak (sk:)" lang="sk">Slovenčina</span></a></li>↩
349. <li><a class="external text" href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Slovenian (sl:)" lang="sl">Slovenščina</span></a></li>↩
350. <li><a class="external text" href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/"><span class="autonym" title="Thai (th:)" lang="th">ไทย</span></a></li>↩
351. </ul>↩
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534. <div id="p-logo" role="banner">↩
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538. ↩
539. ↩
540. <nav id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" role="navigation" >↩
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543. ↩
544. class="vector-menu-heading "↩
545. >↩
546. <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Navigation</span>↩
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550. <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-sitesupport" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" title="Support us by donating to the Wikimedia Foundation"><span>Donate</span></a></li></ul>↩
551. ↩
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554. ↩
555. ↩
556. ↩
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559. id="p-interaction-label"↩
560. ↩
561. class="vector-menu-heading "↩
562. >↩
563. <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Contribute</span>↩
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565. <div class="vector-menu-content">↩
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567. <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li></ul>↩
568. ↩
569. </div>↩
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571. ↩
572. ↩
573. <nav id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" >↩
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576. ↩
577. class="vector-menu-heading "↩
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587. ↩
588. ↩
589. <nav id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label" role="navigation" >↩
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592. ↩
593. class="vector-menu-heading "↩
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620. ↩
621. ↩
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623. <h3↩
624. id="p-lang-label"↩
625. ↩
626. class="vector-menu-heading "↩
627. >↩
628. <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Languages</span>↩
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631. ↩
632. <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/" title="Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" 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