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Blue Triangle

Graphium sarpedon

Abstract

Blue Triangle Graphium sarpedon has most recently been assessed for The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2019. Graphium sarpedon is listed as Least Concern.


The Red list Assessmenti

Last assessed

27 September 2019

Scope of assessment

Global

Population trend

Unknown

Number of mature individuals

Population in detail

Habitat and ecology

Forest

Habitat and ecology in detail

Geographic range

+−
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  • Extant (resident)

Zoological Society of London & IUCN/SSC Butterfly Specialist Group 2021. Graphium sarpedon. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-3
Geographic range in detail

Taxonomy

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Lepidoptera

Family

Papilionidae

Genus

Graphium

Scientific name

Graphium sarpedon

Authority

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Synonyms

Papilio sarpedon Linnaeus, 1758

Common names

English

Blue Triangle, Common Bluebottle

Taxonomic sources

Identification Information

Taxonomic notes

There are several subspecies described for this species: the nominate subspecies sarpedon; subspecies nipponum (Fruhstorfer 1903);  subspecies morius (Fruhstorfer 1908); subspecies connectens (Fruhstorfer 1906); subspecies sikari (Page and Treadaway 2013); subspecies luctatius (Fruhstorfer 1907); subspecies colus (Fruhstorfer 1907); subspecies pagus (Fruhstorfer 1907); subspecies septentrionicolus (Page & Treadaway 2013); subspecies agusyantoei (Page & Treadaway 2013); subspecies rufofervidus (Fruhstorfer 1898); subspecies phyris (Jordan 1937); subspecies phyrisoides (Page & Treadaway 2013); subspecies lycianus (Toxopeus 1951); subspecies hundertmarki (Page & Treadaway 2013); subspecies rufocellularis (Fruhstorfer 1905); subspecies toxopei (Page and Treadway 2013); subspecies adonarensis (Rothschild 1896); subspecies jugans (Rothschild 1896); subspecies wetterensis (Okano 1993); subspecies kawaimitsuoi (Fujioka 1997).
The following are also likely to be subspecies; subspecies semifasciatum (Honrath, 1888);
 subspecies corycus (Fruhstorfer 1907);  subspecies melas (Fruhstorfer 1907); subspecies messogis (Fruhstorfer, 1907); subspecies temnus (Fruhstorfer 1907); subspecies timorensis (Rothschild, 1896) (Globis). This is a difficult species and the full taxonomy of this species is still somewhat uncertain and further DNA testing is required to better understand its taxonomy.

Assessment Information

IUCN Red List Category and Criteria

Least Concern 

ver 3.1

Date assessed

27 September 2019

Year published

2021

Year last seen

Previously published Red List assessments

    Regional assessments

      Assessor(s)

      Bains, T., Moonen, J. & Peggie, D.

      Reviewer(s)

      Böhm, M.

      Contributor(s)

      Facilitator(s) / Compiler(s)

      Partner(s) / Institution(s)

      Authority / Authorities

      IUCN SSC Butterfly Specialist Group

      Justification

      Graphium sarpedon is a well studied and widespread species. It has a very large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). It is locally common and utilises a wide range of larval food plants. As a result it is assessed as being of Least Concern (LC).

      Geographic Range

      Native

      Extant (resident)

      Australia; Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; China (Hainan); India; Indonesia (Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Is., Sumatera, Jawa); Japan; Korea, Republic of; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Malaysia (Sarawak, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah); Myanmar; Nepal; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Vanuatu; Viet Nam

      Number of locations

      Upper elevation limit

      Lower elevation limit

      Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²)

      3432

      Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO)

      Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO)

      Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²)

      39883550-51003480

      Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO)

      Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO)

      Continuing decline in number of locations

      Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations

      Range Description

      This species has a very large range and occurs in the following countries: India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, south-eastern and western China (including Hainan), Taiwan (Province of China), Republic of Korea, Japan, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia (with the exception of the Maluku islands), Papua New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, and Australia (Collins and Morris 1985, Braby 2000, Tennent 2002, Kirton 2014).

      Within Australia, the species occurs along the east coast of the country in moist lowland forests to the east of the Great Dividing Range (Braby 2000, Orr and Kitching 2010).

      The species occurs across India from the south throughout the Western Ghats and into the Himalayas from Kashmir (Qureshi 2020) to eastern India. The species is thought to occur at elevations below 1,600 m, however it has been recorded up to 2,300 m asl in the Himalayas (Kunte 2000).

      There are a large number of subspecies of this butterfly each with a slightly different distribution: subspecies lucratius occurs from Singapore to south Thailand and subspecies corbeti inhabits the rest of Thailand (Kirton 2014). Subspecies isander occurs on the Solomon islands (the Shortlands, Choiseul, Santa Isabel, The Russells, Guadalcanal, Savo, Florida, Malaita and San Cristobal) and also on Bougainville, Papua New Guinea (Tennent 2002). Subspecies impar occurs on the New Georgia group of islands (Tennent 2002). The nominate subspecies occurs in Laos and has been recorded in Vientiane and Luang Prabang at different times of the year (Cotton and Racheli 2006). Specimens have also been collected from Lak Sao (Osada et al. 1999) and Thabok (Nimura and Wakahara 2005). Subspecies sikari lives in India (Varshney and Smetack 2015).

      This species has a very large extent of occurrence of roughly 40 million km2.


      Population

      Current population trend

      Unknown

      Number of mature individuals

      Population severely fragmented

      No

      Continuing decline of mature individuals

      Extreme fluctuations

      No. of subpopulations

      Continuing decline in subpopulations

      Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations

      All individuals in one subpopulation

      No. of individuals in largest subpopulation

      Description

      This species is thought to be very common and widespread across its range (Collins and Morris 1985, Braby 2000). However, there is variability in its population between sites, and although common in most of its range, it is scarce in the Solomon Islands (Tennent 2002) and uncommon in Bangladesh (Larsen 2004). Within India, it is relatively common and can make up as much as 5% of the population of migrating butterflies in the Nilgiri mountains in the Western Ghats (Matthew and Binoy 2002).

      Habitat and Ecology

      System

      Habitat type

      Forest

      Generation length (years)

      Congregatory

      Movement patterns

      Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat

      Yes

      Habitat and Ecology

      The species is commonly found in forests, along forest edges and occasionally in villages but is not common in urban areas (Kirton 2014). It occurs in rainforest and monsoon forest but also occasionally in gardens in Australia wherever introduced camphor laurel, Cinnamomum camphora, grows (Orr and Kitching 2010). Various studies in Vietnam have shown that this species is primarily found along streams, in natural forest and is more common in forest gaps compared to areas of closed forest (Vu and Vu 2011, Spitzer et al. 1997).

      Males can often be seen congregating in large numbers on riverbanks for mud puddling (Kunte 2000), and females are often seen sipping nectar around flowers along the banks of creeks or pools (Tennent 2002).  The species has also been known to be attracted to animal droppings, rotting fruit and carcasses.

      Larval food plants for this species include plants from the genera; Beilschmiedia (B. obtusifolia), Cinnamomum (C. camphora, C. oliveri), Cryptocerya (C. cinnamomifolia, C. hypospodia, C. mackinnoniana, C. murrayi, C. triplinervis), Endiandra (E. impressicosta), Litsea (L. ferruginea, L. glutinosa, L. leefeana, l. reticulata), Neolitsea (N. australiensis, N. deabata), Doryphora (D. aromatica), Daphnandra (D. micrantha), Geijera (G. salifcifolia), Planchonella (P. laurifolia), Clerodendrum, Annona reticulata (Common and Waterhouse 1981, Dunn and Dunn 1991, Sankowsky 1991, Parsons 1999, Braby 2000, Kitching and Orr 2010). Other host plants elsewhere in their range include Persea americana, P. gratissima (Lauraceae), and Rauwenhoffia leichhardtii (Annonaceae) (Common and Waterhouse 1981, Dunn and Dunn 1991, Sankowsky 1991, Parsons 1999, Tennent 2002). In India, it has been recorded mainly on members of the Lauraceae and Annonaceae families, which include Alseodaphne semecarpifolia, C. macrocarpum, C. malabatrum, Litsea chinensis, Miliusa tomentosa, Polyalthia longifolia, and Persea macrantha (Kunte 2000). Host plants in Papua New Guinea include Litsea irianensis, L. guppyi, L. engleviana (Lauraceae), Cinnamomum sp. (also Lauraceae), among others (Parsons 1999). 


      Classification scheme

      HabitatsSuitabilityMajor importance
      1. Forest1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist LowlandSuitable
      1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist MontaneSuitable

      Threats

      Agriculture & aquaculture

      • Annual & perennial non-timber crops

      Biological resource use

      • Logging & wood harvesting

      Threats

      There are high levels of deforestation and habitat loss across the region throughout which this butterfly is distributed (Miettinen et al. 2011). It is unknown what impact these pressures have on this species; in a 2011 study, focusing on the detrimental impacts of low atmospheric humidity and forest fires on butterfly assemblages, the author reported the species to be rare before, and absent after, the disturbance (Smetacek 2011). However, these threats are thought to be localised to specific areas and this species is likely to face different threats in different areas across its range.

      Classification scheme

      ThreatsTimingStressesScopeSeverityImpact scoreInvasive speciesVirus
      2. Agriculture & aquaculture2.1. Annual & perennial non-timber crops2.1.3. Agro-industry farmingOngoing
      1. Ecosystem stresses1.1. Ecosystem conversion
      1.2. Ecosystem degradation
      		UnknownUnknownUnknown
      5. Biological resource use5.3. Logging & wood harvesting5.3.4. Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]Ongoing
      1. Ecosystem stresses1.1. Ecosystem conversion
      1.2. Ecosystem degradation
      		UnknownUnknownUnknown

      Use and Trade

      Sport hunting/specimen collecting

      Local: ✘
      National: ✔
      International: ✔

      Use and Trade

      This species is widely collected for trade (Collins and Morris 1985). The price of this species varies depending on the subspecies that is for sale, but one of the common subspecies can easily be brought online from insect collector websites (accessed July 2019). In Indonesia, a trade mechanism was established in which registered insect dealers submit a request to utilize the species for trade. The Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry determines the annual quota on trade of wild fauna and flora, based on the recommendation of the Research Center for Biology (RCB - Indonesian Institute of Sciences). For this species, the demand requested for trade is quite high, in the vicinity of 700 individuals each year, especially from West Papua (D. Peggie pers. comm. September 2019).

      Conservation Actions

      In-place land/water protection

      • Occurs in at least one protected area : Yes

      Conservation Actions

      This common and widespread species was not considered to be threatened in a status assessment of the world's swallowtails in 1985 (Collins and Morris 1985). The species occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its wide range, such as Balpakram National Park, Baghmara Reserve Forest and Siju Wildlife Sanctuary in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya, India (Kunte et al. 2012), Kameng Protected Area Complex, western Arunachal Pradesh (Sondhi and Kunte 2016) and Barail Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam, India (Gogoi et al. 2016). It has also been recorded in Satchari National Park in Bangladesh (Ul Hasan et al. 2018).

      Conservation actions classification scheme

      Conservation Actions NeededNotes

      Research classification scheme

      Research NeededNotes

      Bibliography

      Braby, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia. Their identification, biology and distribution. CSIRO Publishing, Canberra.

      Braby, M.F. 2008. The complete field guide to butterflies of Australia. CSIRO, Collingwood.

      Collins, N.M. and Morris, M.G. 1985. Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge.

      Common, I.F.B. and Waterhouse, G.A. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus & Robertson, Sydney.

      Cotton, A. M., & Racheli, T. 2006. A preliminary annotated checklist of the Papilionidae of Laos with notes on taxonomy, phenology, distribution and variation (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Fragmenta Entomologica 38(2): 279-378.

      Dunn, K. L. and Dunn, L. E. 1991. Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history and taxonomy. Review Of Australian Butterflies (1-4): 120-140.

      Gogoi, M.J., Singha, H.J. and Deb, P. 2016. Butterfly (Lepidoptera) Diversity in Barail Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 4(4): 547-560.

      Hasan, M.A.U., Neha, S.A., Baki, M.A. and Babu, M.Q. 2018. An inventory of butterfly species in relation to food sources and climatic factors influencing their diversity and richness in a semievergreen forest of Bangladesh . Arthropods 7(3): 53-68.

      Inayoshi, Y. 2010. A Check List of Butterflies in Indo-China. Available at: http://yutaka.it-n.jp/lyc4/83150001.html.

      IUCN. 2021. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 04 September 2021).

      Kirton, L.G. 2014. Butterflies of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. John Beaufoy Publishing, Oxford.

      Kunte, K. 2000. India, a lifescape: butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press, Hyderabad.

      Kunte, K., Sondhi, S., Sangma, B. M., Lovalekar, R., Tokekar, K., and Agavekar, G. 2012. Butterflies of the Garo Hills of Meghalaya, northeastern India: their diversity and conservation. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(10): 2933-2992.

      Larsen, T.B. 2004. An annotated checklist of the butterflies of Bangladesh (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). IUCN Bangladesh, Dhaka.

      Mathew, G. and Binoy, C. F. 2002. Migration of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in the New Amarambalam Reserve Forest of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Zoos' Print Journal 17(8): 844-847.

      Miettinen, J., Shi, C. and Liew, S.C. 2011. Deforestation rates in insular Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2010. Global Change Biology 17(7): 2261-2270. DOI:10.111/j.1365-2486.2011.02398.x.

      Nimura, M. and Wakahara, H. 2005. Butterfiies of the central Lao P.D.R. in the low temperature and dry season (1997-2001). Trans.Iepid.Soc.Japan 56(1): 36-50.

      Orr, A. and Kitching, R. 2010. The Butterflies of Australia. Jacana Books, Crows Nest.

      Osada, S., Uémura, Y. and Uehara, J. 1999. An Illustrated Checklist of the Butterflies of Laos P.D.R. Mokuyo-sha, Tokyo.

      Parsons, M. 1999. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology. Academic Press., London.

      Qureshi, A.A. 2020. Biodiversity of Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of Jammu and Kashmir State. In: Dar, G. and Khuroo, A. (eds), Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State, Springer, Singapore.

      Sankowsky, G.A. 1991. New food plants for some Queensland butterflies. Australian Entomological Magazine 18: 9-19.

      Smetacek, P. 2011. Detrimental effects of low atmospheric humidity and forest fire on a community of western Himalayan butterflies. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(4): 1694–1701.

      Sondhi, S. and Kunte, K. 2016. Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of the Kameng Protected Area Complex, western Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(8): 9053–9124.

      Spitzer, K., Jaros, J. Havelka, J. and Leps, J. 1997. Effect of small-scale disturbances on butterfly communities of an Indochinese montane rainforest. Biological Conservation 80: 9-15.

      Tennent, J. 2002. Butterflies of the Solomon Islands: Systematics and Biogeography. Storm Entomological Publications, Derehan, Norfolk, England.

      Ul Hasan, M.A., Neha, S.A., Baki, M.A. and Babu, M.Q. 2018. An inventory of butterfly species in relation to food sources and climatic factors influencing their diversity and richness in a semievergreen forest of Bangladesh. Arthropods 7(3): 53-68.

      Varshney, R.K. and Smetacek, P. (eds). 2015. A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. pp. 261. Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal and Indinov Publishing, New Delhi.

      Vu, L. V., and Vu, C. Q. 2011. Diversity Pattern of Butterfly Communities (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) in Different Habitat Types in a Tropical Rain Forest of Southern Vietnam. International Scholarly Research Network 2011(818545): 1-8.

      External Data

      Images and External Links

      iNaturalist.org observations

      Search sites for species

      GooglePicSearchCalPhotosFishBaseNatureServe ExplorerGBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility Encyclopedia of LifeCatalogue of Life (Species2000)

      CITES Legislation from Species+

      Data Source

      The information below is from the Species+ website.

      Studies and Actions from Conservation Evidence

      Data Source

      The information below is from the Conservation Evidence website.

      Search terms: "Graphium sarpedon", "Papilionidae"

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