Lien Protocol

1 Executive Summary

This report presents the results of our engagement with Lien Finance to review their smart contract system, including: MainContracts, 3 FairSwap systems, Oracle interface, and their Token implementation which is a modified version of ERC20 with maturity date.

The review was conducted over the course of two weeks, from May 25, 2020 to June 6, 2020 by John Mardlin and Shayan Eskandari. A total of 20 person-days were spent.

During the project kick-off call, and the first week of the engagement, we directed most of our attention towards the documentation and code review of the three Fairswap exchanges, and the Oracle contracts.

Towards the end of the first week, and during the second week we began to split our efforts in order to cover the large codebase more evenly, with John focusing on the exchange contracts, and Shayan focusing on the LienToken and MainContracts repos.

1.1 Scope

At the outset, our review focused on the commit hashes in the 6 repositories below.

Repository Commit Hash
https://github.com/LienProtocol/Fairswap_iDOLvsLien 6bb79f9e4790ad6d5cd3a60169d3c81a56217d80
https://github.com/LienProtocol/Fairswap_iDOLvsETH 18792430a456277ea9ec14f388f2c5508efe25f2
https://github.com/LienProtocol/Fairswap_iDOLvsImmortalOptions dccd3f8bf750a847f35b324b8a13592e34dbda8a
https://github.com/LienProtocol/LienToken/ acf89ca918b8d47eeff1c81d067362d47067e87a
https://github.com/LienProtocol/Oracle d8f15219a05a9f49c4ec34e7a626cf7931896b78
https://github.com/LienProtocol/MainContracts ace052936b5590b4a0e548b0bca9a25a2d0565a0

These repositories were updated multiple times during the course of the review, as incomplete portions of the code were identified. A list of these updates can be found in the Appendix.

Together with the Lien team, it was established that the main focus for this review would be the high-level business logic and best practices present in the code. Lien stated that they are “confident in mathematical components through bunch of test cases including edge cases”

2 Recommendations

2.1 Consider an iterative approach to launching

The system has many components with complex functionality and no apparent upgrade path.

We recommend identifying which components are crucial for a minimum viable system, then focusing efforts on ensuring the security of those components first, and then moving on to the others.

2.2 Be aware of and prepare for worst-case scenarios

During the early life of the system, have a method for pausing and upgrading the system. The details of some scenarios were discussed with the client on the delivery meeting.

2.3 Testing

Document how to run tests in the README

The steps required to execute the test suite (using truffle) should be clearly documented in the README of each repository.

It would also be helpful to define an npm test script in the package.json file.

Fix failing tests

A significant number of tests are failing. These should be fixed or removed if they are no longer relevant.

Extend the test suite

We recommend writing unit tests for the _calculate...() functions, and other functions which contain complex mathematics or business logic. If functions are private, they can be exposed by writing test contracts.

In order to discover edge-cases, consider running a large number of tests by running a loop over an array with many different inputs. Here is an example.

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

2.4 Move the Fairswap implementations to single repository

There are three separate Fairswap repositories which share much of their logic and internal structure. We recommend moving the three implementations into a single repository, and extract any functionality which is common between them into parent contracts which can be inherited.

Instead of having duplicate code in two different parts of the system, we recommend having one implementation to prevent future mistakes while updating the code, or possibly missing bug fixes in either of the implementations.

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

2.5 Remove unused code

Unused code can distract reviewers and reduce the readability of the system. For example in Fairswap_iDOLvsETH/contracts/BoxExchange.sol, the onlyLienToken modifier is defined but never used.

In addition to some functions not being used, there are some input arguments that are defined but not used. It is suggested to clean up these instances.

Example: The second argument uint256 is unnamed and not used. MainContracts/contracts/BondMaker.sol

function liquidateBond(uint256 bondGroupID, uint256) public override {
        _distributeETH2BondTokenContract(bondGroupID);
    }

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

2.6 Improve documentation and code commenting

2.7 Review the Code Quality recommendations in Appendix 1

Other comments related to readability and best practices are listed in Appendix 1

3 Issues

Each issue has an assigned severity:

3.1 A reverting fallback function will lock up all payouts Critical ✓ Fixed

Resolution

Replace the push method to pull pattern.

  • Remove transfer of ETH in the process of execution, and store ETH amount to mapping(address => uint256) ethBalance (contracts/Inheritance/ETHExchange.sol, L21)

  • Add function withdrawETH to send ethBalance[msg.sender] (contracts/Inheritance/ETHExchange.sol, L158-L162)

Description

In BoxExchange.sol, the internal function _transferEth() reverts if the transfer does not succeed:

code/Fairswap_iDOLvsETH/contracts/BoxExchange.sol:L958-L963

function _transferETH(address _recipient, uint256 _amount) private {
    (bool success, ) = _recipient.call{value: _amount}(
        abi.encodeWithSignature("")
    );
    require(success, "Transfer Failed");
}

The _payment() function processes a list of transfers to settle the transactions in an ExchangeBox. If any of the recipients of an Eth transfer is a smart contract that reverts, then the entire payout will fail and will be unrecoverable.

Recommendation

  1. Implement a queuing mechanism to allow buyers/sellers to initiate the withdrawal on their own using a ‘pull-over-push pattern.’
  2. Ignore a failed transfer and leave the responsibility up to users to receive them properly.

3.2 Force traders to mint gas token Major ✓ Fixed

Resolution

Replace push funds with Pull Pattern.

  • Remove transfer of ETH in the process of execution, and store ETH amount to mapping(address => uint256) ethBalance (contracts/Inheritance/ETHExchange.sol, L21)
  • Add function withdrawETH to send ethBalance[msg.sender] (contracts/Inheritance/ETHExchange.sol, L158-L162)

Description

Attack scenario:

  1. Alice makes a large trade via the Fairswap_iDOLvsEth exchange. This will tie up her iDOL until the box is executed.
  2. Mallory makes a small trades to buy ETH immediately afterwards, the trades are routed through an attack contract.
  3. Alice needs to execute the box to get her iDOL out.
  4. Because the gas amount is unlimited, when you Mallory’s ETH is paid out to her attack contract, mint a lot of GasToken.

If Alice has $100 worth of ETH tied up in the exchange, you can basically ransom her for $99 of gas token or else she’ll never see her funds again.

Examples

code/Fairswap_iDOLvsETH/contracts/BoxExchange.sol:L958

function _transferETH(address _recipient, uint256 _amount) private {

Recommendation

When sending ETH, a pull-payment model is generally preferable.

This would require setting up a queue, allowing users to call a function to initiate a withdrawal.

3.3 Missing Proper Access Control Major ✓ Fixed

Resolution

Comment from Lien Protocol:

remove comment out lines to activate time control functions at Auction.sol and AuctionBoard.sol (a contract divided from Auction.sol)

Description

Some functions do not have proper access control and are public, meaning that anyone can call them. This will result in system take over depending on how critical those functionalities are.

Examples

Anyone can set IDOLContract in MainContracts.Auction.sol, which is a critical aspect of the auction contract, and it cannot be changed after it is set:

code/MainContracts/contracts/Auction.sol:L144-L148

 */
function setIDOLContract(address contractAddress) public {
    require(address(_IDOLContract) == address(0), "IDOL contract is already registered");
    _setStableCoinContract(contractAddress);
}

Recommendation

Make the setIDOLContract() function internal and call it from the constructor, or only allow the deployer to set the value.

3.4 Code is not production-ready Major ✓ Fixed

Resolution

Comment from Lien Protocol:

remove comment out lines and update code to activate time control functions at AuctionTimeControl.sol

Description

Similar to other discussed issues, several areas of the code suggest that the system is not production-ready. This results in narrow test scenarios that do not cover production code flow.

Examples

In MainContracts/contracts/AuctionTimeControl.sol the following functions are commented out and replaced with same name functions that simply return True for testing purposes:

  • isNotStartedAuction
  • inAcceptingBidsPeriod
  • inRevealingValuationPeriod
  • inReceivingBidsPeriod

code/MainContracts/contracts/AuctionTimeControl.sol:L30-L39

/*
// Indicates any auction has never held for a specified BondID
function isNotStartedAuction(bytes32 auctionID) public virtual override returns (bool) {
    uint256 closingTime = _auctionClosingTime[auctionID];
    return closingTime == 0;
}

// Indicates if the auctionID is in bid acceptance status
function inAcceptingBidsPeriod(bytes32 auctionID) public virtual override returns (bool) {
    uint256 closingTime = _auctionClosingTime[auctionID];

code/MainContracts/contracts/AuctionTimeControl.sol:L67-L78

// TEST
function isNotStartedAuction(bytes32 auctionID)
    public
    virtual
    override
    returns (bool)
{
    return true;
}

// TEST
function inAcceptingBidsPeriod(bytes32 auctionID)

These commented-out functions contain essential functionality for the Auction contract. For example, inRevealingValuationPeriod is used to allow revealing of the bid price publicly:

code/MainContracts/contracts/Auction.sol:L403-L406

require(
    inRevealingValuationPeriod(auctionID),
    "it is not the time to reveal the value of bids"
);

Recommendation

Remove the test functions and use the production code for testing. The tests must have full coverage of the production code to be considered complete.

3.5 Unable to compile contracts Major ✓ Fixed

Resolution

The related code was updated on the 7th day of the audit, and fixed this issue for Fairswap_iDOLvsImmortalOptions as far as we reviewed.

Description

In the Fairswap_iDOLvsImmortalOptionsrepository:

Compilation with truffle fails due to a missing file: contracts/testTokens/TestBondMaker.sol. Compilation with solc fails due to an undefined interface function:

Error: Member "calculatePrice" not found or not visible after argument-dependent lookup in contract CalculatorInterface.
   --> contracts/BoxExchange.sol:821:36:
    |
821 |         uint256[5] memory Prices = calc.calculatePrice(
    |                                    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

In the Fairswap_iDOLvsLien repository:

Compilation with truffle fails due to a missing file: ./ERC20RegularlyRecord.sol. The correct filename is ./TestERC20RegularlyRecord.sol.

Recommendation

Ensure all contracts are easily compilable by following simple instructions in the README.

3.6 Unreachable code due to checked conditions Medium ✓ Fixed

Resolution

Comment from Lien Protocol:

Fix Unreachable codes in Auction.sol which were made for the tests.

Description

The code flow in MainContracts.Auction.sol revealBid() is that it first checks if the function has been called during the reveal period, which means “after closing” and “before the end of the reveal period.”

code/MainContracts/contracts/Auction.sol:L508-L517

function revealBid(
    bytes32 auctionID,
    uint256 price,
    uint256 targetSBTAmount,
    uint256 random
) public override {
    require(
        inRevealingValuationPeriod(auctionID),
        "it is not the time to reveal the value of bids"
    );

However, later in the same function, code exists to introduce “Penalties for revealing too early.” This checks to see if the function was called before closing, which should not be possible given the previous check.

code/MainContracts/contracts/Auction.sol:L523-L537

/**
 * @dev Penalties for revealing too early.
 * Some participants may not follow the rule and publicate their bid information before the reveal process.
 * In such a case, the bid price is overwritten by the bid with the strike price (slightly unfavored price).
 */
uint256 bidPrice = price;

/**
 * @dev FOR TEST CODE RUNNING: The following if statement in L533 should be replaced by the comment out
 */
if (inAcceptingBidsPeriod(auctionID)) {
    // if (false) {
    (, , uint256 solidStrikePriceE4, ) = _getBondFromAuctionID(auctionID);
    bidPrice = _exchangeSBT2IDOL(solidStrikePriceE4.mul(10**18));
}

Recommendation

Double-check the logic in these functions. If revealing should be allowed (but penalized in the earlier stage), the first check should be changed. However, based on our understanding, the first check is correct, and the second check for early reveal is redundant and should be removed.

3.7 TODO tags present in the code Medium ✓ Fixed

Resolution

Comment from Lien Protocol:

All TODOs in repositories were solved and removed.

Description

There are a few instances of TODO tags in the codebase that must be addressed before production as they correspond to commented-out code that makes up essential parts of the system.

Examples

code/MainContracts/contracts/Auction.sol:L310-L311

// require(strikePriceIDOLAmount > 10**10, 'at least 100 iDOL is required for the bid Amount'); // require $100 for spam protection // TODO
require(

code/MainContracts/contracts/BondMaker.sol:L392-L394

bytes32[] storage bondIDs = bondGroup.bondIDs;
// require(msg.value.mul(998).div(1000) > amount, 'fail to transfer Ether'); // TODO

code/MainContracts/contracts/BondMaker.sol:L402-L404

    _issueNewBond(bondID, msg.sender, amount);
    // transferETH(bondTokenAddress, msg.value - amount); // TODO
}

3.8 Documented function getERC20TokenDividend() does not exist Medium ✓ Fixed

Resolution

Comment from Lien Protocol:

Fairswap Fix ReadMe (README.md)

Description

In the README of Fairswap_iDOLvsLien, a function is listed which is not implemented in the codebase:

getERC20TokenDividend() function withdraws ETH and baseToken dividends for the Lien token stored in the exchange.(the dividends are stored in the contract at this moment)

Recommendation

Implement the function, or update the documentation

3.9 Fairswap interfaces are inconsistent Medium ✓ Fixed

Resolution

Comment from Lien Protocol:

Implement interface(contracts/Inheritance/TokenExchange.sol L11, contracts/Inheritance/ETHExchange.sol L12)

Description

There are unexpected inconsistencies between the three Fairswap contract interfaces, which may cause issues for composability with external contracts.

Examples

The function used to submit orders between the base and settlement currency has a different name across the three exchanges:

  1. In Fairswap_iDOLvsETH it is called: orderEThToToken().
  2. In Fairswap_iDOLvsLien it is called: OrderBaseToSettlement() (capitalized).
  3. In Fairswap_iDOLvsImmmortalOptions it is called: orderBaseToSettlement().

Recommendation

Implement the desired interface in a separate file, and inherit it on the exchange contracts to ensure they are implemented as intended.

3.10 Fairswap: inconsistent checks on _executionOrder() Minor ✓ Fixed

Resolution

Comment from Lien Protocol:

Fairswap- Integrate if statements about executeUnexecutedBox() (contracts/Inheritance/TokenExchange.sol L161, contracts/Inheritance/ETHExchange.sol L143, contracts/Inheritance/BoxExchange.sol L401-L405)

Description

The _executionOrder() function should only be called under specific conditions. However, these conditions are not always consistently defined.

Examples

code/Fairswap_iDOLvsLien/contracts/BoxExchange.sol:L218

if (nextBoxNumber > 1 && nextBoxNumber > nextExecuteBoxNumber) {

code/Fairswap_iDOLvsLien/contracts/BoxExchange.sol:L312

if (nextBoxNumber > 1 && nextBoxNumber > nextExecuteBoxNumber) {

code/Fairswap_iDOLvsLien/contracts/BoxExchange.sol:L647

if (nextBoxNumber > 1 && nextBoxNumber >= nextExecuteBoxNumber) {

Recommendation

Reduce duplicate code by defining an internal function to perform this check. A clear, descriptive name will help to clarify the intention.

3.11 Inconsistency in DecimalSafeMath implementations Minor ✓ Fixed

Resolution

Comment from Lien Protocol:

Integrate and rename DecimalSafeMath to RateMath (contracts/Inheritance/RateMath.sol)

Description

There are two different implementations of DecimalSafeMath in the 3 FairSwap repositories.

Examples

FairSwap_iDOLvsLien/contracts/util/DecimalSafeMath.sol#L4-L11

library DecimalSafeMath {
    function decimalDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b)internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
        uint256 a_ = a * 1000000000000000000;
        uint256 c = a_ / b;
        // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
        return c;
    }

Fairswap_iDOLvsETH/contracts/util/DecimalSafeMath.sol#L3-L11

library DecimalSafeMath {

    function decimalDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b)internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // assert(b > 0); // Solidity automatically throws when dividing by 0
      
        uint256 c = (a * 1000000000000000000) / b;
        // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
        return c;
    }

Recommendation

Try removing duplicate code/libraries and using a better inheritance model to include one file in all FairSwaps.

Appendix 1 - Code Quality Recommendations

A.1.1 Use structs to reduce the number of mappings

MainContracts.Auction.sol has 31 mappings which use auctionID as the key. This can be simplified by using a small number of mappings which return large structs. This would significantly increases the code readability.

Another example is the mappings in StableCoin.sol which use poolID as the key, and can be refactored to use a Pool struct.

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

A.1.2 Reduce repetitive code

This code snippet occurs in all three FairSwaps in the orderEthToToken and orderTokenToEth functions:

e.g. Fairswap_iDOLvsETH/contracts/BoxExchange.sol#L184-L198

            nextBoxNumber += 1;
            Exchange[nextBoxNumber - 1].blockNumber = uint32(block.number);
            if (_isLimit) {
                Exchange[nextBoxNumber - 1].buyOrdersLimit[msg.sender] = msg
                    .value
                    .decimalDiv(DECIMAL + FEE_RATE);
                Exchange[nextBoxNumber - 1].buyersLimit.push(msg.sender);
                Exchange[nextBoxNumber - 1].totalBuyAmountLimit += msg.value;
            } else {
                Exchange[nextBoxNumber - 1].buyOrders[msg.sender] = msg
                    .value
                    .decimalDiv(DECIMAL + FEE_RATE);
                Exchange[nextBoxNumber - 1].buyers.push(msg.sender);
                Exchange[nextBoxNumber - 1].totalBuyAmount += msg.value;
            }

Each branch of the logic in these functions is nearly identical. We recommend using an internal function to handle these state changes and significantly reduce the total lines of code.

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

A.1.3 Make use of the contract type for additional compiler safety

In many cases known contract types (ie. an ERC20 token or an Oracle), are declared as an address type. This circumvents Solidity’s type safety checks.

For example, in Fairswap_iDOLvsETH/contracts/BoxExchange.sol:

    // Bad
    address public tokenAddress; // this variable is unused after init, and is redundant with the `token` variable below
    address payable public lienTokenAddress;

    IERC20 token;
   
    constructor(address _tokenAddress, address payable _lienTokenAddress)
        public
    {
        tokenAddress = _tokenAddress;
        token = IERC20(tokenAddress);
        lienTokenAddress = _lienTokenAddress;
    }

    // OK
    IERC20 token; // this is an
    LienToken payable public lienToken;
   
    constructor(IERC20 _token, LienToken payable _lienTokenAddress)
        public
    {
        token = _token
        lienToken = _lienToken;
    }

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

A.1.4 Restrict mutability on _calculateX() functions

In BoxExchange.sol, across the 3 Fairswap repos, many of the calculateX() functions should be labelled either pure or view to ensure that state changes are not introduced as side effects.

The same recommendation likely applies in other parts of the codebase and it is worth reviewing for.

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

A.1.5 Function Naming suggestions

Proper use of _ as a function name prefix

A common pattern is to prefix internal and private function names with _. This pattern is applied in most of the code base, however there are inconsistencies, such as

Proper use of get as a function name prefix

Clear function names can increase readability. Follow a standard convertion function names such as using get for getter (view/pure) functions. Examples:

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

A.1.6 Variable naming suggestions

Some of the constants namings are inconsistent. For example the seconds in a day is defined as A_DAY in TrustedPriceOracle, and SECONDS_IN_DAY in ChainlinkPriceOracle.

The variable nextBoxNumber is initialized to 1 and is most often referenced as nextBoxNumber - 1. The code would be greatly simplified by replacing it with currentBoxNumber initialized to 0.

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

A.1.7 Ordering of definitions

In many cases, events are defined in different places throughout a file. Follow the conventional ordering of definitions in a file:

  1. Global constants
  2. Variables
  3. Events
  4. Modifiers
  5. Functions

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

A.1.8 Review and update misleading comments

Some inline comments in the code are misleading. This could be result of code updates without updating the associated comments.

Example: /Fairswap_iDOLvsETH/contracts/BoxExchange.sol

        //if refundrate > 0, refund baseToken
        _transferETH(orderer, refundAmount); // says baseToken but transfers Eth
    }

Lien Protocol updated the comments.

A.1.9 Use small functions to clarify the intention of recurring conditional statements

This check occurs 3 times in each Fairswap contract:

  Exchange[nextBoxNumber - 1].blockNumber != 0 &&
  Exchange[nextBoxNumber - 1].blockNumber + 1 >= block.number

Another example are the checks prior to call _executionOrders. This check occurs twice:

nextBoxNumber > 1 && nextBoxNumber > nextExecuteBoxNumber

… and this check which once, although it is presumably intended to be identical to the prior example.

nextBoxNumber > 1 && nextBoxNumber >= nextExecuteBoxNumber

Implementing these checks in a small function provides an opportunity to clarify the intention of the check, and will reduce the probability of making mistakes in the logic.

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

A.1.10 _isAuctionEmergency only needs mapping to boolean

_isAuctionEmergency mapping is used to determine if an auction should be treated in a special way (e.g. shorted reveal period, etc). It is currently defined as bytes32 => uint, where a boolean would suffice.

contract AuctionTimeControl is Time, AuctionTimeControlInterface {
    // 1: Emergency 0:Else
    mapping(bytes32 => uint256) _isAuctionEmergency;

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

A.1.11 Avoid Duplicate checks

There are many instances of duplicate and redundant checks throughout the code.

Examples:

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

A.1.12 DecimalSafeMath naming and usage are confusing

DecimalSafeMath the name indicates it is using safeMath, however it is not and it could possibly overflow. Other than this consideration, the use cases have DECIMAL in the formulas that use decimalDiv and decimalMul, which further reduces the readability of the code and calculation.

Example: Fairswap_iDOLvsETH/contracts/BoxExchange.sol

        uint256 tokensPerShare = (tokenPool.mul(DECIMAL)).decimalDiv(
            _totalShares
        );
        uint256 tokensRequired = (sharesPurchased.decimalMul(tokensPerShare))
            .div(DECIMAL);

This is mainly a readability and auditability suggestion. It is better to either remove the implicit DECIMALS in these functions and move them to where the formulas are implemented.

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

A.1.13 payable is used unnecessarily

In many cases an address is unnecessarily defined as payable.

Examples:

Lien Protocol addressed this recommendation as follows:

Appendix 2 - Updated Commits

This section records changes to the codebase after the start of the engagement.

A.2.1 Updated Commits on Day 3

A.2.2 Updated Commits on Day 3

A.2.3 Updated Commits on Day 4

A.2.4 Updated Commits on Day 7

Appendix 3 - Disclosure

ConsenSys Diligence (“CD”) typically receives compensation from one or more clients (the “Clients”) for performing the analysis contained in these reports (the “Reports”). The Reports may be distributed through other means, including via ConsenSys publications and other distributions.

The Reports are not an endorsement or indictment of any particular project or team, and the Reports do not guarantee the security of any particular project. This Report does not consider, and should not be interpreted as considering or having any bearing on, the potential economics of a token, token sale or any other product, service or other asset. Cryptographic tokens are emergent technologies and carry with them high levels of technical risk and uncertainty. No Report provides any warranty or representation to any Third-Party in any respect, including regarding the bugfree nature of code, the business model or proprietors of any such business model, and the legal compliance of any such business. No third party should rely on the Reports in any way, including for the purpose of making any decisions to buy or sell any token, product, service or other asset. Specifically, for the avoidance of doubt, this Report does not constitute investment advice, is not intended to be relied upon as investment advice, is not an endorsement of this project or team, and it is not a guarantee as to the absolute security of the project. CD owes no duty to any Third-Party by virtue of publishing these Reports.

PURPOSE OF REPORTS The Reports and the analysis described therein are created solely for Clients and published with their consent. The scope of our review is limited to a review of Solidity code and only the Solidity code we note as being within the scope of our review within this report. The Solidity language itself remains under development and is subject to unknown risks and flaws. The review does not extend to the compiler layer, or any other areas beyond Solidity that could present security risks. Cryptographic tokens are emergent technologies and carry with them high levels of technical risk and uncertainty.

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