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bioRxiv is receiving many new papers on coronavirus 2019-nCoV.   A reminder: these are preliminary reports that have not been peer-reviewed. They should not be regarded as conclusive, guide clinical practice/health-related behavior, or be reported in news media as established information.
New Results 20 comments

Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov

Yu Zhao, Zixian Zhao, Yujia Wang, Yueqing Zhou, Yu Ma, Wei Zuo
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.26.919985
This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review [what does this mean?].
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Abstract

A novel coronavirus (2019-nCov) was identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December of 2019. This new coronavirus has resulted in thousands of cases of lethal disease in China, with additional patients being identified in a rapidly growing number internationally. 2019-nCov was reported to share the same receptor, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), with SARS-Cov. Here based on the public database and the state-of-the-art single-cell RNA-Seq technique, we analyzed the ACE2 RNA expression profile in the normal human lungs. The result indicates that the ACE2 virus receptor expression is concentrated in a small population of type II alveolar cells (AT2). Surprisingly, we found that this population of ACE2-expressing AT2 also highly expressed many other genes that positively regulating viral reproduction and transmission. A comparison between eight individual samples demonstrated that the Asian male one has an extremely large number of ACE2-expressing cells in the lung. This study provides a biological background for the epidemic investigation of the 2019-nCov infection disease, and could be informative for future anti-ACE2 therapeutic strategy development.

Severe infection by 2019-nCov could result in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis, causing death in approximately 15% of infected individuals1,2. Once contacted with the human airway, the spike proteins of this virus can associate with the surface receptors of sensitive cells, which mediated the entrance of the virus into target cells for further replication. Recently, Xu et.al., modeled the spike protein to identify the receptor for 2019-nCov, and indicated that Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) could be the receptor for this virus3. ACE2 is previously known as the receptor for SARS-Cov and NL634–6. According to their modeling, although the binding strength between 2019-nCov and ACE2 is weaker than that between SARS-Cov and ACE2, it is still much higher than the threshold required for virus infection. Zhou et. al. conducted virus infectivity studies and showed that ACE2 is essential for 2019-nCov to enter HeLa cells7. These data indicated that ACE2 is likely to be the receptor for 2019-nCov.

The expression and distribution of the receptor decide the route of virus infection and the route of infection has a major implication for understanding the pathogenesis and designing therapeutic strategies. Previous studies have investigated the RNA expression of ACE2 in 72 human tissues8. However, the lung is a complex organ with multiple types of cells, and such real-time PCR RNA profiling is based on bulk tissue analysis with no way to elucidate the ACE2 expression in each type of cell in the human lung. The ACE2 protein level is also investigated by immunostaining in lung and other organs8,9. These studies showed that in normal human lung, ACE2 is mainly expressed by type II and type I alveolar epithelial cells. Endothelial cells were also reported to be ACE2 positive. However, immunostaining analysis is known for its lack of signal specificity, and accurate quantification is also another challenge for such analysis.

The recently developed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) technology enables us to study the ACE2 expression in each cell type and give quantitative information at single-cell resolution. Previous work has built up the online database for scRNA-Seq analysis of 8 normal human lung transplant donors10. In current work, we used the updated bioinformatics tools to analyze the data. In total, we analyzed 43,134 cells derived from normal lung tissue of 8 adult donors. We performed unsupervised graph-based clustering (Seurat version 2.3.4) and for each individual, we identified 8~11 transcriptionally distinct cell clusters based on their marker gene expression profile. Typically the clusters include type II alveolar cells (AT2), type I alveolar cells (AT1), airway epithelial cells (ciliated cells and Club cells), fibroblasts, endothelial cells and various types of immune cells. The cell cluster map of a representative donor (Asian male, 55-year-old) was visualized using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) as shown in Fig. 1b and his major cell type marker expressions were demonstrated in Fig.2.

Figure 1.
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Figure 1. Single-cell analysis of normal human lung.

a. Characteristics of lung transplant donors for single-cell RNA-Seq analysis.

b. Cellular cluster map of the Asian male. All 8 samples were analyzed using the Seurat R package. Cells were clustered using a graph-based shared nearest neighbor clustering approach and visualized using a t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) plot.

Figure 2.
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Figure 2. Violin plots of expression for ACE2 and select cell type-specific marker genes significantly upregulated in distinct lung cell clusters of the Asian male donor.

AGER, type I alveolar cell marker; SFTPC (SPC), type II alveolar cell marker; SCGB3A2, Club cell marker; TPPP3, ciliated cell marker; CD68, macrophage marker; PTPRC(CD45), pan-immune cell marker.

Next, we analyzed the cell-type-specific expression pattern of ACE2 in each individual. For all donors, ACE2 is expressed in 0.64% of all human lung cells. The majority of the ACE2-expressing cells (averagely 83%) are AT2 cells. Averagely 1.4±0.4% of AT2 cells expressed ACE2. Other ACE2 expressing cells include AT1 cells, airway epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages. However, their ACE2-expressing cell ratio is low and variable among individuals. For the representative donor (Asian male, 55-year-old), the expressions of ACE2 and cell-type-specific markers in each cluster are demonstrated in Fig.2.

To further understand the special population of ACE2-expressing AT2, we performed gene ontology enrichment analysis to study which biological processes are involved with this cell population by comparing them with the AT2 cells not expressing ACE2. Surprisingly, we found that multiple viral process-related GO are significantly over-presented, including “positive regulation of viral process” (P value=0.001), “viral life cycle” (P value=0.005), “virion assembly” (P value=0.03) and “positive regulation of viral genome replication” (P value=0.04). These highly expressed viral process-related genes in ACE2-expressing AT2 include: SLC1A5, CXADR, CAV2, NUP98, CTBP2, GSN,HSPA1B,STOM, RAB1B, HACD3, ITGB6, IST1,NUCKS1,TRIM27, APOE, SMARCB1,UBP1,CHMP1A,NUP160,HSPA8,DAG1,STAU1,ICAM1,CHMP5,D EK, VPS37B, EGFR, CCNK, PPIA, IFITM3, PPIB, TMPRSS2, UBC, LAMP1 and CHMP3. Therefore, it seems that the 2019-nCov has cleverly evolved to hijack this population of AT2 cells for its reproduction and transmission.

We further compared the characteristics of the donors and their ACE2 expressing patterns. No association was detected between the ACE2-expressing cell number and the age or smoking status of donors. Of note, the 2 male donors have a higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than all other 6 female donors (1.66% vs. 0.41% of all cells, P value=0.07, Mann Whitney Test). In addition, the distribution of ACE2 is also more widespread in male donors than females: at least 5 different types of cells in male lung express this receptor, while only 2~4 types of cells in female lung express the receptor. This result is highly consistent with the epidemic investigation showing that most of the confirmed 2019-nCov infected patients were men (30 vs. 11, by Jan 2, 2020).

We also noticed that the only Asian donor (male) has a much higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than white and African American donors (2.50% vs. 0.47% of all cells). This might explain the observation that the new Coronavirus pandemic and previous SARS-Cov pandemic are concentrated in the Asian area.

Altogether, in the current study, we report the RNA expression profile of ACE2 in the human lung at single-cell resolution. Our analysis suggested that the expression of ACE2 is concentrated in a special population of AT2 which expresses many other genes favoring the viral process. This conclusion is different from the previous report which observed abundant ACE2 not only in AT2, but also in endothelial cells8. In fact, to our knowledge, endothelial cells sometimes can be non-specifically stained in immunohistochemical analysis. The abundant expression of ACE2 in a population of AT2 explained the severe alveolar damage after infection. The demonstration of the distinct number and distribution of ACE2-expressing cell population in different cohorts can potentially identify the susceptible population. The shortcoming of the study is the small donor sample number, and that the current technique can only analyze the RNA level but not the protein level of single cells. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether there is any other co-receptor responsible for the 2019-nCov infection, which might also help to explain the observed difference of transmission ability between SARS-Cov and 2019-nCov. Future work on the ACE2 receptor profiling could lead to novel anti-infective strategies such as ACE2 protein blockade or ACE2-expressing cell ablation.

Methods

Public datasets (GEO: GSE122960) were used for bioinformatics analysis. Firstly, we used Seurat (version 2.3.4) to read a combined gene-barcode matrix of all samples. We removed the low-quality cells with less than 200 or more than 6,000 detected genes, or if their mitochondrial gene content was > 10%. Genes were filtered out that were detected in less than 3 cells. For normalization, the combined gene-barcode matrix was scaled by total UMI counts, multiplied by 10,000 and transformed to log space. The highly variable genes were identified using the function FindVariableGenes. Variants arising from number of UMIs and percentage of mitochondrial genes were regressed out by specifying the vars.to.regress argument in Seurat function ScaleData. The expression level of highly variable genes in the cells was scaled and centered along each gene, and was conducted to principal component analysis.

Then we assessed the number of PCs to be included in downstream analysis by (1) plotting the cumulative standard deviations accounted for each PC using the function PCElbowPlot in Seurat to identify the ‘knee’ point at a PC number after which successive PCs explain diminishing degrees of variance, and (2) by exploring primary sources of heterogeneity in the datasets using the PCHeatmap function in Seurat. Based on these two methods, we selected the first top significant PCs for two-dimensional t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE), implemented by the Seurat software with the default parameters. We used FindClusters in Seurat to identify cell clusters for each sample. Following clustering and visualization with t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE), initial clusters were subjected to inspection and merging based on the similarity of marker genes and a function for measuring phylogenetic identity using BuildClusterTree in Seurat. Identification of cell clusters was performed on the final aligned object guided by marker genes. To identify the marker genes, differential expression analysis was performed by the function FindAllMarkers in Seurat with Wilcoxon rank sum test. Differentially expressed genes that were expressed at least in 25% cells within the cluster and with a fold change more than 0.25 (log scale) were considered to be marker genes. tSNE plots and violin plots were generated using Seurat.

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by National Key Research Program to W. Zuo (2017YFA0104600), National Science Foundation of China (81770073 to W. Zuo, 81570091 to W. Zuo), Youth 1000 Talent Plan of China to W. Zuo, Tongji University (Basic Scientific Research-Interdisciplinary Fund and 985 Grant to W. Zuo), Shanghai Science and Technology Talents Program (19QB1403100 to W. Zuo), and Shanghai East Hospital Annual Grant to W. Zuo.

Reference

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ACE2受容体、男は女より多い(1.66% / 0.41%)、アジア人は黒人・白人より多い(2.50%/0.47%)、喫煙との関係性は見いだせず(https://t.co/TwKXGXq0OM)、とあって、なら、男の方が感染者が多いかというと、(https://t.co/B2AwU3ZSMU)によると56%でそうでも。で、白人・黒人の感染率はそもそも不明。

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Interesting reading.

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Everybody has an opinion. SARS-Co-2 was originated in China, and spreads out from epicentre to everywhere, that explains why most infected are Chinese.

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これと同じ見方が広がってきてるのかな? 中国人や日本人が感染しやすいってのも納得。 難し過ぎて解らん😂

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🚨🚨🚨 Male Asians are much more likely to get pneumonia associated/ #COVID19 "males have a higher ACE2 cell ratio 1.66% vs. 0.41% than females. Also, ACE2 is more widespread in males" "Asians have 4 x more ACE2 cell ratio than blacks or whites" https://

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RT @BennGottfried: Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov https://t.co/yIdlCFS1Ic

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🚨🚨🚨 At least 5 different cell types in male lung express ACE2 receptor, while only 2~4 types of cells in females. This is highly consistent with the epidemic... that most confirmed 2019-nCov infected patients were men (30 vs. 11, by Jan 2, 2020). https://t

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@OccupySchagen @Alabasterade I was mistaken about that. The specific study on ACE2 being prevalent in lung tissue of Asians wasn’t withdrawn, but it’s based on a sample size of 8. There’s also info those who smoke may have lung tissue w/more ACE2 receptors

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Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov https://t.co/yIdlCFS1Ic

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Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov https://t.co/5iAtb2iXs0

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@Cassiel_Angelos @BNODesk @lookner "ACE2 likely receptor for 2019-nCov... the only Asian donor (male) has a much higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than white & African American donors (2.50% vs. 0.47%). Might explain Coronavirus & previous SARS-Cov

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@SparGeneralen Nja det är farligare för asiater pga att de har fler ACE2 receptorer än tex européer hävdas det, lär ju aldrig komma något officiellt om det även om det är sant. Och igen om det muterar så kan det bli rejält illa. Du blir nog tvungen att läs

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@sqrin2 @zorinaq @MRC_Outbreak Suggestive findings for non-Asians, sample very small though: https://t.co/hxOsK1pfeF

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Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov https://t.co/cRTJ6hr8N3

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RT @rosarinn: 新型コロナウイルスはACE2受容体によって細胞に侵入するが、アジア人男性は肺に非常に多くのACE2発現細胞が存在し、女性よりも男性の方がACE2発現細胞比率が高く、白人及びアフリカ系アメリカ人よりもアジア人の方がACE2発現細胞比率が遥かに高いという…

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#Coronavirius #coronavirusoutbreak

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RT @OCDrises: Article about the origins of the virus and the ACE-2 receptor https://t.co/8RyI63bsQY Sex based differences for ACE-2 recep…

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RT @OCDrises: Article about the origins of the virus and the ACE-2 receptor https://t.co/8RyI63bsQY Sex based differences for ACE-2 recep…

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@EthicalSkeptic Curious about data showing cases by race. Report floating around this virus is 5x more likely in Asian males. https://t.co/zaYhdD1mM6

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@davegreenidge57 https://t.co/m6uVCKuCW3

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@rogirogito888 Because of particular gene receptors in certain populations https://t.co/73feHuyUAX

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Tushar Kaushik 🔑
@vcgerrard

https://t.co/jWAf7d6RDB Not yet peer reviewed, but ACE-2 receptor was the entry point for SARS during 2003.

06:31AM
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1,738 followers
Yuki
@yuki323

RT @rosarinn: 新型コロナウイルスはACE2受容体によって細胞に侵入するが、アジア人男性は肺に非常に多くのACE2発現細胞が存在し、女性よりも男性の方がACE2発現細胞比率が高く、白人及びアフリカ系アメリカ人よりもアジア人の方がACE2発現細胞比率が遥かに高いという…

06:07AM
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176 followers
Mia UPang Yoneyama
@asiaraim

RT @Elucidatus: Preliminary studies suggest the Chinese coronavirus is fatal mostly to east Asians ethnicity. Non East Asians have very lit…

04:53AM
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835 followers
$☀️Cal
@Maku1316

RT @jamesob: However, there is some credible indication that ACE2 expression is much higher in Asian populations, e.g. ~2.5% cell expressio…

04:41AM
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1,688 followers
Richard Weiss
@_RL_W

RT @_RL_W: @bitcoinconnect Because men have more ACE2 receptors than women. The virus uses these receptors to enter lung cells and cause…

04:31AM
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1,688 followers
Richard Weiss
@_RL_W

@bitcoinconnect Because men have more ACE2 receptors than women. The virus uses these receptors to enter lung cells and cause pneumonia. https://t.co/JY9PtTPIPt

04:30AM
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1,688 followers
Richard Weiss
@_RL_W

@bitcoinconnect Because men have more ACE2 receptors than women. The virus uses these receptors to enter lung cells and cause pneumonia. https://t.co/TnW1mUE5tv

04:27AM
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13 followers
つづり
@ridermach108

@fouet https://t.co/zkdY8AU1X5

04:14AM
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0 followers
december16
@december166

RT @JP_VoiceTalent1: アジア人男性は特に注意です😞 新型コロナウイルスが結合するのはACE2受容体 アジア人男性はACE2受容体の数が非常に多く白人やアフリカ系アメリカ人の5倍も発現細胞がある 男性は女性より4倍多い サンプル数が少ない実験(8名)だけ…

04:03AM
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0 followers
SPol
@SlonecznikPol

@JoannaTeglund @ZgubaKuba Nie do końca takie fantazje, jeżeli ktoś przeprowadził badania genetyczne, to jest jakaś podstawa, żeby twierdzić, że ekspozycja genu azjatyckiego ma wyższy potencjał do reagowania z SARS-CoV-2. A obecna umieralność zdaje się to p

03:58AM
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31 followers
マコ 猫㌠@マスク難民
@Noel_191026

男性、アジア人、高齢者、の三重苦の方要注意です😥 【 米国コールド・スプリング・ハーバー研究所のレポート】 武漢2019-nCovの推定受容体であるACE2の単一細胞RNA発現。 アジアの男性のサンプルでは肺に非常に多くのACE2発現細胞が存在することが示されました。 https://t.co/DH0c8HTztf

03:54AM
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47 followers
MINATO
@SS_MINATO

RT @2062Who: 新型肺炎ウイルスがアジア人男性を選択的に攻撃する理由。 Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov https://t.c…

03:06AM
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21 followers
WhyEveryoneLovesTheScots
@WhyScots

@DanielleFong https://t.co/69QTAqh53b I’ve seen several articles/tweets referring to this receptor and a chart supporting that Japanese/Chinese/East Asians are more likely to be susceptible. Can you cascade please. I’m trying to ‘cut through the bull’ but

02:40AM
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1,366 followers
Tiffany Fontenot
@Tifvision

https://t.co/88wm6DFuJs

02:28AM
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113 followers
Coronavirus
@JayChance12

We can also notice that the (epidemic) virus has first longtime evolution in country asian people majority and now spreading also in others continents. Also a virus that make some (adaptative?) mutations of itself at each new contagion...

02:09AM
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201 followers
VOOM
@kylenz99

@demelzadesigns @TMagasiva @Merlotmike Lab results re. coronavirus targeting Asians - https://t.co/thSlqmLEp1 and especially male Asians. It certainly explains why white people have caught the virus and become carriers/superspreaders, but haven't died from

02:00AM
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29 followers
司馬仲達
@radiology1971jp

新型コロナウイルスはACE2受容体に結合する。 それゆえ、抹消優位の多発すりガラス影をきたしやすい。 Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov https://t.co/xua7hQrn7i

01:19AM
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604 followers
James Kana
@General_Qanah

@lifebiomedguru @Sortex Differences in level of ACE2 expression between Asiatic and European/African people as judged by single cell RNA expression profiling (small testing group though) https://t.co/bvlxcG1euk

01:02AM
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3 followers
Prep For Emergency
@PrepEmer

RT @VirusUpdatesVi1: 🚨🚨🚨 "We noticed that Asians have a much higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than white and African American donors (2.5…

01:00AM
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2,540 followers
🌸🍀眞葛原雪🍀🌸
@pririn_

RT @francescodamil6: 新型コロナウイルスのレセプター候補のひとつACE2発現が主にⅡ型肺胞上皮細胞に見られるそうです。これで急激な肺炎の悪化(特に胸膜直下の病変が主体)やも 咽頭ぬぐい液による偽陰性が説明できます。 https://t.co/KOTgsAR8…

12:58AM
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2,540 followers
🌸🍀眞葛原雪🍀🌸
@pririn_

RT @naoco_wtnb: 新型コロナウィルスで死亡までに至るのはアジア人。 死亡率が低いのはヨーロッパ人とアフリカ、インド人という記事。 これが本当ならアジア人に対する戦争だわ。 Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2…

12:58AM
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156 followers
夏月
@tukutuku17

RT @butagolira1995: 米国コールド・スプリング・ハーバー研究所は、 白人及びアフリカ系アメリカ人よりも遥かに【アジア人の方が感染しやすく】、女性よりも【男性の方が感染しやすい】という論文を発表した。 #新型コロナウイルス #コロナウイルス #COVID19…

12:55AM
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7,983 followers
Daniel Bilar
@daniel_bilar

@wingod @robinhanson to your point though: There are some indications Asians are both more susceptible and perhaps also higher mortality rate https://t.co/7eV04eyZuj

12:25AM
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2,283 followers
卍 明らめる。卍
@Elucidatus

Preliminary studies suggest the Chinese coronavirus is fatal mostly to east Asians ethnicity. Non East Asians have very little ACE2 enzym in their lung cells which are used by the virus as an entry mechanism. https://t.co/DgLWbSTxxU

12:21AM
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1,366 followers
Tiffany Fontenot
@Tifvision

@DeptofDefense Article Link- 👇 https://t.co/6R8yO3pWoN https://t.co/zYOOpRojdk

11:13PM
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15 followers
Affret Shekt
@AffretShekt

@Trumpery45 @zenden31 @Mediaite If this report is legit. He may be right. https://t.co/PjyExKiXkm

10:06PM
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0 followers
Xiaotong
@XiaotongZhang6

RT @VirusUpdatesVi1: 🚨🚨🚨 "We noticed that Asians have a much higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than white and African American donors (2.5…

09:35PM
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89 followers
The Oracle
@TheOrac04297849

RT @VirusUpdatesVi1: 🚨🚨🚨 "We noticed that Asians have a much higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than white and African American donors (2.5…

09:31PM
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340 followers
Bro! It’s just the Flu
@skekimi

RT @VirusUpdatesVi1: 🚨🚨🚨 "We noticed that Asians have a much higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than white and African American donors (2.5…

09:29PM
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261 followers
Cooper's mom
@rwgranny

@angie_rasmussen @MackayIM @JohnSmi60758697 @Alan_G_Smith_BC @judystone @CPHO_Canada @KindrachukJason Is this racist? https://t.co/U2xmAGueSb

09:20PM
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19 followers
Dev
@losses_for_lulz

@speculawyer @zenden31 @Mediaite https://t.co/t97EiyeJnQ

09:20PM
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6,650 followers
Inductivist
@Inductivist

RT @whitepillanon: According to this recent Chinese study, the coronavirus is designed to attach to lung receptors that are 5x more common…

08:57PM
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72 followers
MS_25
@MS2513479406

@dlr09574679 @ymcamomfmm @T_Inglesby Is this further support of a study claiming Asian male are much more vulnerable to this virus? https://t.co/e8yd0ZBiUI

08:20PM
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570 followers
Mon C.
@SedatedJane

RT @Perpetualmaniac: According to Chinese scientists, the Corona Virus attaches onto lung receptors that are five times more likely in Asia…

08:20PM
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652 followers
𝔑𝔬𝔳𝔞𝔫𝔦𝔱𝔶☙
@962765

RT @rosarinn: 新型コロナウイルスはACE2受容体によって細胞に侵入するが、アジア人男性は肺に非常に多くのACE2発現細胞が存在し、女性よりも男性の方がACE2発現細胞比率が高く、白人及びアフリカ系アメリカ人よりもアジア人の方がACE2発現細胞比率が遥かに高いという…

08:17PM
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1,461 followers
Tara
@TaraStar777

RT @Perpetualmaniac: According to Chinese scientists, the Corona Virus attaches onto lung receptors that are five times more likely in Asia…

08:07PM
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81 followers
DavidTheBastard 🇬🇧
@DavidTheBastar1

RT @VirusUpdatesVi1: 🚨🚨🚨 "We noticed that Asians have a much higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than white and African American donors (2.5…

08:07PM
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737 followers
victor robert
@viktorobert

@BNODesk https://t.co/v4HYMjnvI3

08:01PM
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13,509 followers
EgyptianusCarnivorus
@gabarotus

RT @Modicia_Linux: @gabarotus @Eeno8888 @IIKRII https://t.co/n5vZ846MPU

07:43PM
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153 followers
HelmuthHuebener@HHuebener
@VirusUpdatesVi1

@suvyboy @salilstatistics @stockspotify @KeithWM @Jkylebass @su_js1 @Kaileesmommy @RubenGao @JacobWolinsky @AmbLiuXiaoMing @AmbCuiTiankai 🚨🚨🚨 "We noticed that Asians have a much higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than white and African American donors (2.5

07:40PM
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3,283 followers
Rosa Galvao 🇧🇷 💛💚
@DALISSIME401

RT @VirusUpdatesVi1: 🚨🚨🚨 "We noticed that Asians have a much higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than white and African American donors (2.5…

07:36PM
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153 followers
HelmuthHuebener@HHuebener
@VirusUpdatesVi1

RT @VirusUpdatesVi1: 🚨🚨🚨 "We noticed that Asians have a much higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than white and African American donors (2.5…

07:31PM
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31 followers
Jaydeep Phalle
@jaydeepphalle

RT @VirusUpdatesVi1: 🚨🚨🚨 "We noticed that Asians have a much higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than white and African American donors (2.5…

07:30PM
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75 followers
John Smith
@JohnSmi60758697

RT @VirusUpdatesVi1: 🚨🚨🚨 "We noticed that Asians have a much higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than white and African American donors (2.5…

07:30PM
ReplyRetweetFavourite
153 followers
HelmuthHuebener@HHuebener
@VirusUpdatesVi1

🚨🚨🚨 "We noticed that Asians have a much higher ACE2-expressing cell ratio than white and African American donors (2.50% vs. 0.47% of all cells). May explain why the new Coronavirus and SARS-Cov pandemic are concentrated in the Asian area." https://t.co/X

07:29PM
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706 followers
XperalBee🇳🇬🇨🇦
@Bdazzlerx

RT @VirusUpdatesVi1: @Bdazzlerx @Ifyxlord Here. It's a tough read. But basically Arabs should be the most resistant and Asians the least,…

07:17PM
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46 followers
热血爱国不需要大脑
@MdMBRfgIcgBZ9zo

RT @Neuromancer_2k: 1/5 #COVD19 #coronavirus Something about the virus you should know, and now it makes also sense why the chines are goi…

07:16PM
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153 followers
HelmuthHuebener@HHuebener
@VirusUpdatesVi1

@Bdazzlerx @Ifyxlord Here. It's a tough read. But basically Arabs should be the most resistant and Asians the least, with everyone else different degrees in the middle. Oddly, blacks and whites at about the same level, which is actually quite cool in my

06:55PM
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877 followers
ⲛⲁϫⲓ 𓈖𓅃𓌨𓇌
@nagyboshra

RT @Eeno8888: تقرير بيدعم كلامنا ف ان الفيروس تم تطويره ليناسب الحمض النووي او التركيب الخاص بالآسييويين دون غيرهم او يكون الاكثر شراسه علي…

15 Feb 2020
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173 followers
₿itcoin ☣️🌮🍖₿₿Q
@bitcoinbbq

@kevinpurcell @PneumoniaWuhan Yes the 5x study was of the only Asian man in an 8 person group. 55 years old, let me guess he was a heavy smoker for years. https://t.co/b2bhRB74gu

15 Feb 2020
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Posted January 26, 2020.
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