The Singularity is outside the universe. It's transcendent. The Singularity of the space-time theorem is a causal singularity.
Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose "The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London series A, 314 (1970): 529-548. States:
We are now in a position to state the corollary to our theorem.
COROLLARY. A space-time M cannot satisfy causal geodesic completeness if, together with Einsteins equations, the following four conditions hold......We may interpret failure of the geodesic completeness condition in our corollary as virtually a statement that any space-time satisfying (3.20)-(3.23) 'possesses a singularity'.....The implication is virtually, that a space-time satisfying (3.20-3.23) must contain a causal geodesic which possesses no pair of conjugate points....Instead, we see that our theorem implies that some causal geodesic 'enters a singularity' (i.e. is compelled to be geodesically incomplete) before any repeated focusing has time to take place.
Gravitational Singularity-Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia states:
More generally, a spacetime is considered singular, if it is geodesically incomplete......The simplest Big Bang cosmological model contains a causal singularity at (t=0), where all timelike geodesics have no extensions into the past. Extrapolating bakwards to 0 results in a universe of size 0 in all spacial dimensions...
So, at the singularity 0 (the lack of space, time, matter, and energy) there's a CAUSE. This places the CAUSE outside our universe.
So, the corollary of the space-time theorem is that if general relativity accurately describes the dynamics of the universe then there is not only a beginning to space, time, matter, and energy but there must also be a transcendent CAUSAL AGENT that brings the universe into existence.
Since General Relativity has been established beyond reasonable doubt the space-time theorem can be trusted.
Thank you, Michael S., for your above contribution. For a great deal more details on the foregoing matters:
God's existence is a mathematical theorem within standard physics. Standard physics is the known laws of physics, viz., the Second Law of Thermodynamics, General Relativity, and Quantum Mechanics. This theorem has been given in the form of physicist and mathematician Prof. Frank J. Tipler's Omega Point cosmology. These aforestated known physical laws have been confirmed by every experiment conducted to date. Hence, the only way to avoid Tipler's Omega Point Theorem is to reject empirical science. As Prof. Stephen Hawking wrote, "one cannot really argue with a mathematical theorem." (From p. 67 of Stephen Hawking, The Illustrated A Brief History of Time [New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1996; 1st ed., 1988].)
Prof. Tipler's Omega Point cosmology has been extensively peer-reviewed and published in a number of the world's leading physics and science journals, such as Reports on Progress in Physics (the leading journal of the Institute of Physics, Britain's main professional organization for physicists), Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (one of the world's leading astrophysics journals), the International Journal of Theoretical Physics (a journal that Nobel Prize in Physics winner Richard Feynman also published in), and Physics Letters, among other journals.
Prof. Tipler's Ph.D. is in the field of Global General Relativity, which is the field created by Profs. Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose during the formulation of their Singularity Theorems in the 1960s. Global General Relativity is General Relativity applied on the scale of the entire universe as a whole, and is the most elite and rarefied field of physics. Tipler is also an expert in quantum field theory (i.e., Quantum Mechanics combined with special-relativistic particle physics) and computer theory.
For much more on Prof. Tipler's Omega Point cosmology and the details on how it uniquely conforms to, and precisely matches, the cosmology described in the New Testament, see my following article, which also addresses the societal implications of the Omega Point cosmology:
* James Redford, "The Physics of God and the Quantum Gravity Theory of Everything", Social Science Research Network (SSRN), Sept. 10, 2012 (orig. pub. Dec. 19, 2011), 186 pp., doi:10.2139/ssrn.1974708, https://archive.org/download/ThePhysicsOfGodAndTheQuantumGravityTheoryOfEverything/Redford-Physics-of-God.pdf , https://purl.org/redford/physics-of-god , https://webcitation.org/74HMsJGbP .
Additionally, in the below resource are different sections which contain some helpful notes and commentary by me pertaining to multimedia wherein Prof. Tipler explains the Omega Point cosmology and the Feynman-DeWitt-Weinberg quantum gravity/Standard Model TOE.
* James Redford, "Video of Profs. Frank Tipler and Lawrence Krauss's Debate at Caltech: Can Physics Prove God and Christianity?", Apr. 18, 2019, https://pastebin.com/6bZDc7rB , https://archive.is/uHEyL , https://megalodon.jp/2019-0423-0435-52/pastebin.com/6bZDc7rB .
