 ISS: JEM/Kibo-EF - HREP ISS Utilization: JEM/Kibo-EF (Exposed Facility) experiments of USA HREP (HICO-RAIDS Experiment Payload) HREP represents the first two US payloads allocated for deployment on the JEM/Kibo-EF of Japan. According to the JAXA/NASA agreement, the ten JEM/Kibo-EF experiment modules are evenly shared between the two countries, Japan and USA. HICO (Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean) and RAIDS (Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System) are two technology demonstration instruments designed and developed at NRL (Naval Research Laboratory), Washington D. C. In the spring of 2007, the combined payload of HICO and RAIDS, referred to as HREP, was manifested for the Japanese Experiment Module - Exposed Facility (JEM-EF) on the International Space Station (ISS). HICO and RAIDS are being flown under the STP (Space Test Program) of DoD. As of fall 2008, both instruments are ready for payload integration. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Launch: A launch of HREP took place on Sept. 10, 2009 (UTC) on the inaugural flight of the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV-1) to the ISS. The launch site is the Tanegashima Space Center located off the southern coast of Japan. After the HTV-1 docked with JEM, a mechanical arm, referred to as JEM-RMS (JEM-Remote Manipulator System), transferred the HREP assembly to the JEM-EF instrument slot.  Figure 1: Photo of Japan's HTV-1 approaching the ISS (image credit: NASA)  Figure 2: View of JEM and EF (right) on the ISS. The arrow indicates the mounting location of the HREP assembly (image credit: JAXA, NRL)  Figure 3: Overview of attachment positions of the JEM-EF payloads (image credit: JAXA) 6)
Initial status of HREP: · HREP has been performing science operations since October 23, 2009, collecting temperature data around the globe in the 100 to 200 km altitude range, an altitude region with a paucity of previous temperature measurements. · Afterwards in September 2009, the HREP instrumentation successfully progressed through a series of internal electrical verification checks that culminated in the release of the latching mechanism and the initiation of the scanning motion for the sensor section of the instrument. · Transfer from the HTV and installation of HREP was carried out on Sept. 24, 2009 using Kibo's robotic arm (JEM-RMS). Then, the HREP was removed from the HTV Exposed Pallet (EP) and installed on the JEM-EF at attachment position No. 6. 7)
HICO (Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean) HICO is an INP (Innovative Naval Prototype) instrument sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR), Washington, D. C. In 2005, ONR and the Naval Research laboratory (NRL) began a program to design, build, and operate the first spaceborne hyperspectral imagers optimized for the coastal ocean. This transition to space platforms is based on more than a decade of airborne hyperspectral imaging experience at NRL and other laboratories, which provides the basis for imager performance requirements and algorithms for atmospheric removal and littoral product retrievals. 8) 9) 10) 11) The HICO instrument incorporates COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) components, including a CCD camera, a rotation mechanism, and a computer to reduce schedule and cost. To facilitate this approach, hermetic enclosures are used for the camera, computers and electronics. The NRL HICO team built and tested the HICO instrument in only 16 months. Partners in the HICO team were NASA, SDL (Space Dynamics Laboratory) of Utah State University (USU), University of Hawaii, Oregon State University, and Brandywine Optics, Chester, PA. SDL and the University of Hawaii teamed with NOVASOL to build the HICO instrument. 12) The airborne instrument of NRL that preceded HICO was called PHILLS (Portable Hyperspectral Imager for Low Light Spectroscopy). The Ocean PHILLS was specifically designed to produce high quality hyperspectral imagery of the coastal environment. In conclusion, two key elements in this success were the VS-15 Offner spectrograph, which produced an image with minimal smile and keystone distortion, and the thinned backside-illuminated CCD cameras which provided a high quantum efficiency in the blue. Both the spectral and radiometric responses of the instrument were highly linear. All of the components of the Ocean PHILLS were commercially available. Excellent agreement between atmospherically corrected remote-sensing spectra and ground-truth radiometric measurements was demonstrated. 13)
Table 1: Performance characteristics of the HICO instrument  Figure 4: HICO assembly with the instrument in the imaging position (image credit: NRL)  Figure 5: Photo of the HICO flight hardware (image credit: NRL) The overall objective of HREP-HICO is to launch and operate a rapid-development, cost-constrained VNIR (Visible and Near-Infrared) Maritime Hyperspectral Imaging (MHSI) system, to demonstrate the detection, identification and quantification of littoral (coast of an ocean or sea) and terrestrial geophysical features. HICO will validate the performance of MHSI technology in space and demonstrate its utility to meet DoD requirements. The instrument will provide an initial data stream to introduce new DoD users to MHSI data products and develop data dissemination channels. Hyperspectral image data from HICO also has significant application in the civil remote sensing community. Coastal imaging complexity: Visible and near infrared wavelengths in the approximate range 0.4 to 0.8 µm constitute the only portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that penetrates water and directly probes the water column. In the coastal environment where the water contains significant dissolved and suspended matter and the bottom may be visible, the scene image is spectrally complicated requiring well-calibrated hyperspectral imaging to retrieve bathymetry, bottom type, chlorophyll content, and water inherent optical properties. 14) Furthermore the coastal ocean scene is dark, with an albedo of only a few percent, and from space it is viewed through the atmosphere which is significantly brighter in the visible wavelengths than the water surface, due to scattered sunlight. These conditions impose stringent requirements for a MHSI system which are in general not met by systems designed for land applications (Figure 6).  Figure 6: Illustration showing the optical complexity found in the coastal ocean, particularly when imaging the bottom (image credit: NRL) Hyperspectral imaging of the littoral zone from space offers repeat, all-season coverage of coastal zones worldwide to produce environmental products including bathymetry, water clarity, suspended and dissolved matter, bottom type, classification of on-shore vegetation, and the opportunity to build time series of images to initialize and validate predictive coastal models. However, hyperspectral imaging of the littoral environment involves specific challenges not found in hyperspectral imaging of the land. While land generally presents a bright, high albedo scene, the coastal ocean has a low albedo and is dark. In fact, when a maritime scene is viewed from a high-altitude aircraft or space, the scattered light from the atmosphere is significantly brighter than the underlying water scene over most of the visible spectrum (Figure 7), and careful removal of the effects of the atmosphere is required to obtain accurate water-leaving radiances. Water surface reflections of both direct sunlight and sky background are also significant and must be accounted for (Ref. 8).  Figure 7: Spectral radiance modeled (using MODTRAN), Image credit: NRL Legend to Figure 7: The spectral radiance is modeled above the atmosphere for 5% surface albedo and 45 degree solar zenith angle. In the blue wavelengths, the atmosphere (total minus surface) is significantly brighter than the surface. Initial calibration and processing of the HICO data is performed at the NRL Remote Sensing Division. The data is then sent to NRL's Oceanography Division at Stennis Space Center, Miss., for further processing, archiving, and distribution to government users. Data will also be archived at Oregon State University, which is the primary repository for distribution of HICO data products to civilian users. The Office of Naval Research (ONR) as part of their "Space Innovative Naval Prototype" program funded HICO instrument design and fabrication.
Status of HICO: · In mid-2013, the HICO imagery is being made available to Earth scientists and environmental researchers. Now that the instrument has completed its primary mission of collecting regional coastal ocean data for civilian and naval research, NASA will continue to support HICO and encourage new users. 15) · January 2013: The HREP-HICO instrumentation is operational in 2013. 16) - HICO was developed by NRL ( Naval Research Laboratory) for the Office of Naval Research (ONR) as an Innovative Naval Prototype (INP). HICO exceeded all its objectives as an INP instrument and continues to operate after 3 plus years. ONR also supported the first three years of operations including the development and operation of the HICO website at OSU (Oregon State University). This ONR support ended in December 2012. With the expiration of ONR funding, NASA's International Space Station (ISS) Program has agreed to provide funding such that the operation of HICO, including the OSU HICO website and data distribution, can continue. In the near term, NRL will continue to operate HICO and OSU will still manage the HICO website using established procedures. 17) · In 2012 the HREP-HICO instrumentation is operational providing researches a valuable new way to view coastal zones. 18) 19)  Figure 8: The image compilation is an annotated representation of the best pictures taken during the December 2010 investigation of HICO (image credit: NASA) · In 2010, the HICO (Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean) instrument is collecting hyperspectral imaging data in the wavelength range of 0.4 - 1.0 µm with a spatial resolution of approximately 90 m and a spectral resolution of 5.7 nm. During the construction of the HICO instrument, it was not possible to place a blocking filter in front of the CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) array located in the focal plane. As a result, the second order light from the shorter visible spectral region falls onto the detectors covering the near-IR spectral region above 0.8 µm. In order to have accurate radiometric calibrations of the near-IR channels, the second order light effects need to be removed. Through analysis of HICO imaging data containing features of shallow underwater objects, such as a coral reef, the project has developed a new empirical technique to correct for the second order light effects. 20) 21)  Figure 9: HICO image of the Hong Kong area on Oct. 2, 2009, scene size of 192 km x 42 km (image credit: OSU, NRL) 22) · On Sept. 24, 2009, HICO was installed on ISS JEM-EF (Japanese Experiment Module - Exposed Facility).  Figure 10: HICO and RAIDS docked at the JEM-EF of ISS (image credit: NRL)
RAIDS (Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System) RAIDS is a hyperspectral satellite experiment suite, designed and developed in a joint project between NRL (Naval Research Laboratory), Washington, D. C. and the Aerospace Corporation of El Segundo, CA. The PI is Scott Budzien of NRL. The goal of the RAIDS experiment is to obtain a set of simultaneous airglow profiles at a number of wavelengths which will be used to develop and evaluate techniques for neutral atmospheric and ionospheric remote sensing. The RAIDS instrumentation will acquire a global database of airglow intensities which will be used in conjunction with, and compared to, theoretical models of radiation transport, photochemistry and dynamics to examine in detail the relationships between atmospheric composition and airglow. The primary focus of RAIDS will be on the remote sensing of the ionosphere since there is considerable interest by the ionospheric and high frequency propagation communities in monitoring the ionosphere in real-time on a global basis. 23) 24) 25) 26) Background: The RAIDS experiment was originally developed through the support of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the DoD Space Test Program (STP) to fly aboard the NOAA-J satellite (NOAA-14 on-orbit, launch Dec. 30, 1994), and both organizations provided support to refit and integrate the experiment for this new ISS mission opportunity. - However, when NOAA-13 (-I) failed 12 days after launch (launch on Aug. 9, 1993) due to a power loss of the S/C, the SSBUV (Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet) instrument replaced RAIDS on NOAA-J, and RAIDS was mothballed. Thereafter, many different launch opportunities were explored for RAIDS - when a new launch opportunity turned up to fly RAIDS and HICO as an integrated experiment payload on the Japanese JEM-EF of ISS (International Space Station). Both organizations (ONR and the DoD STP) provided support to refit and integrate the RAIDS experiment for this new ISS mission opportunity. As of fall 2008, RAIDS as well as HICO were ready for payload integration.  Figure 11: Illustration of the RAIDS instrument (image credit: NRL) RAIDS science objectives: · Lower thermosphere temperature & composition (primary objective). Complete description of the major constituents of the thermosphere and ionosphere: - Investigate temperature and compositional structure, including solar activity, seasonal, latitudinal variations - Investigate importance of internal and external forcing in the region 100-300 km. · Ionosphere (secondary objectives) - Measure initial O+ 834 source, separately from multiple scattering source - Comprehensive nightglow observations of O+(911/6300/7774 A) · Chemistry (secondary objectives) - Global distribution of minor species - Basic understanding of their role in chemical and ionic reactions in the lower thermosphere.  Figure 12: Schematic view of the region of interest for RAIDS observations (image credit: NRL, The Aerospace Corp.) The RAIDS measurement approach is to provide limb-view airglow observations in the UV and visible spectral regions. - Limb radiances from EUV (55 nm) to NIR (870 nm) covering the 90-350 km altitude range - Atmospheric composition retrieved by inverting limb radiances using state-of-the-art science algorithms - Monitor dynamic variability in response to space weather and forcing from lower atmosphere.  Figure 13: RAIDS observables at thermospheric/inonospheric altitudes (image credit: NRL, The Aerospace Corp.)  Figure 14: Illustration of the RAIDS subsystems (image credit: NRL, The Aerospace Corp.)
Table 2: RAIDS instrument summary Photometers: The RAIDS NIR suite contains three photometers centered at 777.4 nm, 630.0 nm, and 765.0 nm wavelengths. This is changed from the original design where a 589 nm photometer for measuring sodium emission has been replace with a 765 nm photometer for measuring O2 Atm. 27) 28) All three RAIDS photometers have a similar optical design, shown in Figure 15. The 777Phot and the 630 Phot consist of 1/4 m focal length telescopes with an aperture of 42 mm x 50 mm. The 765 Phot has a 1/8 m telescope with an aperture of 21 mm x 25 mm.  Figure 15: Schematic view of a photometer and its connection to the Detector Box (image credit: The Aerospace Corp., NRL) The 1/8 m NIR instruments are intended to operate during the day to provide accurate radiance profiles vertically above the limb in the presence of significant sources of background and scattered light. As a result the off-axis rejection performance of the telescope and suppression of internal scattering are very important in these instruments. In operation, there are strong vertical gradients in the emission rate of the O2 Atm band that drives the requirement for good off-axis rejection. Also, near the lower limits of the altitude scan, Rayleigh scattered sunlight is important. Sources also include Earthshine, sun light scattered from the lower atmosphere, solar scattered light from structures on the ISS, and direct sunlight. Prior to any modifications to the photometers, an off-axis rejection test was performed to quantify any changes in the performance of the baffle system since the early tests on the system. The new tests were performed at NRL. Because of the similarity between all four telescopes in terms of material, paint, and baffle system, the highest priority sensor, 765 Phot, was selected for testing The instrument was not removed from the RAIDS instrument, so the full RAIDS package to be maneuvered with a rotation/translation stage. The fiber optic from the telescope was connected to a laboratory photomultiplier for the test. A high voltage supply, counter and current monitor completed the configuration setup. The dynamic range of the photomultiplier system using current measurements and photon counting modes was approximately ten orders of magnitude. A white light point source was provided by a collimated beam using a Gemini 300 white light source at 44 ft from RAIDS. NIR spectrometer: The NIR spectrometer, illustrated in Figure 16, consists of an 1/8 m telescope with baffling, an f/5, 1/8 m focal length Ebert-Fastie monochromator using off-axis spherical mirrors, transfer optics, an order sorting filter, fiber transfer optics, photomultiplier detector, and electronics. Housed by the spectrometer, the grating has a ruled area of 25 mm x 25 mm with 1800 lines/mm and with the first order blaze at 750 nm. It had an original efficiency of 40%. Within the 740-870 nm wavelength range, the slit function is triangular with a FWHM of 0.84. Due to schedule and cost limitations, no modifications were made to the NIR spectrometer itself. The project performed calibration work to determine whether the instrument aged in storage.  Figure 16: Illustration of the near-infrared spectrometer on RAIDS (image credit: The Aerospace Corp., NRL) Detector box modifications: A significant amount of the refurbishment activities focused on the detector box that houses the photomultiplier tubes and the HV/PAD (High Voltage/Pulse Amplitude Discriminator) units shown in Figure 14. The detector box is connected optically to the four instruments using 3 mm diameter fiber optic cables of various lengths. One side of the detector box consists of a radiator panel that extends past the main box dimensions (Figure 14). The final detector box modification involved the radiator panel and box housing. To minimize the dark count rates, the PMTs must be cooled to at least -20°C. Based on analysis of the new thermal environment to be experienced by RAIDS on the ISS, a larger radiator was affixed to the box. This resulted in a slight modification to one side of the housing that connects to the radiator panel. Additionally, all four fiber optic cables were replaced.  Figure 17: Illustration of temperature observations between 75-220 km altitude. ISS and TIMED satellite images (image credt: NASA)  Figure 18: Artist's rendition of the RAIDS limb-viewing geometry (image credit: The Aerospace Corp.)  Figure 19: FOV comparison of RAIDS (image credit: The Aerospace Corp.)  Figure 20: Schematic of the HICO-RAIDS combined payload mounting on JEM-EF (image credit: NRL)
Status of RAIDS: · May 17, 2012: NRL scientists have obtained a first-ever measured altitude profile of a dim extreme-ultraviolet terrestrial airglow emission. This provides vital information needed to test and improve the accuracy of advanced techniques for remote sensing of the daytime ionosphere. 29) · The RAIDS instrument is operating nominally in 2012. RAIDS provides significant new measurements of thermospheric temperature in an undersampled altitude region (120-165 km). 30) · The RAIDS instrument is operational in December 2010. 31) · In June 2010, RAIDS has completed eight months of science operations aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The experiment continues to obtain high-quality atmospheric measurements using the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) spectrograph; mid-ultraviolet (MUV), near-ultraviolet (NUV), and near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers; and the 630 nm, 766 nm, and 777.4 nm photometers. 32) 33) · RAIDS has been performing science operations since October 23, 2009, collecting temperature data around the globe in the 100 to 200 km altitude range, an altitude region with a paucity of previous temperature measurements. · RAIDS successfully completed its month-long commissioning process on October 22, 2009, and started its first month of science operations from its vantage point on the ISS. The experiment collected high-quality atmospheric spectra using the EUV spectrograph; MUV, NUV, and NIR spectrometers; and the 630 nm, 766 nm, and 777.4 nm photometers. 34) 1) Michael R. Corson, Curtiss O. Davis, "HICO Science Mission Overview," 13th IOCCG (International Ocean Color Coordination Group) Meeting, Paris, France, Feb. 12-14, 2008, URL: http://www.ioccg.org/sensors/HICO_IOCCG13.pdf 2) "NRL HICO-RAIDS Experiments Ready For Payload Integration," Spacemart, Sept. 29, 2008, URL: http://www.spacemart.com/.../NRL_HICO_RAIDS_Experiments_Ready_For_Payload_Integration 3) "HICO-RAIDS experiments ready for payload integration," Sept. 26, 2008, URL: http://www.physorg.com/news141650554.html 4) M. R. Corson, J. H. Bowles, W. Chen, C. O. Davis, K. H. Gallelli, D. R. Korwan, P. G. Lucey, T. J. Mosher, R. Holasek, "The HICO Program - Hyperspectral Imaging of the Coastal Ocean from the International Space Station," Proceedings of the IGARSS 2004, Anchorage, AK, USA, Sept. 20-24, 2004 5) http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/HREP-RAIDS.html 6) http://iss.jaxa.jp/en/htv/mission/htv-1/payload/ 7) Amy Klamper, "Japan's HTV Delivered U.S. Navy Experiments to Station," Space News, Sept. 28, 2009, URL: http://www.spacenews.com/launch/japan-htv-delivered-navy-experiments-station.html 8) Michael R. Corson, Daniel R. Korwan, Robert L. Lucke, William A. Snyder, Curtiss O. Davis, "The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) on the International Space Station," Proceedings of IGARSS 2008 (IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium), Boston, MA, USA, July 6-11, 2008 9) Mike Corson, "Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean(HICO)andHICO / RAIDS Experiment Payload(HREP)Program Overview," 2008, URL: http://hico.coas.oregonstate.edu/publications/Corson_HREP_HICO_27AUG09.pdf 10) "HICO - Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean," URL: http://hico.coas.oregonstate.edu/ 11) Curtiss O. Davis, Michael Corson, Robert Lucke, Robert Arnone, Rick Gould, "The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO): Sensor and Data Processing Overview," 15 th IOCCG (International Ocean Color Coordinating Group), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Jan. 18-20, 2010, URL: http://www.ioccg.org/sensors/Davis_HICO_IOCCG-15.pdf 12) "HICO - Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean," USU/SDL, URL: http://www.sdl.usu.edu/programs/hico 13) Curtiss O. Davis, Jeffrey Bowles, Robert A. Leathers, Dan Korwan, T. Valerie Downes, William A. Snyder,W. Joe Rhea,Wei Chen, John Fisher, W. Paul Bissett, Robert Alan Reisse "Ocean PHILLS Hyperspectral Imager: Design, Characterization, and Calibration", Optics Express, Vol. 10, No 4, Feb. 25, 2002, pp. 210-221 14) Z. P. Lee, K. L. Carder, "Effects of spectral-band number on retrievals of water column and bottom properties from ocean-color data", Applied Optics, Vol. 41, 2002 pp. 2191-2201 15) Joshua Buck, Jenny Knotts, "Space Station Ocean Imager Available to More Scientists," NASA News Release 13-216, July 11, 2013, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/july/space-station-ocean-imager-available-to-more-scientists/#.Ud7Ia6xi0gg 16) "HICO Status - Transition to NASA," January 1, 2013, URL: http://hico.coas.oregonstate.edu/index.shtml 17) "HICO (Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean), HICO Status- Transition to NASA," OSU, Jan. 1, 2013, URL: http://hico.coas.oregonstate.edu/ 18) Arun Joshi, "Unparalleled Views of Earth's Coast With HREP-HICO," NASA/JSC, March 1, 2012, URL: http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ISSBenefits/SEMIDZ4Y1ZG_0.html 19) "HICO and RAIDS Experiment Payload - Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HREP-HICO)," NASA, March 22, 2012, URL: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/HREP-HICO.html 20) Rong-Rong Li, Robert Lucke, Mike Corson, Daniel Korwan, Bo-Cai Gao, "Correction of second order light for the HICOTM sensor onboard the International Space Station," Proceedings of IGARSS (IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium) 2010, Honolulu, HI, USA, July 25-30, 2010 21) Michael Corson, Robert L. Lucke, Curtiss O. Davis, "The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) and Environmental Characterization of the Coastal Zone from the International Space Station," Optical Remote Sensing of the Environment (ORSE), Tucson, AZ, USA, June 7, 2010 22) Curtiss O. Davis, Michael Corson, Robert Lucke, Robert Arnone, Rick Gould, "The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO): Sensor and Data Processing Overview," URL: http://cioss.coas.oregonstate.edu/CIOSS/Documents/HICO_Overview_Presentation.pdf 23) "RAIDS (Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System)," NRL, URL: http://www.nrl.navy.mil/tira/Projects/raids/ 24) Scott A Budzien, Andrew W Stephan, J. Michael Picone, Paul R. Straus, Andrew B Christensen, Rebecca L Bishop, James H Hecht, Robert P McCoy, "Everything Old Becomes New: RAIDS on the ISS," URL: http://ccar.colorado.edu/muri/DoD%20Missions-Budzien.pdf 25) Andrew Stephan, "RAIDS: The Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System," ITMR (Ionosphere-Thermosphere-Mesosphere Research) Conference, February 10-12, 2009, El Segundo, CA, USA 26) "The RAIDS Experiment," URL: https://raids.nrl.navy.mil/ 27) R. L. Bishop, S. A. Budzien, J. H. Hecht, A. W. Stephan, A. B. Christensen, P. R. Straus, Z. Van Epps, "The Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System on the ISS: Sensor Performance and Space Weather Applications from the Visible to the Near Infrared," Proceedings of SPIE, 'Solar Physics and Space Weather Instrumentation III,' edited by Silvano Fineschi, Judy A. Fennelly, Vol. 7438, 74380Z-1, 2009, doi: 10.1117/12.826472, URL: http://144.206.159.178/ft/CONF/16436152/16436179.pdf 28) "RAIDS Sensor Descriptions," URL: https://raids.nrl.navy.mil/hardware.html 29) "NRL RAIDS Experiment Advanced Ionospheric Remote Sensing," May 17, 2012, URL: https://raids.nrl.navy.mil/news.html 30) A. B. Christensen, J.-H. S. Yee, R. Bishop, S. A. Budzien, J. H. Hecht, G. G. Sivjee, A. W. Stephan , "Observations of molecular oxygen Atmospheric band emission in the thermosphere using the near infrared spectrometer on the ISS/RAIDS experiment," Journal of Geophysical Research, 2012, doi:10.1029/2011JA016838, in press. 31) Andrew Christensen, Scott Budzien, Andrew Stephan, Rebecca Bishop, "The International Space Station as a Space Physics Observation Platform V2," URL: http://www8.nationalacademies.org/SSBSurvey/DetailFileDisplay.aspx?id=865&parm_type=HDS 32) "RAIDS Science Operations Optimized," RAIDS Newsletter 6, June 23, 2010 33) S A Budzien, R L Bishop, A W Stephan, A B Christensen, J H Hecht, K Minschwaner, S Bailey, P R Straus, "RAIDS Mid- and Low-latitude Observations of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere," C/NOFS Workshop, May 18-20, 2010, Breckenridge, CO, USA 34) "RAIDS Begins Science Operations," RAIDS Newsletter 5, Dec. 14, 2009, The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: "Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors" (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. - Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates. | | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||