5 Oct 2016
There are a number of corner cases to consider when dealing with Docker, multiple processes, and signals. Probably the most famous post on this matter is from the Phusion blog. Here, we'll see some examples of how to see these problems first hand, and one way to work around it: fpco/pid1.
The Phusion blog post recommends using their
baseimage-docker. This
image provides a my_init entrypoint which handles the problems
described here, as well as introducing some extra OS features, such as
syslog handling. Unfortunately, we ran into problems with Phusion's
usage of syslog-ng, in particular with it creating unkillable
processes pegged at 100% CPU usage. We're still investigating the root
cause, but in practice we have found that the syslog usage is a far
less motivating case than simply a good init process, which is why
we've created the
pid1 Haskell package together
with a simple
fpco/pid1 Docker image.
This blog post is intended to be interactive: you'll get the most bang
for your buck by opening up your terminal and running commands along
with reading the text. It will be far more motivating to see your
Ctrl-C completely fail to kill a process.
NOTE The primary reason we wrote our own implementation in Haskell was to
be able to embed it within the Stack build tool.
There are other lightweight init processes already available, such as
dumb-init.
I've also blogged about using
dumb-init. While
this post uses pid1, there's nothing specific to it versus other init
processes.
Playing with entrypoints
Docker has a concept of entrypoints, which provides a default wrapping
command for commands you provides to docker run. For example,
consider this interaction with Docker:
$ docker run --entrypoint /usr/bin/env ubuntu:16.04 FOO=BAR bash c 'echo $FOO'
BARThis works because the above is equivalent to:
$ docker run ubuntu:16.04 /usr/bin/env FOO=BAR bash -c 'echo $FOO'Entrypoints can be overridden on the command line (as we just did),
but can also be specified in the Dockerfile (which we'll do later).
The default entrypoint for the ubuntu Docker image is a null
entrypoint, meaning that the provided command will be run directly
without any wrapping. We're going to simulate that experience by
using /usr/bin/env as an entrypoint, since
switching entrypoint back to null isn't yet supported in released Docker. When
you run /usr/bin/env foo bar baz, the env process will exec the
foo command, making foo the new PID 1, which for our purposes
gives it the same behavior as a null entrypoint.
Both the fpco/pid1 and snoyberg/docker-testing images we'll use
below set /sbin/pid1 as the default entrypoint. In the example
commands, we're explicitly including --entrypoint /sbin/pid1. This
is just to be clear on which entrypoint is being used; if you exclude
that option, the same behavior will persist.
Sending TERM signal to process
We'll start with our
sigterm.hs
program, which runs ps (we'll see why soon), then sends itself a SIGTERM
and then loops forever. On a Unix system, the default process behavior when
receiving a SIGTERM is to exit. Therefore, we'd expect that our process will
just exit when run. Let's see:
$ docker run --rm --entrypoint /usr/bin/env snoyberg/docker-testing sigterm
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:00 sigterm
9 ? 00:00:00 ps
Still alive!
Still alive!
Still alive!
^C
$The process ignored the SIGTERM and kept running, until I hit Ctrl-C (we'll
see what that does later). Another feature in the sigterm code base, though,
is that if you give it the command line argument install-handler, it will
explicitly install a SIGTERM handler which will kill the process. Perhaps
surprisingly, this has a significant impact on our application:
$ docker run --rm --entrypoint /usr/bin/env snoyberg/docker-testing sigterm install-handler
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:00 sigterm
8 ? 00:00:00 ps
Still alive!
$The reason for this is some Linux kernel magic: the kernel treats a process
with PID 1 specially, and does not, by default, kill the process when
receiving the SIGTERM or SIGINT signals. This can be very surprising
behavior. For a simpler example, try running the following commands in two
different terminals:
$ docker run --rm --name sleeper ubuntu:16.04 sleep 100
$ docker kill -s TERM sleeperNotice how the docker run command does not exit, and if you check your ps
aux output, you'll see that the process is still running. That's because the
sleep process was not designed to be PID 1, and does not install a special
signal handler. To work around this problem, you've got two choices:
- Ensure every command you run from
docker runhas explicit handling ofSIGTERM. - Make sure the command you run isn't PID 1, but instead use a process that is
designed to handle
SIGTERMcorrectly.
Let's see how the sigterm program works with our /sbin/pid1 entrypoint:
$ docker run --rm --entrypoint /sbin/pid1 snoyberg/docker-testing sigterm
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:00 pid1
8 ? 00:00:00 sigterm
12 ? 00:00:00 psThe program exits immediately, as we'd like. But look at the ps output: our
first process is now pid1 instead of sigterm. Since sigerm is being
launched as a different PID (8 in this case), the special casing from the Linux
kernel does not come into play, and default SIGTERM handling is active. To
step through exactly what happens in our case:
- Our container is created, and the command
/usr/sbin/pid1 sigtermis run inside of it. pid1starts as PID-1, does its business, and thenfork/execs thesigtermexecutable.sigtermraises theSIGTERMsignal to itself, causing it to die.pid1sees that its child died from SIGTERM (== signal 15) and exits with exit code 143 (== 128 + 15).- Since our PID1 is dead, our container dies too.
This isn't just some magic with sigterm, you can do the same thing with sleep:
$ docker run --rm --name sleeper fpco/pid1 sleep 100
$ docker kill -s TERM sleeperUnlike with the ubuntu image, this will kill the container immediately, due
to the /sbin/pid1 entrypoint used by fpco/pid1.
NOTE In the case of sigterm, which sends the TERM signal to itself, it
turns out you don't need a special PID1 process with signal handling, anything
will do. For example, try docker run --rm --entrypoint /usr/bin/env
snoyberg/docker-testing /bin/bash -c "sigterm;echo bye". But playing with
sleep will demonstrate the need for a real signal-aware PID1 process.
Ctrl-C: sigterm vs sleep
There's a slight difference between sigterm and sleep when it
comes to the behavior of sending hitting Ctrl-C. When you use Ctrl-C, it
sends a SIGINT to the docker run process, which proxies that signal to the
process inside the container. sleep will ignore it, just as it ignores
SIGTERM, due to the default signal handlers for PID1 in the Linux kernel.
However, the sigterm executable is written in Haskell, and the Haskell
runtime itself installs a signal handler that converts SIGINT into a user
interrupt exception, overriding the PID1 default behavior. For more on signal
proxying, see the docker attach
documentation.
Reaping orphans
Suppose you have process A, which fork/execs process B. When process B
dies, process A must call waitpid to get its exit status from the kernel, and
until it does so, process B will be dead but with an entry in the system
process table. This is known as being a zombie.
But what happens if process B outlives process A? In this case, process B is known as an orphan, and needs to be adopted by the init process, aka PID1. It is the init process's job to reap orphans so they do not remain as zombies.
The orphans.hs program will:
- Spawn a child process, and then loop forever calling
ps - In the child process: run the
echocommand a few times, without callingwaitpid, and then exit
As you can see, none of the processes involved will reap the zombie echo
processes. The output from the process confirms that we have, in fact, created
zombies:
$ docker run --rm --entrypoint /usr/bin/env snoyberg/docker-testing orphans
1
2
3
4
Still alive!
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:00 orphans
8 ? 00:00:00 orphans
13 ? 00:00:00 echo <defunct>
14 ? 00:00:00 echo <defunct>
15 ? 00:00:00 echo <defunct>
16 ? 00:00:00 echo <defunct>
17 ? 00:00:00 ps
Still alive!
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:00 orphans
13 ? 00:00:00 echo <defunct>
14 ? 00:00:00 echo <defunct>
15 ? 00:00:00 echo <defunct>
16 ? 00:00:00 echo <defunct>
18 ? 00:00:00 ps
Still alive!And so on until we kill the container. That <defunct> indicates a zombie
process. The issue is that our PID 1, orphans, doesn't do reaping. As you
probably guessed, we can solve this by just using the /sbin/pid1 entrypoint:
$ docker run --rm --entrypoint /sbin/pid1 snoyberg/docker-testing orphans
1
2
3
4
Still alive!
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:00 pid1
10 ? 00:00:00 orphans
14 ? 00:00:00 orphans
19 ? 00:00:00 echo <defunct>
20 ? 00:00:00 echo <defunct>
21 ? 00:00:00 echo <defunct>
22 ? 00:00:00 echo <defunct>
23 ? 00:00:00 ps
Still alive!
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:00 pid1
10 ? 00:00:00 orphans
24 ? 00:00:00 ps
Still alive!pid1 now adopts the echo processes when the child orphans process dies,
and reaps accordingly.
Surviving children
Let's try out something else: process A is the primary command for the Docker container, and it spawns process B. Before process B exits, process A exits, causing the Docker container to exit. In this case, the running process B will be forcibly closed by the kernel (see this Stack Overflow question for details). We can see this with our surviving.hs program
$ docker run --rm --entrypoint /usr/bin/env snoyberg/docker-testing surviving
Parent sleeping
Child: 1
Child: 2
Child: 4
Child: 3
Child: 1
Child: 2
Child: 3
Child: 4
Parent exitingUnfortunately this doesn't give our child processes a chance to do any cleanup.
Instead, we would rather send them a SIGTERM, and after a grace period send
them a SIGKILL. This is exactly what pid1 does:
$ docker run --rm --entrypoint /sbin/pid1 snoyberg/docker-testing surviving
Parent sleeping
Child: 2
Child: 3
Child: 1
Child: 4
Child: 2
Child: 1
Child: 4
Child: 3
Parent exiting
Got a TERM
Got a TERM
Got a TERM
Got a TERMSignaling docker run vs PID1
When you run sleep 60 and then hit Ctrl-C, the sleep process
itself receives a SIGINT. When you instead run docker run --rm
fpco/pid1 sleep 60 and hit Ctrl-C, you may think that the same thing
is happening. However, in reality, it's not at all the same. Your
docker run call creates a docker run process, which sends a
command to the Docker daemon on your machine, and that daemon creates
the actual sleep process (inside a container). When you hit Ctrl-C
on your terminal, you're sending SIGINT to docker run, which is in
fact sending a command to the Docker daemon, which in turn sends a
SIGINT to your sleep process.
Want proof? Try out the following:
$ docker run --rm fpco/pid1 sleep 60&
[1] 417
$ kill -KILL $!
$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
69fbc70e95e2 fpco/pid1 "/sbin/pid1 sleep 60" 11 seconds ago Up 11 seconds hopeful_mayer
[1]+ Killed docker run --rm fpco/pid1 sleep 60In this case, we sent a SIGKILL to the docker run command. Unlike SIGINT
or SIGTERM, and SIGKILL cannot be handled, and therefore docker run is
unable to delegate signal handling to a different process. As a result, the
docker run command itself dies, but the sleep process (and its container)
continue running.
Some takeaways from this:
- Make sure you use something like
pid1so that yourSIGINTorSIGTERMto thedocker runprocess actually get your container to reliably shut down - If you must send a
SIGKILLto your process, use thedocker killcommand instead
Alternative to entrypoint
We've used --entrypoint /sbin/pid1 a lot here. In fact, each usage of that
has been superfluous, since the fpco/pid1 and snoyberg/docker-testing
images both use /sbin/pid1 as their default entrypoint anyway. I included it
for explicitness. To prove it to you:
$ docker run --rm fpco/pid1 sleep 60
^C$But if you don't want to muck with entrypoints, you can always just include
/sbin/pid1 at the beginning of your command, e.g.:
$ docker run --rm --entrypoint /usr/bin/env fpco/pid1 /sbin/pid1 sleep 60
^C$And if you have your own Docker image and you'd just like to include the pid1
executable, you can download it from the Github releases
page.
Dockerfiles, command vs exec form
You may be tempted to put something like ENTRYPOINT /sbin/pid1 in your
Dockerfile. Let's see why that won't work:
$ cat Dockerfile
FROM fpco/pid1
ENTRYPOINT /sbin/pid1
$ docker build --tag test .
Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048 kB
Step 1 : FROM fpco/pid1
---> aef1f7b702b9
Step 2 : ENTRYPOINT /sbin/pid1
---> Using cache
---> f875b43a9e40
Successfully built f875b43a9e40
$ docker run --rm test ps
pid1: No arguments providedThe issue here is that we specified /sbin/pid1 in what Docker calls command
form. This is just a raw string which is interpreted by the shell. It is
unable to be passed an additional command (like ps), and therefore pid1
itself complains that it hasn't been told what to run. The correct way to
specify your entrypoint is ENTRYPOINT ["/sbin/pid1"], e.g.:
$ cat Dockerfile
FROM fpco/pid1
ENTRYPOINT ["/sbin/pid1"]
$ docker build --tag test .
Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048 kB
Step 1 : FROM fpco/pid1
---> aef1f7b702b9
Step 2 : ENTRYPOINT /sbin/pid1
---> Running in ba0fa8c5bd41
---> 4835dec4aae6
Removing intermediate container ba0fa8c5bd41
Successfully built 4835dec4aae6
$ docker run --rm test ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
1 ? 00:00:00 pid1
8 ? 00:00:00 psGenerally speaking, you should stick with command form in your Dockerfiles at all times. It is explicit about whitespace handling, and avoids the need to use a shell as an interpreter.
Takeaways
The main takeaway here is: unless you have a good reason to do
otherwise, you should use a minimal init process like pid1. The
Phusion/my_init approach works, but may be too heavy weight for
some. If you don't need syslog and other add-on features of Phusion,
you're probably best with a minimal init instead.
As a separate but somewhat related comment: we're going to have a
follow up post on this blog in the coming days explaining how we
compiled the pid1 executable as a static executable to make it
compatible with all various Linux flavors, and how you can do the same
for your Haskell executables. Stay tuned!