全 68 件のコメント

[–]rockthechopper 25 ポイント26 ポイント  (18子コメント)

What exactly do the Venezuelan people want? Like, how do they want the country to be run? I've heard people on here say that they're far-right nationalist types, but all of the media coverage seems to focus on the violence and the tactics, so it's hard to find out what their actual goals are.

[–]big_al11 27 ポイント28 ポイント  (11子コメント)

The opinion polls show they basically want social democracy (*rolls eyes). A bit like they had in the mid 2000s. The problem is the oil price has collapsed, Chavez died and a bunch of inept and corrupt people replaced him, the US and the opposition have stepped up their campaign of destabilization and many of Venezuela's friends have fallen (Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil).

EDIT: To follow up on that social democracy point I made, the data comes from Hellinger, D. (2011) “Defying the Iron Law of Oligarchy I. How does 'El Pueblo' Conceive Democracy?” in Smidle, D. and Hellinger, D. Venezuela's Bolivarian democracy: participation, politics, and culture under Chavez, Durham: Duke University Press.

The public were asked what are the most important things in defining a good society or something like that and then there was a long list of choices ad you could pick 3 and the top 3 chosen were "that the state guarantee education and health for everyone" "That all social sectors are included and enjoy the same rights" and "that the system of justice treat all citizens equally."

They were also asked how businesses should be run. One was a "generic textile factory" and the choices were:

"By their own efficient professionals" 18%

"By professionals designated by the Executive (country’s president)" 10%

"Through participation by professionals and workers" (German style model) 53%

"Only by workers" 18%

Only 20% of working class respondants chose worker ownership and depressingly, when the question was rephrased to be not about generic companies but well-known companies in the country, the amount choosing worker ownership dropped to only 6%. Thus it seems clear the population want a Northern-European style social democracy.

EDIT 2 I just want to add that if you are implying (and I don't know if you are) that the protestors=the people that would be dead wrong. A recent poll found 87% of the population to be against them.

[–]OneReportersOpinion 15 ポイント16 ポイント  (8子コメント)

The opinion polls show they basically want social democracy (*rolls eyes).

Meh I can't fault people for wanting to restore what they had under Chavez. It's hard to expect people to go further when they haven't maximized what they can achieve with the existing institutions. When that occurs I bet you will see the numbers supporting worker's control go up.

[–]big_al11 25 ポイント26 ポイント  (7子コメント)

I'm bashing social democracy but if I lived in social democracy I wouldn't have a crippling student debt, rents would be cheaper so I could afford a decent home, there would be grants for study, there wouldn't be 0 hours contracts so I could get paid a decent amount teaching so I wouldn't be moonlighting 28 hours a week at a fliiping bowling alley etc etc etc. My life would be drastically better under social democracy.

[–]OneReportersOpinion 7 ポイント8 ポイント  (0子コメント)

Well said. And then yeah, condemn the social democrats as counter-revolutionary incrementalists.

[–]We_Are_The_Waiting 4 ポイント5 ポイント  (1子コメント)

I feel like it would be kinda great. I dont think im even going to college, i dont know how my life will turn out. If i lived under social democracy i probably wouldnt be an anarchist.

[–]jbastardov 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (0子コメント)

Venezuela lived 40 years of bipartidism between a social-democratic party and a social-christian one. All they did was promote neoliberalism, corruption, populism and in the end it lead us to this current disaster.

I guess the problem was the kind of "social-democracy" that that one party turned into. The other party being no better. But they controlled so much of the political life in the country that no other party had any chance of winning ever, 'cept for one small time when a syndicalist came pretty close (some even say he won but his victory was stolen).

The Left never came to united enough to present a decent program to win back the people at the polls, all the opposite they got more and more broken as the years passed, until they finally decided to unite under Chávez when there was no other option left.

[–]Rev1917-2017Death to all who stand in the way of freedom for working people 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (0子コメント)

Yeah Social Democracy isn't good enough, but it's a hell of a lot better than what we have in the States.

[–][削除されました]  (2子コメント)

[removed]

    [–]theltrtducktranarchist 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (1子コメント)

    So, feel better now that you've insulted someone who'd expressed that they're struggling? Did that make you feel good?

    [–]creepycraigLibertarian Socialist 4 ポイント5 ポイント  (1子コメント)

    Social Democracy is sure as hell a step above what most countries currently have, but it's a damn shame no one's persuading them to push for anarchist ideals.

    [–]jbastardov 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    You don't persuade people into anarchism, at least that's not a word I would choose, as an anarchist.

    [–]DeLaProle 7 ポイント8 ポイント  (1子コメント)

    Your mistake is in conflating the protesters with "the Venezuelan people". People in Venezuela are the same as people everywhere; they comprise of different classes, groups, etc. with differing interests. They are divided in other words. The PSUV has support because of the social programs enacted under them (programs which deserve to be defended) and have had, or their ideological compatriots/predecessors (eg MVR) have had support since 2000 having been democratically elected.

    However unlike in previous years the failure of reformism is really beginning to bite the PSUV. In 2015 they finally lost their majority in the National Assembly to an anti-Chavez alliance of over a dozen groups formed in 2008 precisely because the PSUV was so popular. So now you have a greater division between Chavistas and the opposition. Economic problems have made this situation worse, exacerbated by, as I said, reformism and the attempt to reconcile capitalism and socialism (with predictable reaction by capital to make the situation worse). The opposition consists of liberals and reactionaries who have been staging demonstrations for a few years now. They are taking advantage of economic turmoil occurring especially recently to try force a recall referendum against Maduro. This didn't really work out like they wanted so some are attempting to use violence as a provocation to get good pictures/videos to show the western media (the violent wing of the opposition are experts at this) hoping it will give them leverage to put pressure on Maduro to step down which, barring something dramatic, will not happen considering there is an election next year.

    edit:...and like clockwork here comes the clowns from drama subs as well as those who never post here but coincidentally seem to find every post about Venezuela. To the latter: I don't give a fuck about your anecdotes. They are worthless. You can keep pretending that only you and your kind represent all Venezuelans, and that division and PSUV/GPP supporters do not exist (or are all paid officials) but we both know that's a lie.

    [–]rstcp 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    Agree with most of this except

    This didn't really work out like they wanted

    to be clear, it didn't work out because the government actively blocked this democratic avenue. Lots of protesters aren't really 'liberal' or 'regressive' but mostly just heavily opposed to the blatant corruption and policies like the currency controls which are very obviously used to line the pockets of those in the government inner circle while there are electricity, medicine, and food shortages. MUD remains pretty unpopular and divided, but the situation is now so dire that people unite just in desperation.

    [–]jbastardov 2 ポイント3 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    Depends on who you asks. Although the State's media and their replicators choose the present the protesters all as right-wing activists, that's far from the truth.

    As a representation of most of the political parties that are grouped in the MUD, some of the principal promoters of the manifestations, these people support a return to social-democracy and a socialist agenda as seen in Europe, so their goal a washed-out version of what Bernie intended for the US. They are also supported by liberals and social-christians.

    You have leftist claiming for a true workers-oriented socialism. Trots, MLs, Chavistas that don't support Maduro's Government and other socialists and communists. They stand against the current government and the social-democratic MUD.

    The current Government appropriation of a "socialist" discourse and its oppressive actions has had a great backslash of said ideals on the ideology of some part of the population, specially young people that have mostly grown up under this same government for the past 17 years. This has led a rise in right-libertarian/liberal-libertarian ideals, with numerous groups forming around the idea of capitalist libertarianism and classical liberalism. Liberal participate alongside the social-democrats, the libertarians stand against the government, the opposition centered in the MUD and anything that has any relation with socialist ideals.

    The same "leftists" discourse has also led to the proliferation and establishment of nationalists organizations. They claim for a complete reformation of the State structure, don't believe in elections, and praise the military memory of the country, alongside past dictators like Marcos Perez Jimenez. They share some common points with the right-libertarians, and as such stand against anything that has a socialist root, the current government and the MUD-centered political opposition.

    Anarchists aspire for anarchism, no State and specifically an end to the country's Presidential centered-power and rotten representative democracy.

    Finally, for the broad spectrum, you have people manifesting without a clear objective of what the future government should actually be, many protesters have no expertise in specific political, social and economical theories or ideology, they just want things to work better, for their wage to be sufficient to be able to maintain their families and stuff like that.

    [–]testudosmith -1 ポイント0 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    They want to have fair elections.

    One where everyone has a single vote, and the person with the most votes wins. One where you are not forced to vote for some hand picked lackey.

    Fair elections are something that the government has refused to have ever since they cancelled them in December 2016.

    They USED to have fair elections, in the time period before the current ones got cancelled, but not anymore.

    [–]big_al11 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (1子コメント)

    I just want to add that if you are implying (and I don't know if you are) that the protestors=the people that would be dead wrong. A recent poll found 87% of the population to be against them.

    [–]willmaster123 3 ポイント4 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    That source is also pro Venezuelan government source. Like literally run by them.

    Nice try tho

    [–]big_al11 16 ポイント17 ポイント  (16子コメント)

    Those protesters are absolutely psychotic. Listen to what happened when Abby Martin met them (esp from about 58mins in)

    [–]DeLaProle 22 ポイント23 ポイント  (10子コメント)

    Yeah you don't have to be a Chavista to understand that these people do not represent a progressive force. The level of success their campaign has had on redditors who love to fawn over them should arouse some suspicion. The same people who literally wish death on BLM protesters for blocking traffic then go on to celebrate those who are doing the same but in a much more violent fashion. Here are some setting fire to a fuel tanker in the middle of the highway with the driver in it.

    [–]thehudgeful 15 ポイント16 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    This is one of the top comments in r/worldnews

    Good God, what a bloodbath.

    I'd like to remind people that however violent these citizens may act, many modern democratic states were forged through their own violent uprisings. France, the USA, Italy, Ireland, etc

    And yet when black people try to do the same without violence, it's suddenly a problem. We can pay lip service to their cause but not their methods. Fuck people like this.

    [–]big_al11 15 ポイント16 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    Oh, they've been capturing black passers-by and burning them alive, as you can watch in these videos (nsfl). They're white nationalists.

    [–]Skirtsmoother 2 ポイント3 ポイント  (1子コメント)

    Sorry, the narrative I've picked up from lurking here is that these people were ''The People''. I've actually seen this sub praising them. What happened?

    [–]RochelleH 2 ポイント3 ポイント  (5子コメント)

    Hello. I've been going to Venezuela every 2 months for the last 10 years. Sometimes I even take antibiotics, diapers, and personal hygiene products in for friends that can't get them. Friends who have been shot for their 15 year old cars, friends that have lost children due to malnutrition and inadequate healthcare. Venezuela has been an absolute shitstorm for a very long time, and it has nothing to do with elitists or "people that wish death on BLM protestors" (Wuuut? Most of Venezuela is indigenous or mulato at best, ffs). It has everything to do with shitty ass, statist, protectionist economic policy, with industry nationalised more and more over time by a government that ransacked it and didn't know how to run it, and ran it all into the ground. Add the reliance on oil and complete inability to self sustain, and it's a complete clusterfuck.

    The things you are saying and straight out lies you are telling in the name of an ideology and narrative you so desperately seek to uphold in your own mind while enjoying living in a capitalist society yourself, are absolutely direspectful to anyone living in Venezuela. You are a disgusting person.

    [–]Minerface -2 ポイント-1 ポイント  (4子コメント)

    Care to elaborate? You're not making much of a good argument here.

    [–]RochelleH 3 ポイント4 ポイント  (3子コメント)

    I don't need to. You're wrong about the kind of people you proclaim are anti-government; in their political inclinations, their socio-economic group, and ethnicity. Dude, the rich or whatever burgeouise you are eluding to left Venezuela a very fucking long time ago... Venezuela was already fucked in 2008. Ex-Chavistas have definitely shifted over to being anti-government; watch the public interviewed for yourself. Watch the kinds of people the military and tupamaros are robbing in their own houses and neighbourhoods. I don't know if you speak Spanish, but you can dispel it pretty quickly for yourself on Youtube and through news sources...

    [–]Minerface -1 ポイント0 ポイント  (2子コメント)

    But you realize there are actual anti-government protestors doing bad things, right? Not to say the government is any better, just pointing it out.

    [–]RochelleH 1 ポイント2 ポイント  (1子コメント)

    Here in Latin America, where there are protests against the government (or even pro-government), there are always fuckwits that take advantage of the situation to loot and vandalise. Last week, some fucking morons set fire to the Ministry of Agriculture here... for no reason whatsoever. Back to Venezuela, though, you've got to understand that the government in Venezuela finances vigilante groups (tupamaros, have a look on youtube) and they are literally paid thugs. The military are also paid thugs that steal from and blackmail their own people. They steal food, medicine, phones, money. This is also readily available on youtube, from already very poor areas of the city. The military is fed well and enacts Maduro's will because it keeps them fed well... for now. They have now resorted to stealing from government food supplies and selling on the black market to their own.

    The Guarda Nacional de Venezuela are gangbangers, are routinely violent towards their own even outside of the protest context. They cannot be trusted. They may not have always been that way, but since Chavez' second mandate, at least, they have been... and frankly, it's by necessity. It's the only job that will ensure you get fed and paid in Venezuela today.

    [–]Minerface -1 ポイント0 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    Ah, no true protestor. I understand there are a few bad apples, but the bad apples had/have political motivations that they use to justify their actions. I'm not generalizing all the anti-government protestors, I'm saying that a few bad apples still represent a fraction of the anti-government persons. And it doesn't seem like the violence is going to die down from either side, so clearly the opposition isn't trying to exclude the violent protestors from their rallies.

    [–]testudosmith -3 ポイント-2 ポイント  (4子コメント)

    Are we really worried about a little property damage, when the government is literally about to get rid of fair elections? It already cancelled the elections for state governors that was supposed to happen in december 2016.

    That is what the constitution changes are about. They are getting rid of 1 person 1 vote, and only allowing you to vote for their appointed stooges.

    This is what a revolution looks like. When you get rid of fair elections, you shouldn't be surprised when people rebel.

    [–]big_al11 24 ポイント25 ポイント  (2子コメント)

    LOL property damage?!

    How about bombing a maternity hospital forcing 50 newborn babies to be evacuated? How about going around trying to find black people then capturing them, stabbing them 6 times, dousing them in petrol and burning them to a crisp video NSFL while screaming racial abuse at him? How about dousing journalists with petrol and attempting to burn them alive? How about shooting journalists?

    These people are Pinochet-style fascists, that's why 87% of the population are against them.

    If you think these guys are progressive revolutionaries you've been reading too much New York Times.

    [–]willmaster123 5 ポイント6 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    Once again, the 87% statistic is from a pro government poll. Literally run by the government. It's fake.

    [–]rstcp 1 ポイント2 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    The problem with all of these incidents is that it really isn't clear who has perpetrated most of them. Government media is full of propaganda and misinformation, and on opposition Twitter every instance you mentioned is blamed on the government or its paramilitaries instead.

    Take the El Valle attack for instance: https://www.caracaschronicles.com/2017/04/21/night-el-valle-burned/

    there is a bunch more coverage from a different (liberal/centre-left/opposition/independent) blog. You can see it wasn't just protestors choosing to bomb a maternity hospital; things clearly escalated, not in the least because the government makes serious use of militias.

    When you trust Venezuelan state propaganda more than the NYT (which you clearly shouldn't trust uncritically either) you are going to get at least as distorted of a picture of the situation.

    These people are Pinochet-style fascists

    The vast, vast majority of protesters absolutely are not. That is clear if you've ever marched. There are violent extremists on both sides, and the repressive state is certainly not a 'good guy' in all this.

    [–]Nevasky2017 Forum signature 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    you realize not every revolution is a good revolution?

    [–]creepycraigLibertarian Socialist 6 ポイント7 ポイント  (3子コメント)

    It's sad when the only opposition to the authoritarian regime is nothing bur supporters of the right wing. It's the authoritarian left. They make the entire leftist movement look bad. We need to show the world that we don't agree with or condone authoritarianism.

    [–]jbastardov 2 ポイント3 ポイント  (1子コメント)

    The most of the political parties participating in the protests are center-left aligned, some are center aligned and very few (mostly unregistered) parties are actually right-aligned, all ideologically-wise.

    You have trots, MLs and other leftists, workers and general public (no specific political alignment) participating in protests.

    The idea that all protesters are right-wing is an idea promoted by the State and its media, being just verbally reshared letter by letter by other supporters of the State and its Government.

    [–]rstcp 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    Indeed. Most right-wing elites have either left the country a while ago, or they've been co-opted by PSUV.

    [–]RochelleH 1 ポイント2 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    nothing bur supporters of the right wing

    Yeah, you are categorically incorrect about that. Of course, I bet you've never actually set foot in Venezuela, right?

    [–]PauloGuina 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (25子コメント)

    Smash the state!

    [–]vris92 12 ポイント13 ポイント  (24子コメント)

    these are the bad guys

    [–]adiabaticalomnicidalist 9 ポイント10 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    His point still stands.

    [–]PauloGuina 1 ポイント2 ポイント  (20子コメント)

    Bolivarians aren't good guys either. Quite the contrary,to be honest,fuck chavismo.

    [–]vris92 13 ポイント14 ポイント  (5子コメント)

    cool but stop cheering for white nationalists

    [–]okmkzflippant 1 ポイント2 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    seems like an odd juxtaposition, but I live in a propaganda bubble

    [–]PauloGuina -3 ポイント-2 ポイント  (3子コメント)

    Venezuelan opposition are not White Nationalists,that would be ridiculous as most of the county is mixed race,stop watching TeleSur

    [–]big_al11 7 ポイント8 ポイント  (2子コメント)

    Julio Borges, the head of the opposition's main party, Justice First, wrote an article arguing that non-white Venezuelans should no longer be classified "citizens" and be reclassified as "inhabitants" of Venezuela only, which to me echoes how Aboriginal people in Australia were classed until the late 1960s.

    [–]Niquarl 1 ポイント2 ポイント  (1子コメント)

    Source ?

    [–]big_al11 3 ポイント4 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    Closest I can find with precise googling is this scholarly paper from Prof Barry Cannon:

    "Similarly Julio Borges, leader of US funded political party Primero Justicia (Justice First), qualifies those who vote for Chávez as 'inhabitants' not 'citizens', implying that they acted without thinking"

    He says those who vote for Chavez, but this entire paper is all about the race/class correlation and the strong race/voting correlation, where white vote opposition and blacks vote chavista.

    [–]OneReportersOpinion 2 ポイント3 ポイント  (5子コメント)

    Chavez undoubtedly improved the quality of life for the poorest people in the country, his abuses of power notwithstanding.

    [–]TDuffinAn economy based on endless growth is /unsustainable/ 4 ポイント5 ポイント  (3子コメント)

    Chávez improved some things, and in other ways he didn't make the country resilient to oil price fluctuations.

    The problem Maduro is a total mess.

    [–]OneReportersOpinion 1 ポイント2 ポイント  (2子コメント)

    Yeah say what you want about Chavez, but his interest in helping the poor seemed very genuine. I don't know what the fuck Maduro's agenda is. But Chavez did seriously miscalculate the long term viability of a petrol economy.

    [–]jbastardov 2 ポイント3 ポイント  (1子コメント)

    That's because he never changed Venezuela's capitalist rentist oil-based economy that has been the base and principal way of economy the country has know for more than 60 years, or even longer.

    Nowadays the country's dependence on imports, broken agriculture and low income from the oil prices are hitting the population.

    And yes, Chávez did well on trying to improve the life of people with low (or no) income, but he made this with a populist agenda where the all-powerful State is the one that garantices all your "benefits". Is sad to see nowadays the conditions of those people now that the Father-State can't take care of them anymore.

    [–]rstcp 1 ポイント2 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    I really don't understand why Chavez' personality cult, his narcissism and heavily statist approach are applauded at all in /r/anarchism

    [–]PauloGuina 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    Indeed he did. But at what cost? All those conquests are gone now,the country is suffering from chronic shortage of pretty much everything,even anti-protest gear.

    And most of the blame is on the bolivarian model,even the outside interference happen.

    [–]big_al11 5 ポイント6 ポイント  (7子コメント)

    So you'd like those Pinochet-style fascists to come in and have a shock doctrine would you? If you actually speak to Venezuelan anarchists they don't really like the government but they agree that it is the only force protecting them from being massacred by the fascists, like they were all over Latin America in the late 20th century.

    [–]jbastardov 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    What Venezuelan anarchists are those that you speak of? The government-supported and already-disappeared FARV? the "libertarian-marxists" of AIRE?

    There has been know and continuous criticism from trotskyists, marxist-leninist, libertarian socialist, anarchists and left communists against the both the Venezuelan government and the Statist opposition political parties grouped on the MUD.

    [–]TDuffinAn economy based on endless growth is /unsustainable/ -1 ポイント0 ポイント  (3子コメント)

    Realistically both sides are fucked. One way you get more Maduro bullshit that might get better one day, or you get right-wing reactionary forces that at least say they'll make elections fair.

    [–]big_al11 3 ポイント4 ポイント  (2子コメント)

    First of all, you won't find an election monitoring organisation that doesn't say the elections in Venezuela aren't exemplary. Even organizations that the US government is paying to go over there like the Carter Centre, say they're the best elections in the world (much better than the US ones). Jimmy Carter said "I would say that the election process in Venezuela is the best in the world.". So the elections certainly aren't the problem. Nobody in Venezuela believes the opposition will make them fair. When they took over in 2002, they sacked every member of the supreme court, liquidated congress, judges and rounded up and tortured political opponents and forced media off their by torturing their directors. They're constantly trying to violently overthrow the government.

    or you get right-wing reactionary forces that at least say they'll make elections fair.

    Ah yes, those reactionary white nationalists with their love of free elections.

    The problem is the government has been mismanaging the economy doubled with the worldwide capitalist depression which has hurt Venezuela doubly bad, coupled with the opposition and US trying to sink the economy.

    [–]Skirtsmoother 2 ポイント3 ポイント  (1子コメント)

    The government has literally sniped the legislative branch via Maduro's puppets at the Supreme Court, and Maduro is ruling by decree. So, yeah, elections were fair, now let's make them essentially pointless.

    [–]rstcp 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    Exactly. The parallels with Zimbabwe are legion. Mugabe holds free and fair elections whenever he's assured of a good outcome, and cracks down whenever he's at risk of losing control. PSUV is corrupt to the core and not worth defending.

    [–]PauloGuina 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (1子コメント)

    "Pinochet-style fascists"

    You should stop watching TeleSur I don't know if you noticed but the government is massacring opposition much,much worse than the opposition is doing anything.

    Even if they're right-wing,I prefer a right wing gov where I live to fight another day than a "leftist" one where I starve and/or get beaten by the people's stick.

    [–]big_al11 9 ポイント10 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    Ok so here's a chart of all the people killed compiled by an actual libertarian socialist journalist inside Venezuela. You'll see that there's been no "massacre" by the government and the vast majority of deaths have been killed by the protestors you seem to love for some reason.

    Furthermore, if you listen to his account you'll see that it is absolutely fucking garbage that people inside Venezuela are starving to death. And he and his partner go through how and why in detail.

    I'd expect this kind of blind following of whatever the media told us in T_D but not in /r/anarchism.

    [–]RochelleH 0 ポイント1 ポイント  (0子コメント)

    Um, no. The bad guys would be the tupamaros -government financed tuhgs- that go around robbing, beating, and killing average citizens. Add the government-paid supporters that keep vigil outside the presidential house 24-7 and beat anyone wanting to express dissent. Add the military to that, who also steal food, sell it on the black market, and threaten, loot, and beat the general public. If you spoke Spanish or knew a damned thing about the world, you could search this on youtube and see it yourself.

    Anyway, noone in this sub is actually interested in reality or hearing from people that spend time there, rather just masturbating their flimsy intellect, pretending to be living out some ideology as though their cushy bourgeouise lives actually had meaning. Pro-tip: the third world actually doesn't give a shit about your ideologies. To use, YOU are the decolonisers, the oppressors, and the burgeouise.