Helping the Middle-Class: How Interest Rates Affect the Distribution of Housing Wealth

This paper shows that declines in interest rates cause middle-priced neighborhoods to experience large increases in house prices, while high- and low-priced neighborhoods experience no changes. These effects are linked to a transmission channel that stems from the dependence of mortgage payments to interest rates. I introduce a novel identification strategy that exploits incidental differences in the distribution of the metropolitan population to estimate a measure of latent demand for small neighborhoods. A decline in mortgage interest rates of 1.2 percentage points from July 2000 to December 2001 leads to an average increase of 7% to 8.5% in house prices for middle-priced neighborhoods. The absence of an effect in high-priced neighborhoods is likely associated with the low marginal utility of housing consumption of high-income households; while the lack of an effect in low-priced neighborhoods is likely linked to credit-constrained low-income households. Lastly, a back of the envelope estimation suggests that 15% to 20% of the variation in house price growth during the 2000s housing boom may have been caused by the reduction in interest rates between July 2000 and December 2001.