1) Why Glass Steagull is not a panacea/Why it didn’t cause the financial crisis

Most of the major institutions that failed, like Lehman, AIG, Fannie and Freddie, or Countrywide, wouldn't have been affected by Glass Steagall in the first place.

2) Why the lump of labor fallacy is wrong

People want lots of things, so there will always be demand for more products and services and thus for the labor necessary to provide them.

3) Why cheap labor across seas isn’t as bad for those workers

Sweatshop labor, shitty though it may be, is often better than the alternatives that exist for those workers at the time.

4) Why low skilled and/or skilled immigration is good for domestic workers. If this is only true under a particular plan or immigration status, feel free to name names, but you don’t have to lay out your immigration plan

Low skilled the jury is still out. High skilled provide valuable labor that we need and don't supply enough of domestically; they also tend to be more entrepreneurial than average and thus can provide new services, products, and opportunities that didn't exist before.

5) Why infrastructure spending is so hard to direct effectively. If there is a simple solution to this, feel free to mention it. Otherwise, just the phenomena is fine.

Government bureaucrats don't have strong incentives to make sure infrastructure spending is done efficiently but DO have strong incentives to let infrastructure spending enrich their friends.

6) Why trade negotiations have to be secretive

While being negotiated, letting trade agreements be public lets lobbyists have open season to influence the public or the negotiators to get terms friendly to them. After being negotiated, trade agreements should absolutely not be secretive, nor are they in practice.

7) As I understand, a carbon tax creates disincentives to use carbon and incentivizes alternative fuel investment, while subsidies and tax credits are second best because you’re not sure what could succeed, and you might distort the market. If that’s not correct or there is a better argument, let me know

That's about right.

8) I know there isn’t a consensus about what the minimum wage should be, other than maybe it should be higher. A simple explanation of the factors that go into what makes a justifiable minimum wage would be helpful. This was explained to me before, but I forgot it. I’ll copy it down this time

Since workers greatly outnumber firms and are usually not organized, firms have some monopoly power when buying labor and can thus pay workers less than their productivity and employ fewer workers than is efficient. (If you've taken a formal economics course, this is the same situation as monopolistic competition, only from the demand side rather than the supply side.) A good minimum wage adjusts for this, a bad minimum wage goes way above the productivity of minimum wage workers and thus makes them unemployable.

9) I understand some people believe the wage gap is either exaggerated or an outright myth. A simple explanation of why people think this would help

Women currently get roughly equal pay for equal work. However, various factors (such as societal pressures, latent biases, or the shittiness of parental leave policies) mean that women typically don't have equal access to the highest paying jobs. So the problem isn't equal pay for equal work but rather unequal opportunities for work.

10) Why we currently should/shouldn’t generally cut spending more than we should cut taxes

Not touching this one.

11) Why high frequency taxes are a good/bad idea

Pro: HFTs extract profit from the firms who actually bring information to the market, meaning that they disincentivize research and will in the long run make markets less efficient. Also, at current margins HFT is a zero sum game that doesn't produce extra value but just divides it in new ways, so it's a waste of human and physical capital from society's point of view.

Against: HFTs provide liquidity, which can help prevent panic selling and random crashes. They also help information be reflected in markets faster and thus make markets more efficient.

I side more with pro, although Bernie's proposed tax is absurdly high. Talk to /u/alexhoyer for someone smarter than me on the other side of the issue.