An Introduction to Computer Networks

Peter L Dordal

Department of Computer Science

Loyola University Chicago

Contents:

• 0   Preface
  • 0.1   Licensing
  • 0.2   Classroom Use
  • 0.3   Progress Notes
  • 0.4   Technical considerations
  • 0.5   Recent Changes
  • 0.6   Future Plans
• 1   An Overview of Networks
  • 1.1   Layers
  • 1.2   Bandwidth and Throughput
  • 1.3   Packets
  • 1.4   Datagram Forwarding
  • 1.5   Topology
  • 1.6   Routing Loops
  • 1.7   Congestion
  • 1.8   Packets Again
  • 1.9   LANs and Ethernet
  • 1.10   IP - Internet Protocol
  • 1.11   DNS
  • 1.12   Transport
  • 1.13   Firewalls
  • 1.14   Network Address Translation
  • 1.15   IETF and OSI
  • 1.16   Berkeley Unix
  • 1.17   Epilog
  • 1.18   Exercises
• 2   Ethernet
  • 2.1   10-Mbps classic Ethernet
  • 2.2   100 Mbps (Fast) Ethernet
  • 2.3   Gigabit Ethernet
  • 2.4   Ethernet Switches
  • 2.5   Spanning Tree Algorithm
  • 2.6   Virtual LAN (VLAN)
  • 2.7   Epilog
  • 2.8   Exercises
• 3   Other LANs
  • 3.1   Virtual Private Network
  • 3.2   Carrier Ethernet
  • 3.3   Wi-Fi
  • 3.4   WiMAX
  • 3.5   Fixed Wireless
  • 3.6   Token Ring
  • 3.7   Virtual Circuits
  • 3.8   Asynchronous Transfer Mode: ATM
  • 3.9   Epilog
  • 3.10   Exercises
• 4   Links
  • 4.1   Encoding and Framing
  • 4.2   Time-Division Multiplexing
  • 4.3   Epilog
  • 4.4   Exercises
• 5   Packets
  • 5.1   Packet Delay
  • 5.2   Packet Delay Variability
  • 5.3   Packet Size
  • 5.4   Error Detection
  • 5.5   Epilog
  • 5.6   Exercises
• 6   Abstract Sliding Windows
  • 6.1   Building Reliable Transport: Stop-and-Wait
  • 6.2   Sliding Windows
  • 6.3   Linear Bottlenecks
  • 6.4   Epilog
  • 6.5   Exercises
• 7   IP version 4
  • 7.1   The IPv4 Header
  • 7.2   Interfaces
  • 7.3   Special Addresses
  • 7.4   Fragmentation
  • 7.5   The Classless IP Delivery Algorithm
  • 7.6   IP Subnets
  • 7.7   DNS
  • 7.8   Address Resolution Protocol: ARP
  • 7.9   Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
  • 7.10   Internet Control Message Protocol
  • 7.11   Unnumbered Interfaces
  • 7.12   Mobile IP
  • 7.13   Epilog
  • 7.14   Exercises
• 8   IP version 6
  • 8.1   The IPv6 Header
  • 8.2   IPv6 addresses
  • 8.3   IPv6 Multicast
  • 8.4   IPv6 Extension Headers
  • 8.5   Network Prefixes
  • 8.6   Neighbor Discovery
  • 8.7   IPv6 Host Address Assignment
  • 8.8   Globally Exposed Addresses
  • 8.9   ICMPv6
  • 8.10   IPv6 Subnets
  • 8.11   Using IPv6
  • 8.12   IPv6 Examples Without a Router
  • 8.13   IPv6 Connectivity via Tunneling
  • 8.14   IPv6-to-IPv4 connectivity
  • 8.15   Epilog
  • 8.16   Exercises
• 9   Routing-Update Algorithms
  • 9.1   Distance-Vector Routing-Update Algorithm
  • 9.2   Distance-Vector Slow-Convergence Problem
  • 9.3   Observations on Minimizing Route Cost
  • 9.4   Loop-Free Distance Vector Algorithms
  • 9.5   Link-State Routing-Update Algorithm
  • 9.6   Routing on Other Attributes
  • 9.7   Epilog
  • 9.8   Exercises
• 10   Large-Scale IP Routing
  • 10.1   Classless Internet Domain Routing: CIDR
  • 10.2   Hierarchical Routing
  • 10.3   Legacy Routing
  • 10.4   Provider-Based Routing
  • 10.5   Geographical Routing
  • 10.6   Border Gateway Protocol, BGP
  • 10.7   Epilog
  • 10.8   Exercises
• 11   UDP Transport
  • 11.1   User Datagram Protocol – UDP
  • 11.2   Fundamental Transport Issues
  • 11.3   Trivial File Transport Protocol, TFTP
  • 11.4   Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
  • 11.5   Epilog
  • 11.6   Exercises
• 12   TCP Transport
  • 12.1   The End-to-End Principle
  • 12.2   TCP Header
  • 12.3   TCP Connection Establishment
  • 12.4   TCP and WireShark
  • 12.5   TCP simplex-talk
  • 12.6   TCP state diagram
  • 12.7   TCP Old Duplicates
  • 12.8   TIMEWAIT
  • 12.9   The Three-Way Handshake Revisited
  • 12.10   Anomalous TCP scenarios
  • 12.11   TCP Faster Opening
  • 12.12   Path MTU Discovery
  • 12.13   TCP Sliding Windows
  • 12.14   TCP Delayed ACKs
  • 12.15   Nagle Algorithm
  • 12.16   TCP Flow Control
  • 12.17   TCP Timeout and Retransmission
  • 12.18   KeepAlive
  • 12.19   TCP timers
  • 12.20   Epilog
  • 12.21   Exercises
• 13   TCP Reno and Congestion Management
  • 13.1   Basics of TCP Congestion Management
  • 13.2   Slow Start
  • 13.3   TCP Tahoe and Fast Retransmit
  • 13.4   TCP Reno and Fast Recovery
  • 13.5   TCP NewReno
  • 13.6   SACK TCP
  • 13.7   TCP and Bottleneck Link Utilization
  • 13.8   Single Packet Losses
  • 13.9   TCP Assumptions and Scalability
  • 13.10   TCP Parameters
  • 13.11   Epilog
  • 13.12   Exercises
• 14   Dynamics of TCP Reno
  • 14.1   A First Look At Queuing
  • 14.2   Bottleneck Links with Competition
  • 14.3   TCP Fairness with Synchronized Losses
  • 14.4   Notions of Fairness
  • 14.5   TCP Reno loss rate versus cwnd
  • 14.6   TCP Friendliness
  • 14.7   AIMD Revisited
  • 14.8   Active Queue Management
  • 14.9   The High-Bandwidth TCP Problem
  • 14.10   The Lossy-Link TCP Problem
  • 14.11   The Satellite-Link TCP Problem
  • 14.12   Epilog
  • 14.13   Exercises
• 15   Newer TCP Implementations
  • 15.1   High-Bandwidth Desiderata
  • 15.2   RTTs
  • 15.3   Highspeed TCP
  • 15.4   TCP Vegas
  • 15.5   FAST TCP
  • 15.6   TCP Westwood
  • 15.7   TCP Veno
  • 15.8   TCP Hybla
  • 15.9   TCP Illinois
  • 15.10   H-TCP
  • 15.11   TCP CUBIC
  • 15.12   Epilog
  • 15.13   Exercises
• 16   Network Simulations: ns-2
  • 16.1   The ns-2 simulator
  • 16.2   A Single TCP Sender
  • 16.3   Two TCP Senders Competing
  • 16.4   TCP Loss Events and Synchronized Losses
  • 16.5   TCP Reno versus TCP Vegas
  • 16.6   Wireless Simulation
  • 16.7   Epilog
  • 16.8   Exercises
• 17   The ns-3 Network Simulator
  • 17.1   Installing and Running ns-3
  • 17.2   A Single TCP Sender
  • 17.3   Wireless
  • 17.4   Exercises
• 18   Queuing and Scheduling
  • 18.1   Queuing and Real-Time Traffic
  • 18.2   Traffic Management
  • 18.3   Priority Queuing
  • 18.4   Queuing Disciplines
  • 18.5   Fair Queuing
  • 18.6   Applications of Fair Queuing
  • 18.7   Hierarchical Queuing
  • 18.8   Hierarchical Weighted Fair Queuing
  • 18.9   Token Bucket Filters
  • 18.10   Applications of Token Bucket
  • 18.11   Token Bucket Queue Utilization
  • 18.12   Hierarchical Token Bucket
  • 18.13   Fair Queuing / Token Bucket combinations
  • 18.14   Epilog
  • 18.15   Exercises
• 19   Quality of Service
  • 19.1   Net Neutrality
  • 19.2   Where the Wild Queues Are
  • 19.3   Real-time Traffic
  • 19.4   Integrated Services / RSVP
  • 19.5   Global IP Multicast
  • 19.6   RSVP
  • 19.7   Differentiated Services
  • 19.8   RED with In and Out
  • 19.9   NSIS
  • 19.10   Comcast Congestion-Management System
  • 19.11   Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)
  • 19.12   Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)
  • 19.13   Epilog
  • 19.14   Exercises
• 20   Network Management and SNMP
  • 20.1   Network Architecture
  • 20.2   SNMP Basics
  • 20.3   SNMP Naming and OIDs
  • 20.4   MIBs
  • 20.5   SNMPv1 Data Types
  • 20.6   ASN.1 Syntax and SNMP
  • 20.7   SNMP Tables
  • 20.8   SNMP Operations
  • 20.9   MIB Browsing
  • 20.10   MIB-2
  • 20.11   SNMPv1 communities and security
  • 20.12   SNMP and ASN.1 Encoding
  • 20.13   SNMPv2
  • 20.14   Table Row Creation
  • 20.15   SNMPv3
  • 20.16   Exercises
• 21   Security
  • 21.1   Code-Execution Intrusion
  • 21.2   Stack Buffer Overflow
  • 21.3   Heap Buffer Overflow
  • 21.4   Network Intrusion Detection
  • 21.5   Secure Hashes
  • 21.6   Shared-Key Encryption
  • 21.7   Diffie-Hellman-Merkle Exchange
  • 21.8   Public-Key Encryption
  • 21.9   SSH and TLS
  • 21.10   Exercises
• Bibliography

Indices and tables

• Index
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