Factoring in Algebra
Factors
Numbers have factors:
And expressions (like x2+4x+3) also have factors:
Factoring
Factoring (called "Factorising" in the UK) is the process of finding the factors:
Factoring: Finding what to multiply together to get an expression.
It is like "splitting" an expression into a multiplication of simpler expressions.
Example: factor 2y+6
Both 2y and 6 have a common factor of 2:
- 2y is 2 × y
- 6 is 2 × 3
So you can factor the whole expression into:
2y+6 = 2(y+3)
So 2y+6 has been "factored into" 2 and y+3
Factoring is also the opposite of Expanding:
Common Factor
In the previous example we saw that 2y and 6 had a common factor of 2
But to do the job properly make sure you have the highest common factor, including any variables
Example: factor 3y2+12y
Firstly, 3 and 12 have a common factor of 3.
So you could have:
3y2+12y = 3(y2+4y)
But we can do better!
3y2 and 12y also share the variable y.
Together that makes 3y:
- 3y2 is 3y × y
- 12y is 3y × 4
So you can factor the whole expression into:
3y2+12y = 3y(y+4)
Check: 3y(y+4) = 3y × y + 3y × 4 = 3y2+12y
More Complicated Factoring
Factoring Can Be Hard !
The examples have been simple so far, but factoring can be very tricky.
Because you have to figure what got multiplied to produce the expression you are given!
| It can be like trying to find out what ingredients went into a cake to make it so delicious. It is sometimes not obvious at all! |
Experience Helps
But the more experience you get, the easier it becomes.
Example: Factor 4x2 - 9
Hmmm... I can't see any common factors.
But if you know your Special Binomial Products you might see it as the "difference of squares":
Because 4x2 is (2x)2, and 9 is (3)2,
so we have:
4x2 - 9 = (2x)2 - (3)2
And that can be produced by the difference of squares formula:
(a+b)(a-b) = a2 - b2
Where a is 2x, and b is 3.
So let us try doing that:
(2x+3)(2x-3) = (2x)2 - (3)2 = 4x2 - 9
Yes!
So the factors of 4x2 - 9 are (2x+3) and (2x-3):
Answer: 4x2 - 9 = (2x+3)(2x-3)
How can you learn to do that? By getting lots of practice, and knowing "Identities"!
Remember these Identities
Here is a list of common "Identities" (including the "difference of squares" used above).
It is worth remembering these, as they can make factoring easier.
| a2 - b2 | = | (a+b)(a-b) |
| a2 + 2ab + b2 | = | (a+b)(a+b) |
| a2 - 2ab + b2 | = | (a-b)(a-b) |
| a3 + b3 | = | (a+b)(a2-ab+b2) |
| a3 - b3 | = | (a-b)(a2+ab+b2) |
| a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3 | = | (a+b)3 |
| a3-3a2b+3ab2-b3 | = | (a-b)3 |
There are many more like those, but those are the simplest ones.
Advice
The factored form is usually best.
When trying to factor, follow these steps:
- "Factor out" any common terms
- See if it fits any of the identities, plus any more you may know
- Keep going till you can't factor any more
You can also use computers! There are Computer Algebra Systems (called "CAS") such as Axiom, Derive, Macsyma, Maple, Mathematica, MuPAD, Reduce and many more that are good at factoring.
More Examples
I said that experience helps, so here are more examples to help you on the way:
Example: w4 - 16
An exponent of 4? Maybe we could try an exponent of 2:
w4 - 16 = (w2)2 - 42
Yes, it is the difference of squares
w4 - 16 = (w2 + 4)(w2 - 4)
And "(w2 - 4)" is another difference of squares
w4 - 16 = (w2 + 4)(w + 2)(w - 2)
That is as far as I can go (unless I use imaginary numbers)
Example: 3u4 - 24uv3
Remove common factor "3u":
3u4 - 24uv3 = 3u(u3 - 8v3)
Then a difference of cubes:
3u4 - 24uv3 = 3u(u3 - (2v)3)
= 3u(u-2v)(u2+2uv+4v2)
That is as far as I can go.
Example: z3 - z2 - 9z + 9
Try factoring the first two and second two separately:
z2(z-1) - 9(z-1)
Wow, (z-1) is on both, so let us use that:
(z2-9)(z-1)
And z2-9 is a difference of squares
(z-3)(z+3)(z-1)
That is as far as I can go.