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http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t3bz6xg5h?urlappend=%3Bseq=22
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Education pamphlets v.126
THE IMPROVEMENT OF SPEED AND
ACCURACY IN TYPEWRITING
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x030712247;page=root;view=image;size=100;seq=17;num=11
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The part metalized might be the key-top and the stem-rod of the key-top..
The key-lever might be wooden for a while..
patents: key - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
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Letters on Current(1949)
Current(1954)
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Hathi Trust Digital Library - Indexing in Progress
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt/search?id=nyp.33433006345817&view=image&q1=straight+brass
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt/search?id=nyp.33433006345817&view=image&q1=straight+brass+wire
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http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt/search?id=nyp.33433006345817&q1=different+fall-of-1870+November
pp. 33-34
saturated, and then towards evening before
going home we would take it out of the ink
and string it back and forth over the chairs
and other furniture, and leave it to dry over
night. It was anything but a pleasant job,
and would hardly have been allowed in our
modern offices with their fine outfit of mahogany furniture and Brussels rugs, but in
those days of rough, bare floors, box wood
stoves, sawdust cuspidors and Windsor
chairs and smoke-blackened walls such operations could be carried on, as Mrs. Partington would say, "with perfect impurity."
In the meantime Mr. Sholes and his associates were doing everything within their power to further improve and perfect the machine, and some time later I received a letter from Mr. Sholes suggesting that I send my machine back, to be replaced by another containing the latest improvements. This was done, and sometime afterwords the perfected machine was received, embodying a number of changes, in the
- fall of 1870. This machine was a great contrast, compared with the former one, and so far different in its outside appearance as to be hardly recognizable.
I have many times wished, however, that the first machine which was manufactured under the patent of 1868 had been preserved intact. It would have been a most interesting and valuable relic as an exhibit in this day, when typewriters are flooding all parts of the civilized world; but the original machine together with several others which were made during the experimental stage of the work was undoubtedly broken up and relegated to the scrap pile, except those parts that could be worked into other machines.
It is somewhat amusing, however, impassing one of our elegantly appointed typewriter salesrooms to find among the latest up to date machines exhibited in the plate glass show window a sorry looking old specimen that would appear to have passed through fire and water, bearing in prominent letters the legend "The First Typewriter knowing it to be a type of machine that was manufactured fully ten years later than the one I have attempted to describe.
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
p.37
Improved Machine .
The second machine which was sent to me in the fall of 1870 was, as I have stated, so decidedly different from the first construction that it will bear a description as to some of its parts.
- In the first place, the rude of 1870 wooden keys contained in the first machine were replaced by metal rods with a thin brass button on which the letter or figure was cut and painted black.
- The connecting wires instead of running down to trivets near the floor ran directly from the end of the key to the type bar above,
- and instead of the plain slot in the brass disk, which had given us so much trouble in the first machine the type bars were set in steel bearings, very much the same as we see in the latest modern construction.
- The carriage movement and paper holding device was so widely divergent from the first construction that it will require some explanation.
- Instead of the flat paper frame there was a rubber roller, which varied from the roller now in use,being twice as large in circumference, and instead of moving laterally from left to right in printing the lines the roller moved forward with each stroke of the key, in the same way that it now moves in changing the lines, while the line was changed by the roller moving down the space of a line on the rod. after it had completed a revolution.
- In other words, the movement of the roller in printing and changing the line was exactly the reverse of the present construction.
- The paper was the same length as the roller, and was curved around it lapping over sufficiently to allow a margin, and secured at the ends by steel clamps very much like the ankle guards that a bicycle rider uses today.
- Notwithstanding this peculiar arrangement of the paper on the roller the work accomplished was very satisfactory and far superior to the flat paper frame.
- Bear in mind that this was away back in 1870, and during the three years following while the construction was being carried on under Mr. Sholes' direction other important changes were made, resulting in the paper passing under an ordinary sized roller the same as is done today.
These various changes are mentioned in the letters from Mr. Sholes which were received by me between 1870 and 1873 which fortunately have been preserved while the earlier ones that were written between 1868 and 1870 were lost or destroyed, not realizing at the time their value in after years in exhibiting the work of the first machine.
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
p.41
Under date of July 30th, 1870, Mr. Slides writes as follows:
"Yours came to hand yesterday. I will make one of the new machines for you. It will be done before November. This is a specimen of the manner in which it will work; that is to say, a specimen of the style of work. I think the machine is now as perfect in its mechanism as I know how to make it, or to have it made. It develops no difficulties .whatever. I think this has not failed to space once since it has been started—now a week, and I see no reason to fear that it will fail to space in a year.
The belt has too much ink on it yet, but that is not so bad as having too little. I know of no respect in which I can improve it.
The paragraphs are made by simply touching a key, as in the case of spacing the letters, and by bearing a little on the key it operates as a brake, and keeps the cylinder from shooting around too fast.
It is as easy to write or copy poetry on it as prose.
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
p.48 - 1 matching term
the paper as each key was struck. I am unable to describe the machine in detail, never having seen it. The principal effect of the change was to reduce the leverage between the keys and the type bars several inches and confine the movement to a space of not more than two or three inches in depth, which would seem to be an improvement, but the machine did not prove a success for the reason, as I understand, that it was found that the wires were unable to sustain the lateral strain, and would naturally become bent out of shape, and for that reason its manufacture was abandoned. In the meantime, however, Mr. Sholes continued to manufacture his machines, and the process of evolution was going on, looking also towards reducing the size of the machine and getting all its parts into the shortest possible compass, which was the result of the machine sent to me in the fall of 1870, which I have already described.
I will close the reading of this correspondence by reading the last letter in my possession which was written in the spring of 1873, at the time that Mr. Sholes found
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
p.55 - 1 matching term
Original Features In Present Machines
Notwithstanding the vast improvements that have been made in the mechanical
movement and superior workmanship, and the many little ingenious devices which have been added, and characterize the typewriter of the present day, still we find that the main features which constituted the invention are the same now as those contained in the first typewriter, which consists of the circular disk or metal ring around which are hung the type bars, each striking at a common center, the ribbon movement and movement of the paper carriage connected with the keys by the universal bar, the spring motor which was
substituted by Mr. Sholes in place of the awkward clock work movement with the weight, which was a troublesome feature of the first machine, and although the change in this feature is not referred to in the letters which have been preserved, it was done away with in the machine that was sent to me during the fall of 1870. This change, however, was purely mechanical, and was naturally suggested by the evolution of the clock from the weight to the spring motor.
All of these features were the result of much study and experiment on the part of Mr. Sholes and his associates during the five years that intervened before turning over the manufacture of the machine to the factory at Ilion. The real invention, however, consists in the circular metal ring or disk, with the type bars striking at a common center which is found today in all type bar machines. I may add also, that since the manufacture of the machine passed out of Mr. Sholes' personal supervision he still continued to work on improvements up to the day of his death in 1890, giving the benefit of his work to the company to whom he had turned over the manufacture in 1873.
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
p.57 - 1 matching term
DiscouragingFeatures
The discouraging feature connected with the manufacture of the first machines, and which it seemed impossible to overcome, was the crude workman-ship which tended to impede the action of the machine, which required smooth and certain movement of its most delicate parts. The workmen in the little machine shop did the best they could with the imperfect appliances at hand; but it was like trying to make a watch in a black-smith shop, and it was only after repeated and heroic efforts to overcome these obstacles that Mr. Sholes was compelled to relinquish personal control of its manufacture and place it with the Remington company at Ilion, N. Y., as stated in his last letter. Previous to this he had expended with the aid of his financial backers large sums of money in an endeavor to perfect
his invention to the extent of producing a thoroughly reliable working machine that would find favor with the public, in which effort I am told that he expended all of his private funds, even to the sacrifice of his little home in order to raise the necessary means for the attainment of that end. Failing in that endeavor he made a contract with the Remington Arms Company, where skilled workmen were employed with all the appliances at hand for working in steel in the manufacture of their fire arms.
It was these defects that compelled us to abandon the use of the first machine in our regular work. The second machine that was sent to me in the fall of 1870 although a great improvement on the first one and very well adapted to correspondence and ordinary light work was still subject to impediments and stoppages necessitating more or less delay in repairing and remedying the difficulties, and as time was an important element with us we were compelled to return to the old method of preparing our transcripts.
This is all that can be said, so far as the writer's personal recollections are concerned, as to the early history of the type-writer. A most interesting volume could
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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Life and sayings of Mrs. Partington : and others of the family
Full-text Search Results | HathiTrust Digital Library
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And the two-fold vibratory ratchet and the series of pins or cog-teeth M being in a line directly under the main axle B and the wide notch or space in the second ratchet wheel, and the bail F and the screw-cam L being in the same radial plane and in lines parallel with the main axle, while the wide notch or space between the teeth of the ratchet-wheel is revolving past the ratchet, the bail and lapped edges of the paper are revolving past the point where the types strike, and the screw-cam passes through a notch between two of the pins or cog-teeth and draws the platen paper-carriage C lengthwise over the main axle B the distance of the space from one line of writing to another. In this way, after the ending of one line of writing, and before the beginning of another, the paper is moved from line to line in a direction at a right angle to the line of the letter-space movement. And this line space movement will continue regularly, as the writing is done, at every revolution of the platen paper-carriage.
still writing, drawing | |
How do they clip paper on the cylindrical platen?
Bail F is what?
The paper was the same length as the roller, and was curved around it lapping over sufficiently to allow a margin, and secured at the ends by steel clamps very much like the ankle guards that a bicycle rider uses today.
Hathi Trust Digital Library - Indexing in Progress
drawing | |
Bail to clamp paper on cylindrical surface.
Hansen clipped
en.wikipedia「The writing ball was first patented and entered production in 1870, and was the first commercially produced typewriter.」en.wikipedia「The writing ball was first patented and entered production in 1870, and was the first commercially produced typewriter.」
Letter | |
Mr. Leander Stone, of the Northwestern Christian Advocate, writes The Current'. "Mr. Howells need not to have apologized for any anachronism for mentioning the use of the type writer in 1875 ; for in 1873 at least, as I have the best evidence, this machine was offered for sale in New York City by Mr. James Densmore, and I have now in my possession a letter from Hon.C. Latham Sholes, of Milwaukee, who was the inventor of the ma-
chine, which is dated January 5, 1873, and is a very perfect specimen of the work of the type writer."
The current. no.29-54 1884. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433003182668?urlappend=%3Bseq=136
—Mrs. Leander Stone, President of the Young
Women's Christian Association of Chicago, is
satisfied that Chicago not only needs, but must
have a new association building which equals
or exceeds the buildings in New York, Brook-
lyn or Philadelphia. The Chicago society owns
the property at No. 288 Michigan Avenue and is
determined to build a home adapted to its wants
and centralize its work. Prom a business stand-
point it will do as is usual with business-men,
use the property for its work, say for the next
ten, fifteen, or may be twenty years, and then
sell and plant in different sections. The build-
ing will be started as soon as the new plans are
perfected, the old home removed, and the ground
(80x160 feet) covered with a seven story build-
ing, which will have all modern improvements,
gymnasium,audience-room,library, class-rooms,
single sleeping-rooms, in fact all the comforts
of a well regulated home. At present the as-
sociation has four boarding houses, viz., 288
Michigan Avenue, No. 367 West Jackson Street,
No. 5830 Rosalie Court, and No. 3258 Went-
worth Avenue. The Englewood Branch Home
is at No. 6307 Stewart Boulevard. It maintains
an employment bureau at No. 243 Wabash Ave-
nue, and the Traveler's Aid Department keeps
an agent at each of the seven principal rail-
way stations to protect women and girls who
come as strangers to the city.
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Sholes writes on April 21, 1870,
Densmore writes a black key for space key, same as the other keys in shape and size..
Farnham. not Barnham, maybe.. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYspace-key all the way across: idea from Burmham of Chicago. And we could know there was another man who had his own machine in Chicago. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
- March 1870：" space-key " was a black key in shape and size just like one of the type-keys.
- about a week After：two space-keys, with a broad lip to extend out laterally
- Densmore>>>(letter)>>>Glidden>>>(read or handed)>>>Sholes>>>(directed)>>>Schwalbuch
- The idea so commended itself to me that I wrote then and there back to Milwaukee to have it done and when I got to Meadville, I wrote again and as I went on to Washington directly as soon as I got there I wrote again. These letters were taken to the shop and read or handed to Glidden as he was there every day. Sholes directed Schwalbach to make the two space-keys as I had written and when he had got the levers done Glidden suggested why not put a flat bar across from one lever to the other and thus have a space-key all the way across " the idea had only to be stated to be adopted.19
Burnhamは 正しくはFarnhamかもで、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY他の競合特許と 先発明日付を争うのに有利になるように、意図的にせよ無意識にせよ 後の証言にバイアスがかかっている部分が混じっている可能性が、Densmore証言などには あるいはあるのかもしれない。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Schwalbach says porcelain.
Mathias Schwalbach, Milwaukee
Bulletins of information. no. 50-76 (1909-15). - PT Search - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
- Samples of porcelain keys used by him in making the earliest models of the Sholes-Remington typewriter about 1870.
Lillian says Schwalbach did some:
still writing | |
spacing wheel
Hathi Trust Digital Library - Indexing in Progress
spacing wheel - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYWhat two of spacing wheels there were
judging from later then line spacing could do with same mechanism,
- "letter spacing wheel"
- "line spacing wheel"
those two might exist..
”line spacing” OR ”letter spacing” CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SIIOLES - Google SearchThose two wheels reduced to one,
可能となったのだから、1870年4月の紙送りメカは 1871年特許のaxleマシンと同様と推定。
改行は、改行カムにて
親指の位置、鍵盤中央部にスペースバーという特許は Washburnが 1870年１１月8日に取得済み - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYこれにより機能が代替され、line spacing wheelが不要となったとみる。
ブレーキングが まだ甘い。ブレーキがよくなるのは1870年7月ごろ。
"letter spacing wheel" "line spacing wheel" - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
still writing | |
I guess Sholes didn't use cylindrical platen, when typing penciled ".. thick enough?"
I guess Sholes didn't use carriage with roller platen, when typing penciled "Is this paper thick enough?"
I guess Sholes didn't use so-called carriage carrying roller platen, when typing penciled "Is this paper thick enough?"
Sholes didn't use the carriage conveying roller platen in side way that now we call, at that date of October 18?, 1869,:
typing the letter Sholes penciled "Is this paper thick enough?"
And the far-left "A" just looks like the carriage jumped the margin when it was
returned.
Yahoo! Groups
I've read some patents by concerning Sholes. And I suppose:
Sholes didn't use the kind of carriage with roller we now call, at that time October 1869 on typing.
The reason is:
Then , the possibility increases:
Those carriage of model are shown on:
still writing | |
> http://raycy-jp.blogspot.com/2011/05/it-might-be-caused-by-carriage-jump-but.html
>> http://f.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20110104124353
> And the far-left "A" just looks like the carriage jumped the margin when it was returned.
> http://groups.yahoo.com/group/TYPEWRITERS/message/47792
It might be caused by carriage jump but by the different way we now see.
The days when Sholes penciled "Is this paper thick enough?" and just ahead when he had typed out the letter to Densmore on October maybe18th, 1869,,
> http://f.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20110522135832
In those days, it seems they didn't have side moving roller carriage in longitude along the line out-printing mechanism.
> http://f.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20110518042423
(Later they had as on Scientific American August 10th 1872.)
The mechanism they had a patent as cylindrical platen earlier was for moving in circumferential direction along the circular out-printing on the cylindrical platen,
not for longitudal direction line printing.
> http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=SVJpAAAAEBAJ
If using their early cylindrical platen mechanism, then the incidents like carriage jump would rare happen.
http://qwerty-history.g.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20110522/1306030896
And to roll up the cardboard might be hard to bend to set on the platen.
http://raycy-jp.blogspot.com/2011/05/18-inch-isnt-paper-too-thick-enough-to.html
> Sholes typed a letter to Densmore. Oct. (28 is not be accurate, and might be) 18, 1869, on cardboard an eighth of an inch thick, and added a penciled note in which he triumphantly asked, " Is this paper thick enough?
> http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=%22cardboard+an+eighth+of+an+inch+thick%22
So I guess the carriage jump might happen on an old model machine which made over adding with charenging mechanism like ink-ribbon winding in downward, or so.
Letter | |
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, October XVIII, LXIX.
Friend Densmore.....
I got your last today noon. I wish you would return me that letter of the twelfth, to which you refer, or at least recite to me its contents. I write so many letters, that I have not the least recollection of what that one in particular contains I infer from yours that it has something I should recollect, and contains promises I am expected to redeem. That is the reason I desire it returned. I want to know what the promices was and desire now to fail on my part in carrying them out. There is also something you have promised. I wand to know also what that is.
As soon as I get a reply from you to my letter of Sunday, I will study the thing carefully, and move circumspectly. I have lost enough by thoughtless and precipitate movements to make me very ready to accept your advice about moving slowly. At the same time, I have the thing so well defined in my mind, that I think I Shall make no mistakes, and that there will be N NO necessity for any great delay.. Any thing that way occur to you, or any suggestions you may desire to make touching the proposed new machine, let me have.
Yours, ETC.
Sholes.
(penciled note: Is this paper thick enough?)
still writing | |
The letter which Sholes penciled "Is this paper thick enough?" hears typed at a cardboard of an eighth of an inch thick.
> Sholes typed a letter to Densmore. Oct. (.. 28 is not be accurate, and might be ..)18, 1869, on cardboard an eighth of an inch thick, and added a penciled note in which he triumphantly asked, " Is this paper thick enough? (Current"The Typewriter and the men who made it"(1949))
> http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=%22cardboard+an+eighth+of+an+inch+thick%22
Some professor seems to say it typed by the machine having same mechanism to the patent No. 118491.
Then, did Sholes roll up the "paper" along the platen, for preparation of typing?
> http://raycy-jp.blogspot.com/2011/05/18-inch-isnt-paper-too-thick-enough-to.html
Wyckoff Seamans & Benedict (1900), The History of Touch Typewriting, New York: Guilbert Putnam, p. 13 http://www.kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/QWERTY/1900Wyckoff.djvu校名にタイプライターを入れた時期は いつなのか。1883年ならば、校名と教授開始時期には、因果関係が無いことになるかな？1882年９月には教授を開始してしばらく経っていた可能性が高かろうに、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
At first the lessons were pasted on cardboard for covenience and durability in schools, but they were afterwards issued in book form.
still writing | |
APKY supposes the model of the machine that Sholes typed the letter to Densmore on October 18th 1869 was similar to patent No.118491.
Is it possible to set up 1/8-inch thick cardboard to the cylindrical platen of patent No.118491?
The machine Sholes typed the letter on October 18th 1869 had the paper feedind mechanism of the No.118491's?
How do you think Cylindrical platen
1/8-inch! Isn't the paper too thick enoght to to roll along platen?
The letter which Sholes penciled "Is this paper thick enough?" hears a cardboard of an eighth of an inch thick.
プラテンをキヤリッジごと まとめて移動か、 プラテンローラー部だけの逐次(逐字?)移動か、、 すると、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYレイサム〔・ショールズ〕は、改良した『タイプ・ライター』にかなり自信があったらしく、一八六九年一〇月一八日の手紙には、「この紙なら十分ぶ厚いだろう？」と手書きで書き添えている[★13]。
（安岡孝一共著『キーボード配列QWERTYの謎』
Amazon.co.jp: QWERTY@amazon
21ページ）
Sholes typed a letter to Densmore. Oct.
eight inch thick cardboard Sholes Densmore - Google ????28 is not be accurate, and might be18, 1869, on cardboard an eighth of an inch thick, and added a penciled note in which he triumphantly asked, " Is this paper thick enough?最初は小手調べ、従来のマシンの一部改良で、たとえば インクリボンの巻取りを 下側に走らせただけかもしれない、、ってことはないかな？
Sholesは巻くのがうまい。というのも、ショールズは 厚さ八分の一インチ(って何ミリ？)のボール紙を プラテンローラーに巻きつけてセットしてたんですよ、1869年10月18日にDensmore宛の手紙をタイプする前に。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Wyckoff Seamans & Benedict (1900), The History of Touch Typewriting, New York: Guilbert Putnam, pp. 6–10 http://www.kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/QWERTY/1900Wyckoff.djvu校名にタイプライターを入れた時期は いつなのか。1883年ならば、校名と教授開始時期には、因果関係が無いことになるかな？1882年９月には教授を開始してしばらく経っていた可能性が高かろうに、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
At first the lessons were pasted on cardboard for covenience and durability in schools, but they were afterwards issued in book form.
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September 10,1870.]
21
THE TELEGRAPHER.
Little ts. Morse—Craig ts. Orton.
Ik the New York Herald of Thursday Mr. D. H.
Craig replies to Mr. Ohtojj's challenge, copied in
The Telegrapher of last Saturday. He does sot ae-
oept tho test proposed by Mr. Obton, but proposes
various other tests, on tho result of which sums of
from $10,000 to 825,000 are proposed to bo bet. (We
use the platm term bet, because it is as much a gam-
bling transaction as though the money were risked at
faro or roulette.) Desiring to give all parties to this
contest a fair show, we will publish next week Mr.
Cr aig's rejoinder in full and Mr. Obton's response, if
it be made in season, and not at too great length for
our columns.
The Telegrapher. v. 7 (Aug. 27, 1870-Aug. 19, 1871). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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The task of constructing the machine was
intrusted to Mathias Schwalbach, a German clock-maker em-
ployed by Sholes at three dollars a day. As the work pro-
gressed, Schwalbach suggested some changes, among others the
banking of the keys in three rows.
GENESIS OF THE TYPEWRITER - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
http://kygaku.g.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/archive?word=Sholes+three+dollars+a+day
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He began the manufacture of tower and church clocks in 1873 In the History of Milwaukee1 appears the following: "M. Schwalbach, manufacturer of church and tower clocks, large and small models, and all kinds of small machinery; also, ...
hammer from 20 to 30 pounds, and the pendulum ball 125 pounds. The name M. Schwalbach Manf. Co. is also upon the movement. The reference lists the company as M. Schwalbach, Manufacturer of Tower Clocks.
Mathias Schwalbach died February 29, 1920, at the age of 85. The Schwalbach patents, three in number, were granted on November 10, 1874; September 7, 1880 and February 18, 1890. All relate to improvements in tower clocks. ...
Mathias Schwalbach died February 29, 1920 - Google ????
keyboard | |
Sholes patented some rows ( or banks ) of keyboards:
Patent number: 418239 Filing date: Jul 16, 1887
US Pat. 559755-2R
US Pat. 559756 - Filed Feb 18, 1890
ボタンアコーディオンがバルブ制御系操作なのに比べて、タイプライターでは駆動力供給も兼ねるから動力伝達面としてキートップには ある程度の面積が必要だ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
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Counting Sholes's bankings..
Sholes patented some rows ( or banks ) of keyboards: - The actuality on - QWERTY history
The four-bank keyboard had done with help of Schwalbach..
Caligraph is six-banked QWERTY, looks like kind of offshoot..
The difference between layouts of QWERTY and Caligraphs are not so big. Caligraphs' can't say counter alternative but in a same kind of arrangement group. - The actuality on - QWERTY history Remington Standard Type-Writer No.2
２ ３ ４ ５ ６ ７ ８ ９ ‐ Ｑ Ｗ Ｅ Ｒ Ｔ Ｙ Ｕ Ｉ Ｏ Ｐ ? Ａ Ｓ Ｄ Ｆ Ｇ Ｈ Ｊ Ｋ Ｌ ； ＆ Ｚ Ｘ Ｃ Ｖ Ｂ Ｎ Ｍ ， ！
Caligraph 1
２ ３ ４ ５ ６ ７ ８ ９ ｑ ｚ Ｗ Ｔ Ｒ Ｅ Ｙ Ｕ Ⅰ Ｏ Ａ Ｓ Ｄ Ｆ Ｇ Ｈ Ｃ Ｋ Ｊ Ｘ Ⅴ Ｂ Ｎ Ｌ Ｍ Ｐ ？ ．
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The caption "Sholes & Glidden model" is not appropriate but "Sholes & Schwalbach" would be, for sholesmod2.jpg of typewritermuseum.org
Sholes &
GliddenSchwalbach patent model in accurate *Picture 3. The machine in picture 2 is catalogued as a Sholes & Glidden patent model, similar to two patent models held by the Smithsonian institute. This model is close to the early production models, which indicates that it must be one of the later working models, possibly produced in or just before 1873.
Inventors
If Sholes & Glidden patent model, then it should have space-bar in front. yasuoka (21275) トモダチ「U. S. Patent No.182511の「モデル」(あるいはその同型機)の写真」 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
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Associate Professor Koichi Yasuoka(APKY) proposed typo analysis approach to say adjacency of keys.
APKY showed this approach on the letter of Sholes to Weller under the date of April 21, 1870.
In April, 1870, helped by Matthias Schwalbach, Sholes completed new Type-Writer with 38 keys, which consisted of capitals, numerals 2 to 9, hyphen, comma, period, and question mark. According to typewritten letters and patents of Sholes, the keyboard consisted of four rows, nearly in alphabetical order, but U was next to O.
On the Prehistory of QWERTYThe evidences of "typewritten letters and patents of Sholes" of supposition by APKYs(March 2011) for the date of "four-banked". - The actuality on - QWERTY history
- The letter is:
- under the date of April 21, 1870. Miss-typing of "UF" instead of "OF". O&U
Is the way working for sencing the adjacency of keys? To confirm this, let's see on the case when we know the keyboard arrangement supposed to be.
We know some keyboard arrangements on the date of several:
And on the letters under the date of:
I feel the efficiency of this to find the probability of key-adjacency or typebar-adjacency.
I extended to apply the way to the other letters.
On those letters, there are some typo of coincidence along the key-adjacency or typebar-adjacency.
So, the way of typo analysis approach seems to work.
How about on typewriter contest? On them, were there typos of adjacent keys or typebars?
Let's check the output of typing contest, later..
Letter | |
Mixed-up of letters supposed to be, says something of key-adjacency..
I understand what AS says that only by one or few incident, we cannot say anything to determinable.
You'd need to find multiple other instances of the same N/O gap to build even circumstantial evidence.
~Alan
Yahoo! Groups
I still wanna say some and am trying, anyway..
I checked some other letters and I found some.
Typos which I mind on,in the letters of Sholes or so..
タイプミスによって 何が言えるか？ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
letters date where I mind on link Sholes to Densmore October 18,1869
- Typo of 'O' next to 'N'. After that, re-typed 'NO'.
- Luck of letter: 'P' should be in 'promised', 'E' in 'them'.
http://qwerty-history.g.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20110106/1294287378 Sholes to Weller April 21, 1870 Typo of 'U' instead of 'O' http://qwerty-history.g.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20110513/1305265564 Sholes to Weller July I haven't ever seen the typed manuscript. Sholes to Weller Sept. 28, 1870 Typos of "S&T","T&U","P&Q" http://qwerty-history.g.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20110510/1305061711 Sholes to Weller Mar. or Feb. 14, 1871 I haven't ever seen the typed manuscript. Sholes to Barron June 9, 1872 "U" was hacked over by "_" Sholes to Weller April 30,1873 Typos of "wrong G" instead of "correct F", "U instead of Y" http://qwerty-history.g.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20110510/1305061712
If keys were in adjacent, the possibility of mis-touch by mixed-up would increase..
The letters after July 23, 1872, or near the day like at June 9, 1872, I think they show something of key-adjacency or typebar-adjacency.
and if U is closed to O, then the arrangements could be supposed to be something like:
SholesからWellerに宛てた手紙 Sept. 28, 1870付けに SとT、 TとU、PとQ のミススペルがある。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY？．ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱ ２３４５６７８９，‐ＺＹＸＷＶＵＴＳＲ二段キーボードでＡｔｏＺの折り返し地点を変えるだけでも ＯとＵを近づけうる、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY？．ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱ ，‐９８７６５４３２ＺＹＸＷＶＵＴＳＲＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱＲ ？．，‐２３４５６７８９ＳＴＵＶＷＸＹＺOUが近接し、かつPQ, STUも近接する配列、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Letter | |
http://www6.atpages.jp/~raycy/Y/Sholes2Brn18720609_5.htm
Sholes to Barron June 9, 1872
Milwaukee, Wis. June 9, 1872.
Friend Barron,--
While Glidden and Densmore are playing a game of chess on this blessed Sabbath, I will improve the opportunity to drop you a line on the machine, which Dens-more has in the hotel at his room.
At the same time, I know of nothing new to say, we are getting the variou*1s pieces together and getting ready for systematic work. The pieces which are of brass in the machine at New York, we are now getting made of malleable iron. We shall be in a position to furnish good machines, Provided any person is in a position to wa-*2nt them after they are furnished. You know that my app-rehension is , that the thing may take for a while, and for a while there may be an active demand for them, but th-at like any other novelty, it will have its brief day an-d be thrown aside. Of course, I earnestly hope that su
c*3 ch will not prove to be the case, and Densmore laughs at the idea when I suggest it , but I should like to be sure that it would be otherwise, ??b. I have been working the machine, with the brass ring off from over the trunnions. And I*4 see the hyphen*5 has rested on top of the U and has been printed generally, when the U should have been prin-ted. I have replaced the ring and now all is right. T-is*6 loose stringing. The more I use it, the more I think it is a very important step of progress. The print is setting with it. I think it will correct the wabbling, an-d it seems better in all respects. I also tested the m-anifolding business with it, and took eight copies handsomely. By reflecting on the philosophy of it, you will appreciate all of its benefits,I wish you would try on-e of the worst types for wabbling, on the Emmett machime and see, if the loose stringing will correct the tendency-y*7. IF it will in that case it is of course, conclusive of its merits. Yours,
Sholes.
The Story of the typewriter, 1873-1923 / [foreword ... . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Letter | |
安岡孝一先生ら(March 2011)の四段化推定の”typewritten letters and patents of Sholes” - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
In April, 1870, helped by Matthias Schwalbach, Sholes completed new Type-Writer with 38 keys, which consisted of capitals, numerals 2 to 9, hyphen, comma, period, and question mark. According to typewritten letters and patents of Sholes, the keyboard consisted of four rows, nearly in alphabetical order, but U was next to O.
On the Prehistory of QWERTY
Thursday, August 03, 2006
He changed the keys into button-like ones in April of 1870 (cf. Chas. E. Weller: The Early History of the Typewriter, La Porte (1921)) when he invented a new Type-Writer with a four-row keyboard, in which each row consisted of ten or eleven keys (U. S. Patent No.182511 but it has only three rows). The Truth of QWERTY
1870年4月21日にショールズが打っていたのは Clephaneのタイプライターに改良を加えたものである。2段から4段へとの 大幅な改造を 記載しないことがあったであろうか？ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, April 21, 1870.
Charlie----
NIL desperandum,--which being liberally interpreted, means don't despair. Notwithstanding I had the machine done sometime ago, I still continue to make valuable improvements. This machine is Clephane's, which I have made over to the new style.
I have now but one spacing wheel, instead of two, as on your machine. The weight is connected directly with the printing shaft, without the intervention of*8 any pulley and belt. This machine runs thirty lines without winding, it is so fixed, also that I can make paragraphs by merely touching a key, as is spacing the letters. This is a very G R E A T improvement, as you will readily understand. You had better have an entirely new machine, as it is scarcely worth while to work that over with so few characters in it. I am in a hurry and must stop.Yours, ETC, Sholes. The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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I wanna know when the four-bank keyboard of Sholes' prototype had done.
In April 1870 he arrived at a four-row, upper case keyboard QWERTY - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
The key-levers of four-bank should have thin width, compared with of two-bank.
So the material of key-levers for the four-bank owes more stress than ever.
Current[1] [2] mention it with metalized.
Current might think:
By the way, I found later on,,
Jenne's patents say:
key-lever: wooden(Pine wood wrapped with Manila paper for reinforce?), wood or metal - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Ford's museum book says it is wood.
Reading ”The Truth”: wooden key-levers,,Henry's attic: some fascinating gifts to Henry Ford and his museum
by: Ford Richardson Bryan,Sarah Evans
The Remington desk typewriter shown here, manufactured sometime between 1874 and 1876, has an enclosed case, wooden key levers, a lage wooden platen, and a ribbon wound on wooden spools as wide as the platen.
The Remington Rand Laboratories of Ilion gave the typewriter to Henry Ford. The date of the gift was not recorded.
ref.
[0]APKY: Associate Professor Koichi Yasuoka
[1]Current(1949)
Current, Richard Nelson "The original typewriter enterprise: 1867-1873"(1949）
What material are key-levers of S&G made of? - The actuality on - QWERTY history四段化の時期。ワイヤー時代、リンク棒時代。シュバルバッハの関与時期。 - 霊犀社２Wisconsin Magazine Of History ArchivesThe inventor soon adopted a new keyboard, of Schwalbach's devising, which consisted of four rows of metal key levers and buttons set in ascending banks.18
Wisconsin magazine of history: Volume 32, number 4, June 1949 :: Wisconsin Magazine of History Archives
[2]Current(1954) I cannot find mentioning about metal.
[3]Sholes Letter to .. , （Mar. 14, 1871, on Weller book)(Feb. 14, 1871, on Current(1949))
"I have now a machine on which I am doing this work, which is an entirely different thing. It has not the same appearance. The key board is not the same; the disk is not the same; very little similarity in any respect.I have been running this about two months, and it seems to get better, rather than otherwise."
letter is dated March 14, 1871 on Weller's book. - The actuality on - QWERTY history
Letter | |
(Current writes those of at least partialy on Feburary 14, 1871.)
The next letter is dated March 14, 1871, nearly six months later, from which it appears that our inventor has not lost all of his inspiration, as his previous letter would indicate, and still further improvements are being made. I quote from the letter as follows:
"I have now a machine on which I am doing this work, which is an entirely different thing. It has not the same appearance. The key board is not the same; the disk is not the same; very little similarity in any respect.
"I have been running this about two months, and it seems to get better, rather than otherwise. In all that time it has not developed a single difficulty. In fact all such thing as trouble or bother has ceased to enter into the calculation. Densmore is very sanguine of very valuable results from the thing. Since this machine has been running I am getting more hope in the premises; but I must close on account of press of other duties."
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Letter | |
Under date of July 30th, 1870, Mr. Sholes
writes as follows:
"Yours came to hand yesterday. I will make one of the new machines for you. It will be done before November. This is a specimen of the manner in which it will work; that is to say, a specimen of the style of work. I think the machine is now as perfect in its mechanism as I know how to make it, or to have it made. It develops no difficulties .whatever. I think this has not failed to space once since it has been started—now a week, and I see no reason to fear that it will fail to space in a year.
The belt has too much ink on it yet, but that is not so bad as having too little. I know of no respect in which I can improve it.
The paragraphs are made by simply touching a key, as in the case of spacing the letters, and by bearing a little on the key it operates as a brake, and keeps the cylinder from shooting around too fast.
It is as easy to write or copy poetry on it as prose.
The machine is done, and I want some more worlds to conquer. Life will be most flat, stale and unprofitable without something to invent."
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Letter | |
Misspells
Key is:
under date of September 28, 1870,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, September 28, 1870.
Charlie---
I really forget wether I answered your last letter or not.
I am working now no an awarage about sixteen hours a day and have not much time to do any thing aside from by regular work, nor indeed to recellect any thing. you invited me down there but it is quite impossible for me to come unless I abandon every thing here I can scarcely get an hour's leave of absence from the board, much less a day or aweek. Densmere has just telegraphed me to come in al haste to New York, but I cannot go unless it proves to be for something important enough to warrant me in cutting loose from all my present business pursuits.
I am anxious to here from you further Densmore, I think, is negotiating with sweet in New York, who wants the machine in connection with his telegraph interests. With what prospects of success he is negotiating I do not know, nor do I know whether it is in that connection he wants me.
I have made another most important change in the machine, having dispensed with the slotted disk altogether. My disk now consists simply of a flat ring about an inch broad and a quarter of an inch thick, around which the hammers are hung, each one on an independent journal of its own. The top of the disk is, of course, all open on the plan, and easily accessible with a brush to clean the types, or the hand to arrange anything that may be out of order, and the hammers can .never stick, as
trey never touch anything but the little steel journals on which they swing. The ease and freedom and beauty with which this machine works is truly wonderful. I do not refer to the beauty of its print, but the beauty of its working. The type are too large. It is a set I had on hand, and as I was trying an experiment the result of which I thought was doubtful, I did not wish to get another set. I am myself surprised at the result of the experiment. I had very faint hopes of its succeeding, but I thought it possible by careful adjusting of every hammer that it might work. You can therefore guess of my surprise and pleasure when I found out that it needed no adjusting at all; on the contrary, it adjusted itself.
It is not only a wonderful improvement in the working of the machine, but it also wonderfully cheapens and simplifies the manufacture. the disk can now be cast and needs nothing on the lathe but to have the face smoothed up. The hammers can also be cast of type metal a inasmuch as they touch nothing whatever in their working and therefore there is nothing toward them out. My plan is to cast the hammers and at the same time cast the type in them having of course previously prepared the type of brass or steel and placed it in the mould. In this way the type and hammer will come out of the mould ready to go into the machine without further preparation. I think it a very great thing to get rid of the slotted disk, which always threatens or manages in some way to hold on to the type or some one of them. In this machine there is nothing for the type to stick in. If a type pauses at all it must be in the open air, as there is nothing to stop it. I earnestly hope we shall soon get to manufacturing with all these improvements in which case we shall keep you supplied with the best. But I cannot think that any further changes are possible to advantage. The disk was the only thing left which I had not revolutionized. That is now done, which makes the machine completely a new one compared with its original conception and construction. All of its parts have been the subject of most thorough experiment, and I do not believe any of them can be changed to advantage. Everything now seems to me as perfect as it can be made, and I feel no inspiration to alter anything further.
But let me hear from you. Yours. &C,,
Sholes.
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Letter | |
Under date of April 30, 1873, Mr. Sholes
writes as follows: (See page 50.)
"
Milwaukee, wis. April 30, 1873.
Friend Charlie:---
In conversation to-night, with Alfred, I learned that you still lived, and he gave me one of your cards. By which I not only learned that you still lived, but that you lived at St. Louis. in your regular business of po-to---no, phonographing.
I presume not having heard of or from the machine for so long a time you have about concluded that that machine does not live, whatever may be the case with others.
But if I am right in that conjecture, you would be entirely mistaken. It not only lives, but apparently at present is in a most vigorous condition. The kind of work it will do you observe in this specimen, but the amount of labor we have been compelled to perform and the amount of money to expend to get it into its present condition of efficiency has been fearful to contemplate, and, I might add, the number of mortifying failures we have encountered when we thought we had the thing entirely completed have been entirely too numerous to mention.
But we feel that we have got out of the woods at last. The machine is no such thing as it was when you last saw it. In fact you would not recognize it as the same thing at all. I scarcely know how to describe it, and I presume it is not necessary that I should make the attempt. It is now what we call the continuous roll machine. so-called because it was originally made to accommodate the Automatic Telegraph Company, by printing from a continuous roll of paper; that is, paper of any length.
This alters the whole character of the machine, and we found after it was altered that the style accommodated all wants better than the old style, and so we made no more of the kind that we made when you were interested in it. It is smaller, handier, neater, more convenient, will do almost every possible kind of work than it was or would be in its old form.
A contract has been made with the Ilion Arms Manufactory, or the Remington's, at Ilion, N. Y., for the manufacture of a thousand machines, which are now in process or progress of construction.
Trust this may find you well. yours.
C. L. Sholes.
"I have nothing particular to say, and you will observe that I have said it."
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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In
the meantime, however, Mr. Sholes con-
tinued to manufacture his machines, and
the process of evolution was going on,
looking also towards reducing the size of
the machine and getting all its parts into
the shortest possible compass, which was
the result of the machine sent to me in the
fall of 1870, which I have already described.
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
sent to TG | |
S&Gのキーレヴァーは木製ですか？金属製ですか？ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Current, Richard Nelson "The original typewriter enterprise: 1867-1873"(1949）seems to say it metal.
四段化の時期。ワイヤー時代、リンク棒時代。シュバルバッハの関与時期。 - 霊犀社２Wisconsin Magazine Of History ArchivesThe inventor soon adopted a new keyboard, of Schwalbach's devising, which consisted of four rows of metal key levers and buttons set in ascending banks.18
18 Schwalbach afterwards said that " while he continued to work for Mr. Sholes for $3.00 a day, during the winter of 1870, he took up the work independently in his home." He "worked out the four-bank key board, and in the spring of 1871, he laid his completed model before Messrs. Sholes and Glidden." Howard, in Typewriter Topics, 3:8. ←
Wisconsin magazine of history: Volume 32, number 4, June 1949 :: Wisconsin Magazine of History Archives
Huling "SOME TYPE WRITERS THEIR ORIGIN AND USES"(1886) ,explaining upstrike, seems to say it wooden.
P. G. Hubert, JR. "The typewriter; its growth and uses" - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYThe Inland Printer - Google ブックス
SOME TYPE WRITERS THEIR ORIGIN AND USES, II - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYIt will be noticed that there was a remarkable similarity in the plan and accomplishments of this machine and Francis', described before; but the latter was excelled in compactness, durability, fineness of construction, and ease of operation, as much as the Remington model of today is ahead of its predecessor of ten years ago. The Sholes & Glidden machine had steel type inserted to rise vertically at the ends of bars depending from a circle, and slightly converging, and each type-face was at an angle of its own, to print in line when brought to the platen. These typefaces were cut especially to deceive the eye in their impressions, as each struck in an equal space, thick and thin alike, and the appearance of spacing words could only be avoided in that way. Scanning a page of type-writing from top to bottom, or vice versa, will reveal the characters printed in columns. Fig. 4 is a section of the machine,
The Inland Printer - Google ブックスshowing the connection of the type-bars with the levers proceeding from the keyboard, and the principles of the printing action. L is a wooden lever hinged at the back of the frame at its lower part. A is the end displayed on the keyboard, being a glass-faced cap covering the character, and offering a surface for the touch of a finger. W is a wire connecting the lever with a type-bar above, which of itself is a lever fulcrumed close to the wire connection, and hangs as shown. T is the type in position. If A is touched, L is depressed, and T moves upward, following the direction of the dotted line in the diagram. A spring under each lever near its hinge forces the key back to its position after the touch is removed, and the type is correspondingly retired from the impressing point. R shows the position of the inking ribbon, which passes from one reel to another, the motion being reversible when desired. S and N are merely other keys. J is the top of the frame, and C is the platen holding the paper, being stripped of its details, of course.
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WRITING MACHINES --- THEIR USE AND ABUSE, GENERAL REMARKS
say similar thing as Wyckoff says ,but not colornized nor Irishish nor Jappipee nor so non..
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?view=image;size=75;id=nyp.33433033969647;page=root;seq=53;num=45