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Robyの本に書いてあるが、発端は Des Moinesの1904年10月2日付け投稿記事か何か？らしい。
On Sunday, October 2, 1904, the Register and Leader of Des Moines, Iowa,
Henry W. Roby’s story of the invention of the typewriter, ... . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
これが タイプライター開発への契機になったというのだが、、。キーボードじゃないけれども。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
No. 57,182.— Abner Peeler, Webster City, Iowa, assignor to himself, W A. Cros-
by and N. P. Chipman.—Machine for Writing and Printing.—August 14, 1866.—Reading
matter is printed in characters upon paper by one movement without movable type or press.
The type plate has an arrangement of raised letters, and the paper is moved over them, being
depressed upon the desired letter by a pin in consonance with the indications of the thimble
on the table of letters corresponding in arrangement with those on the typo plate. Spacing
and intervals follow the depression of the thimble.
Claim.—First, printing reading matter by means of a self-adjusting type plate having a
compound movement, and a lever press, substantially as described.
Second, the lever C, and pin E, combined with the hinged block F, when used for the
purposes specified.
Third, the finger plates R and S, with their several adjuncts as doscribed, or their equiva-
lents, for the purpose of moving and adjusting the type plate.
Fourth, the hinged blocks F and I, constructed and operating substantially as and for the
purposes set forth.
Filth, the sliding beam O, ratchet and pawl N, and paper holder P, constructed, com-
bined, arranged, and operating substantially as and for the purposes specified.
Sixth, the entire machine constructed, combined, and arranged substantially as described.
United States Congressional serial set. 1299. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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☆５ キッカケ(8ページ)
キーボード配列QWERTYの謎 - 安岡孝一, 安岡素子 - Google ブックス
きっかけ
気持ちはわからないでもない。
とすれば、分かち書きの必要が減ろう。
漢字使用好きではないのかな、
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Sholes初号機においては、キーは black walnutで、白鍵は白く塗られていた。
Weller1号機。1868年1月だっけか。
キーは木だった。
Weller2号機1870年秋（1号機を返送して送り返されてきた大幅改造版）
キーは、金属棒と文字や数字の刻まれた真鍮薄板でできていて、黒く塗られていた。
Schwalbachの回想の伝聞
Current(1949)によって示された解釈。
Current(1954)によって示された解釈。
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タイプバーがぶつかる
キーを移動しなくてはならない。
キーを移動した。
タイプバーのテンション方向に偏りができ、アラインメントが一定方向に ずれがちになった？
もし移動が始まっていて、かつ、ディッカーソンの規則性が適用されていなかったとすれば、
その時期として、1870年9月は 候補かもしれないかな？どうかな、、
ABCDEtoZ順から外れ始めた
とりあえず
1870年9月の各文字のアラインメントの偏りに 癖はあるか？
letter | |
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The keys were ofThe figures ran from 2 to 9, the letter '*!" being used for the first figure and **0" was used for the cypher. Added to these were the semi-colon, the dollar mark, the hyphen, the period, the comma and interrogation point, and a diagonal stroke which was used for the parenthesis. HathiTrust Digital Library Search Inside - The early history of the typewriter,:
- black walnut,
- about three inches long and a quarter of an inch wide, with the letter of the alphabet to
- which it was attached painted m white on each key
- while between each key was a space sufficient to insert shorter keys similar to the black keys of the piano,
- which were used for the figures and punctuation marks.
HathiTrust Digital Library Search Inside - The early history of the typewriter,:
- In the first place, the rude of 1870 wooden keys contained in the first machine were
- replaced by
- metal rods
- with a thin brass button
- on which the letter or figure was cut
- and painted black.
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- 19 James to Amos Densmore may 20 1876
- 20 Sholes to Densmore Oct 31 1869 Sholes to Weller April
- 21 facsimile July 30 and Sept 28 1870 and Feb 14 1871 in Weller early history 32-34 21 Weller to Sholes and Densmore Sept 30 1870 Densmore to Sholes Nov 6 1884 Weller early history 35-37 f l dyer and t c martin Edison his life and inventions 2 vols new york 1910 1:144-46 dyer and martin p 146 quote Edison as taking credit for perfecting the typewriter " the typewriter I got into commercial shape is now known as the Remington there appears to be absolutely no ground for this claim of Edison's he did invent a device that became the basis for the stock ticker but was of no use as a typewriter
Others also gave him orders and so the following summer 1871 he undertook to manufacture in Milwaukee enough type writers to " supply the present demand pay up the debts and have one or two over to sell he soon found that he must not only superintend the making but also direct a further redesigning of the machine what was needed was to make it more durable — in particular to design it so that the types would stay in line this was hard to do because the short stiff wires which now directly connected key levers and type bars pulled at an angle rather than straight four men — Sholes Glidden schwalbach and densmore's inventive stepson walter j barron — set to work on the problem glidden rigged up a system of intermediate levers to get a straight pull sholes disapproved but densmore en couraged glidden to go ahead then after spending two months and 1,000 on experiments he discarded glidden's scheme as too complicated too " trappy meanwhile barron suggested and sholes and schwalbach perfected an alternative method of pulling relatively straight at the end of the summer of 1871 densmore himself finally reached the conclusion that sholes had first arrived at nearly four years earlier densmore said i think we are justified in saying that the invention is done and the machine is now ready for the manufacturer."22
Wisconsin magazine of history: Volume 32, number 4, June 1949 :: Wisconsin Magazine of History Archives
- 22 James to Emmett Densmore June 18 1871 and to Amos Densmore Oct 1 1871
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Additionally, Mr. Amos Densmore was not an educator at that time in 1860's. He was then a proprietor of Densmore Oil Company at Meadville, Pennsylvania, which manufactured train cars for transporting petroleum (cf. U. S. Patent No.53794).
The Truth of QWERTY
時期のすれ違いにより、Amosの関与が キーボードのキー配列変更期には なかったとしたいようである。
だが、まだわからないのでは？
Wellerの知らない装置の大きな変更のあった時期として
があると思われる。
Amos on "The original typewriter enterprise: 1867-1873" - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
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SholesからWellerに宛てた手紙 Sept. 28, 1870付けに SとT、 TとU、PとQ のミススペルがある。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYMisspells
SEPTEMBER 28, 1870. - The actuality on - QWERTY history
- MOTT: MOST? ..ST
- THREAUENS: threatens? ..TU
- CONCEQTION:CONCEPTION? ..PQ
これがどういうのか わからないが、
だが、1872年6月9日のDensmore滞在中のホテルに持ち込まれたDensmoreのタイプライターにおけるSholesの打ったBarron宛手紙でのtypoを確認する必要がありそうだ。
でも、残念ながら、使えそうなtypoは なさそうかな、、
letter: Sholes to Barron;June 9, 1872 - The actuality on - QWERTY history
- *1：hucked over by "_". So the actual sight printed on paper is "_"
- *2：'-' among '_' :that is hacked over 'u'
- *3：double 'c'
- *4：no blank after 'I' and before 'see'
- *5：It should not be hyphen because _ and - are different.
- *6：ie. It is
- *7：double 'y'
Uにハックした_のうちに打字された文字を調べてみるのは、やってみる価値があるかな、、なさそうだ、、
でもまあ、Uと_の間に無かった可能性のあるタイプバーが分かるかもしれない、、
この間で打たれてないアルファベット文字はJQXZ。 その他のアルファベット文字数字とピリオドやコンマ ハイフンは打たれている。
まあ、Uと_のタイプバーが隣接していた可能性は高いでしょう。
http://www6.atpages.jp/~raycy/Y/Sholes2Brn18720609_5.htm
letter: Sholes to Barron;June 9, 1872 - The actuality on - QWERTY historySholes to Barron June 9, 1872
Milwaukee, Wis. June 9, 1872.
Friend Barron,--
While Glidden and Densmore are playing a game of chess on this blessed Sabbath, I will improve the opportunity to drop you a line on the machine, which Dens-more has in the hotel at his room.
At the same time, I know of nothing new to say, we are getting the variou*1s pieces together and getting ready for systematic work. The pieces which are of brass in the machine at New York, we are now getting made of malleable iron. We shall be in a position to furnish good machines, Provided any person is in a position to wa-*2nt them after they are furnished. You know that my app-rehension is , that the thing may take for a while, and for a while there may be an active demand for them, but th-at like any other novelty, it will have its brief day an-d be thrown aside. Of course, I earnestly hope that su
c*3 ch will not prove to be the case, and Densmore laughs at the idea when I suggest it , but I should like to be sure that it would be otherwise, ??b. I have been working the machine, with the brass ring off from over the trunnions. And I*4 see the hyphen*5 has rested on top of the U and has been printed generally, when the U should have been prin-ted. I have replaced the ring and now all is right. T-is*6 loose stringing. The more I use it, the more I think it is a very important step of progress. The print is setting with it. I think it will correct the wabbling, an-d it seems better in all respects. I also tested the m-anifolding business with it, and took eight copies handsomely. By reflecting on the philosophy of it, you will appreciate all of its benefits,I wish you would try on-e of the worst types for wabbling, on the Emmett machime and see, if the loose stringing will correct the tendency-y*7. IF it will in that case it is of course, conclusive of its merits. Yours,
Sholes.
The Story of the typewriter, 1873-1923 / [foreword ... . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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でも、1870年9月だかには&が。
1872年6月9日には____Sholes.が。
もっと前にもあるかな、、
あと？とかはいつかな、、
42字との主張もあるようだ。26+8=34. 残り8文字 .,-';?_&
!:$*
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http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015014748100?urlappend=%3Bseq=20
In
December, 1832, young Sholes, not yet
fourteen years of age, was apprenticed
to Valentine Best, publisher of the
Danville Intelligencer, until he should
reach the age of eighteen.
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>:title>
Type Writer 世界初のタイプ・ライター広告、、
Journal of the telegraph. NEW YORK, VOL. I. NO. 15. JUNE 15, 1868., p.3The American Type Writing Machine, Porter, Principal. Porter's Telegraph College. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYJournal of the Telegraph - Google ブックス
このタイプ・ライターを製作したのはショールズ
キー数が11個ならば、全てのキーと活字棒との間を、ワイヤーを使わずに直接つなぐことができ、動作が格段に安定した。（14ページ）
1868年11月、新聞に広告――この章の冒頭、★１に示した広告がそれであるーーを打つと同時に、ポーター電信学校での授業に『ジ・アメリカン・タイプ・ライター』を採り入れてみた。
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any other Pitman publication FACTS AND FANCIES God wasted mud when he made the man who after taking a paper for months and even years orders it stoppsd without piymimt of arrears Bob Burdette So dependent have the merchants become upon the typewriter that in no less than ten of New York's hotels typewriter operators find a profitable business in doing the correspondence of the guests Those who once adopt the typewriter never go back to the pen Seribner's Magazine Rider Haggard has sent to a woman who wrote to him regarding two grammatical errors she had discovered in his novel She There are various popular novelists of the present day who would ruin themselves if they paid $2.5 o for each sin against grammar they commit N Y World The idea with which the Stenogrphic Standard Magazine is published is to hav a pap r of comment criticism and instruction and some news But it is intended as a western journal devoted to students ne ds as a student and the reporters aid in Short hand work This feature will be constantly developed James O Clephane a stenographer of Washington D C when given the unperfected typewriter now known as the Remington to test destroyed twenty five or thirty by hard use and the patient inventors Sholes Densmore & Soule worked away trying to overcome every difficulty Step by step screw by screw the invention grew until 1873 when it was taken to the great gun shops of E Remington & Sons Ilion NY thence came the perfected machine Our present number is illustrated by a selection from Dickens in Short hand and we propose in our next number to give a prose passage of unusual pith and weight from one of our modern classical authors By many persons Short hand writers and reporters are supposed to be one and the same De jure they are as they both write Short hand but de facto they are not the one is merely a word taker while the other if he understands his business properly is not only an efficient Short hand writer and consequently able to take down the words of a speaker when his importance ren ers it necessary or whether condensing long and wordy harangues he is invariably called upon to exert mental powers to a far greater extent than the other In short it is the province of a reporter to make gnod speeches for bad speakers London Reporter's Guide
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Wellerが見たマシン、見ていないマシン。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Wellerが手元にしたであろう、Weller1号機2号機は、どちらとも ワイヤーテンション駆動だったろう。すなわち
Patent number: 79868.; filed October 11, 1867.; Issue date: Jul 14, 1868.
の後継。
Patent number: 182511., Filing date: Mar 30, 1872., Issue date: Sep 19, 1876の機構にまで 至っていたかは 不明。
The second machine which was sent to me in the fall of 1870
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
1871年3月14日ないし1871年2月14日 さらにはその2ヶ月前 1871年1月中旬あるいは1870年12月中旬ごろから
ショールズのマシンはすっかり様相を変えている。
Sholes to Welleによれば
-
Current(1949)によれば、
187いっだっけか、コンパクト化が計られたのは、。
その後、一時、1871年3月14日より以降のいずれかの時期より
1873年4月30日ごろに至るしばらくの期間（1年以上ぐらい？）WellerとSholesとは、音信が途絶えていたようである。Wellerからのフィードバックは無かったようだ。Wellerはタイプライターの将来を 見限っていたと Sholesは感じていたっぽい。
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移動
Weller's first machine, second machine. - The actuality on - QWERTY history
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WellerのマシンはDensmore&Porter系のマシンであったことは 一度もなかった。
そして それを送り返して改造されて1870年秋にWellerのもとに戻ってきた改造Weller2号機は Sholes & Schwalbach特許へと連なる系列のマシンの途上のどこかっぽい。
キーボードが違う
letter is dated March 14, 1871 on Weller's book. - The actuality on - QWERTY historyThe next letter is dated March 14, 1871, nearly six months later,
- from which it appears that
- our inventor has not lost all of his inspiration, as his previous letter would indicate,
- and still further improvements are being made.
I quote from the letter as follows:
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
- "I have now a machine on which I am doing this work,
- "I have been running this about two months, and it seems to get better, rather than otherwise. In all that time it has not developed a single difficulty. In fact all such thing as trouble or bother has ceased to enter into the calculation. Densmore is very sanguine of very valuable results from the thing. Since this machine has been running I am getting more hope in the premises; but I must close on account of press of other duties."
連続用紙対応がた キャリッジリターン
作業中 | |
Patent number: 109161
Issue date: Nov 8, 1870
鍵盤底部を左右に渡した 一文字分送り感知バーを押し下げることで letter-space が一文字分送られる仕組みになっている。
仕様のヴァリエイション
Letter list - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
1871年10月29日付のタイプライター特許 | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
- No.182511(1872年3月30日申請, 1876年9月19日取得)
- No.199382(1874年1月2日申請, 1878年1月22日取得)
- No.200351(1874年1月16日申請, 1878年2月12日取得)
- No.207559(1875年3月8日申請, 1878年8月27日取得)
- No.207558(1878年3月27日申請, 1878年8月27日取得)
- No.207557(1878年4月19日申請, 1878年8月27日取得)
- No.558428(1881年12月31日申請, 1896年4月14日取得)
- No.418239(1887年7月16日申請, 1889年12月31日取得)
- No.464902(1889年1月29日申請, 1891年12月8日取得)
- No.568630(1889年9月11日申請, 1896年9月29日取得)
- No.559621(1890年2月18日申請, 1896年5月5日取得)
- No.559755(1890年2月18日申請, 1896年5月5日取得)
- No.559756(1890年2月18日申請, 1896年5月5日取得)
- No.464903(1890年12月24日申請, 1891年8月3日再申請, 1891年12月8日取得)
- No.583156(1890年2月18日申請, 1892年9月2日再申請, 1897年5月25日取得)
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spacing wheel - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
2つのスペーシングホイールというのは、
改行が、同じ機構でできるようになったということから、
があったってことかな、。
”line spacing” OR ”letter spacing” CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SIIOLES - Google Search
それが、
可能となったのだから、1870年4月の紙送りメカは 1871年特許のaxleマシンと同様と推定。
改行は、改行カムにて
親指の位置、鍵盤中央部にスペースバーという特許は Washburnが 1870年１１月8日に取得済み - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
これにより機能が代替され、line spacing wheelが不要となったとみる。
作業中 | |
手紙（コピー有無）、報道、特許文書。
回想証言、伝聞。
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Weller"The early history of the typewriter" - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Letter list - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Wellerの思う初期マシン。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Porter時代の（アメリカン・）タイプ・ライターをWellerは直接には見ていない。紹介カードの絵か何かを見たのみ。キックアップのショート・スティフ・ワイヤーshort and stiff wireが直ぐに曲がっちゃったのが 廃れた原因だろうとしている。
1870年4月21日以前のものであり、spacing wheelは2個。 文字送り操作だけでは 改行はできない方式。パラグラフ送りへの スペースキー操作のみによる連続した動作移行はできない。
円筒ローラーを使っていたかどうかは不明。
1870年4月21日付手紙時点では、Clephane機の改造中において、spacing wheelが1個にされ、改行用にline feed screw camが備えられ、printing wheelを錘が直結駆動する、改行キー操作だけでパラグラフ送りまでできるように たぶんシリンダーだったろうが その駆動が改良された。
1870年7月30日。Wellerへ11月前までには納品予定品の製作を計画している。スペースの連続打鍵操作による送りすぎの発生を防止するブレーキメカを考案、1週間前に組み込んだ。インク多すぎ問題は残っているが 小さな問題だ。
1870年9月23日？
-
--
The machine is no such
thing as it was when you last saw it. In
fact you would not recognize it as the same
thing at all. I scarcely know how to de-
scribe it, and I presume it is not necessary
that I should make the attempt. It is now
what we call the continuous roll machine.
so-called because it was originally made to
accommodate the Automatic Telegraph
Company, by printing from a continuous
roll of paper; that is, paper of any length.
This alters the whole character of the ma-
chine, and we found after it was altered
that the style accommodated all wants bet-
ter than the old style, and so we made no
more of the kind that we made when you
were interested in it. It is smaller, handier,
neater, more convenient, will do almost
every possible kind of work than it was or
would be in its old form.
Under date of April 30, 1873, Mr. Sholes writes - The actuality on - QWERTY history
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Lillian says:
Who was Mathias Schwalbach? - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYThe Earliest Typewriters - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY492 (12) March 30, 1905 THE CHRISTIAN ADVOCATE
The Earliest Typewriters
Now comes forward Miss Lillian Sholes,
- who claims that the first practical typewriter was made in Milwaukee in the early part of 1873. by her father, the original inventor, C. Latham Sholes.
Miss Sholes states that
The Christian advocate. v. 80 (Jan.-June 1905). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
- she learned to operate successfully this machine at her father's residence in Milwaukee.
- The machine used by her was one of twelve built during 1873
- which were pronounced successful.
- Out of twenty or thirty typewriters, not called by that name at the time, made by Mathias Schwalbach, of Milwaukee, during 1873,
- all but about a dozen were destroyed as not being usable.
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http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=div&did=WI.V20I4.JGBAIER&isize=text
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The early history of the typewriter - Charles Edward Weller - Google ブックス
"The early history of the typewriter", Charles Edward Weller, - 1921？ 1918? - 70 pages
The early history of the typewriter : Weller, Charles Edward, 1840-1925 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive
The early history of the typewriter (Open Library)
Catalog Record: The early history of the typewriter | Hathi Trust Digital Library
Weller: The Eearly History of the Typewriter - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
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The typewriter and the men who made it
Richard Nelson Current - 1988 - 164 ページ -
"Now about the change of the key-board," Densmore remarked, November 8, 1872. This was election day (he and Sholes both favored Horace Greeley over Ulysses S. Grant) and Densmore, being unable to sleep, had left his hotel room for the old mill building, where he waited for the dawn and typed a letter to his stepson. "This is the second letter I have tried to write with this machine. When I began, it [the keyboard] was as new to me as if I had never learned any one. And there was this against it [the change] — I had to unlearn as well as learn. But now, at the close of this letter, I am beginning to become quite familiar with it. So I am confirmed it makes but little or no difference in fact about ...
”now about the change of the key-board” - Google ????
もし、Densmoreのマシンが1872年11月まではQWE化していなかったとすれば、1872年6月9日のDensmoreのマシンもまだQWE化していなかったかも、、
すると、もし、そうなら、1872年6月9日のtypoがあったとすれば、それは、非QWE配列であった可能性を考慮して見る必要があるかも。
Densmoreのマシンは、4段化はしていたかもしれないが、まだ、QWE化の進展度合いは低かったのかも。
、
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1874年4月のSholes手紙によれば、
Scientific Americanに載ったマシンは アメリカンテレグラフだかむけにつくった足ふみしきあるいは連続用紙マシンの流れのものだ。
その評価は、徐々にSholesの中でも高まっていったようだ。
1874年2月末ごろまでは axleマシンで検討していたとしたなら、一押し順位が だいぶ急速に変化したっぽい。
>:title>
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ブラスのタイプバー。絡みやすく、絡みをほどかないとならないことがおおかったような。
その原因を、バー同士のもつれとは 必ずしも言っていなくて、ディスクの溝に引っ掛かり気味あるいは摩擦で戻り動作が緩慢ってな風にもみれる。がstutteringだか たとえばTの乗り上げ連続誤打字ダブり・トリプり・マルチプり とかがあったようだ。
このことを、David(1985)だかは言っているのかな？
Practical Work of First Machine
It was on that case that we had the opportunity of testing the practical working of the first typewriter, and I am happy to say that in spite of crude workmanship in some of its parts we were able to do considerable work with it. As the transcript was prepared for the printer it did not require the neat work that would have been demanded in depositions and transcripts of testimony and court proceedings.
One of the principal objections to the use of the machine for depositions and transcripts of court testimony was the fact that in the construction of the first machine it was thought necessary to use very thin paper, and in order to get a satisfactory impression that the type should first strike the paper and get its impression through the paper from the ink ribbon passing over it, so that although the first typewriter was a visible machine, it was made so from the fact that it was thought that only in this way could the work be done. Sometime after-wards, however, when the roller took the place of the flat paper frame it was found that by putting the ink ribbon next to the type instead of between the paper and the platen a good impression could be obtained on paper of any thickness, but in doing so the visible feature had to be abandoned. When this was discovered Mr. Sholes laughed over his own obtuseness and that of his associates, that they should have been so long in discovering this simple little change which made so much difference in the character of the work.
To those familiar with the modern type-writer with all its latest improvements it is indeed a wonder that a machine of the crude construction that I have attempted to describe would do any kind of practical work. It had no bearings of finely polished steel in which each type bar could rest and do its work properly. The type bars were simply pieces of straight brass, with the letters cut on the end, the type bar being fastened in the slot by a large brass wire set in a groove inside the circle of the disk, and as may well be imagined there was more or less sticking of the type bar in the slot, instead of quickly returning to its place after being struck, and it was not an uncommon thing to find a few type bars bunched up in the center, which of course stopped all operations until they could be pried apart and gotten back into their places preparatory to a fresh start.
Then, too, the clock-work motor was not always equal to the occasion, and we would have to increase its power by adding to the leaden weight a jack knife or a paper weight or a pair of shears or whatever might be at hand for the purpose; this added weight was sometimes too great for the cord, which would occasionally break, letting the weight down with a crash, and in such cases it was very necessary to keep one's toes out of the way or suffer some rather serious consequences.
The machine also had a habit of stuttering, so to speak, occasioned by the sticking of the type bar in the slot which I have described, which was extremely annoying when one was in a hurry. For instance, when one started out on a sentence commencing with the letter "T" in place of the sentence we would have a long row of T's, indicating that the T had stuck in the slot, and the other letters were hammering up against it in a vain attempt to do their duty. Then again, at times the little steel "dog" with its escapement working back and forth in the ratchet which controlled the movement of the paper frame would fail to do its work properly, and the carriage would jump an inch or two, or perhaps half a line, stopping with a sudden jerk, which was calculated to make one nervous, to say the least.
I have been describing the actions of the machine in some of its worst moods. But don't imagine for a moment that this was a continuous affair. There were times when everything worked beautifully, and the speed that could be gotten out of it at such times was something marvelous, especially when we got onto that familiar sentence, "Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of the party." When we talk about "greased lightning," why, it wasn't in it at all. I wont say but that our expert typist, Mr. McGurrin here, if he had been there with his little speed-dog and his hair trigger adjustment and was in a mood for doing some of his stunts, might possibly have beaten us just a trifle, but he would have had to hump himself to do it.
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
他方 安岡孝一先生は、Weller本の記述の資料的価値 信憑性の瑕疵を突くことで、
Wellerの記述自体の資料的価値を下げ、瑕疵が指摘できた箇所以外での信憑性をも疑うように 主張なさりたいようなのかも、。
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プレキソ英語
プレキソプラネット
kamishibai Theater OPEN
Alphabet Song
プレキソ英語 プレキソプラネット
メカ | |
line-space movement
The nature of the invention is manifold, as follows:
The paper to be written on is wrapped around the cylinder C, and the edges of the paper are lapped and pressed into the groove on the periphery of the cylinder and held firmly therein by the bail F, and the paper and cylinder revolve and slide together, and the cylinder becomes at once both a platen and paper-carriage. Instead of being covered with an elastic blanket, E, as in Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 5, the cylinder C itself may be elastic, and the combined cylinder C E, as in Figs. 1, 2, and 3, be of homogeneous elastic substance.
The benefit of an elastic platen is that it allows the types to be of material as soft as type-metal, and prevents their cutting through the paper, when striking directly against it; and the benefit of a revolving platen is that the types strike it only once in a place, and allow its elasticity fully to prevent or recuperate any abrasion of its surface; and the benefit of a cylindrical platen is that the paper may be wrapped around it, and make the cylinder a paper-carriage as well as platen.
The length and diameter of a cylindrical-platen paper-carriage are determined by the size of the paper to be used. The cord and weight N O continually tend to turn the main axle B, cylinder C, and ratchet-wheels G H, and are only prevented from turning them by one or the other of the ratchets J K being thrust into a notch in one or the other of the ratchet-wheels. In writing, the front ends of the keys S are pressed down, one after another, and the cross-bar over the keys, behind the fulcrum, is lifted up every time a key is pressed down; and every time the cross-bar is lifted up it thrusts the one fold vibratory ratchet J into a notch in the first ratchet-wheel G, to hold the paper from turning while a letter is written. At the same time the twofold vibratory ratchet K is drawn out from a notch in the second ratchet-wheel H, and as soon as it is clear, the weight-arm a falls and rolls the ratchet open, side wise, the space of a tooth, so that it cannot go back into the same notch it came out of, but, when again lifted up, will catch and must go into the notch next forward thereof. And when the key, after a letter is written, rises again to its place of rest to let the type used fall back and give place to another, the cross-bar falls and draws the one fold vibratory ratchet out from a notch in the first ratchet-wheel, and thrusts the
twofold vibratory ratchet again into a notch in the second ratchet-wheel; but the ratchet, being pivoted to the ratchet-bar I and going into a notch next forward of the one it was in before, permits the cord and weight E" O to turn the cylinder and ratchet-wheels the space of a tooth, and to lift the weight-arm up and to roll the ratchet side wise back again to the place of rest. In this way, the space of a teeth of the ratchet-wheels being the space of a letter, the paper is held firmly while a key is struck and a letter is written and while the key rises and the types fall again to their places the paper is moved the space of a letter, and all are ready for another action.
And this letter-space revolving movement will continue regularly, as the writing is done, from, one edge of the wide notch of space, between the teeth of the second ratchet-wheel H, around to the other edge of that same wide notch or space. When the wide notch or space between the teeth of the second ratchet-wheel H, in the course of the revolution of the wheel, reaches the twofold vibratory ratchet K the wheel will turn at once, instead of a letter-space, the whole distance of such wide notch or space. And the two-fold vibratory ratchet and the series of pins or cog-teeth M being in a line directly under the main axle B and the wide notch or space in the second ratchet wheel, and the bail F and the screw-cam L being in the same radial plane and in lines parallel with the main axle, while the wide notch or space between the teeth of the ratchet-wheel is revolving past the ratchet, the bail and lapped edges of the paper are revolving past the point where the types strike, and the screw-cam passes through a notch between two of the pins or cog-teeth and draws the platen paper-carriage C lengthwise over the main axle B the distance of the space from one line of writing to another. In this way, after the ending of one line of writing, and before the beginning of another, the paper is moved from line to line in a direction at a right angle to the line of the letter-space movement. And this line space movement will continue regularly, as the writing is done, at every revolution of the platen paper-carriage. In these ways the paper is moved and the writing done from side to side and from line to line. The cord or chain IS" from the main axle B, put under one of the pulleys K and over the other, will run the inking-ribbon P in one direction, and, put over the one pulley and under the other, will run the ribbon in the opposite direction. The necessity of constantly moving the ribbon a little at a time as the letters are written is to impart a uniform quantity of ink to all parts of the writing. And in this way the inking-ribbon can be moved from one spool to the other over the types and under the paper, forth and back, without changing anything but the cord. The side of the invention where the operator sits to work it is the front, and the opposite side is the rear.
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The_Telegrapher.pdf June 29, 1872
Automacic Telegraphy.
Craig
The Telegrapher. v. 8 (Aug. 26, 1871-Dec. 28, 1872). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt/search?id=nyp.33433022487874&q1=craig
Patent US127739 - IMPROVEMENT IN TYPE-WRITING MACHINES - Google PatentsThe paper is attached to the cylinder L by inserting one 137,739 side of the sheet c into the slot D, Fig. VII, then bringing the sheet round and inserting the other side, previously creased, also in the slot d, where it may be bound, if necessary, simp
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1869年10月18日付けには N NO は、それかどうか、わからないが、
1870年 4月21日付けに、パラグラフが打てるようになったとあった。
1870年7月30日Wellerあての手紙に、その一週間前から パラグラフ打ちに 失敗しないメカができたとある。
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Densmoreのスペースバーへ至る経緯の証言、、
space-key all the way across: idea from Burmham of Chicago. And we could know there was another man who had his own machine in Chicago. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYI think in March 1870 we made a machine for Burnham of Chicago.
At that time our " space-key " was a black key in shape and size just like one of the type-keys. After Burnham had had his machine about a week, I called on him on my way through Chicago as I was coming home [to Meadville], he then suggested that I have two space-keys, — one at each side of the key-board, — and that they be made with a broad lip to extend out laterally ...
The idea so commended itself to me that I wrote then and there back to Milwaukee to have it done and when I got to Meadville, I wrote again and as I went on to Washington directly as soon as I got there I wrote again. These letters were taken to the shop and read or handed to Glidden as he was there every day. Sholes directed Schwalbach to make the two space-keys as I had written and when he had got the levers done Glidden suggested why not put a flat bar across from one lever to the other and thus have a space-key all the way across " the idea had only to be stated to be adopted.19
Wisconsin magazine of history: Volume 32, number 4, June 1949 :: Wisconsin Magazine of History Archives
Sholesの手紙1970年4月
材質形状のヒント - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Porterは American Type Writing machine導入の意義を 聞き取り書き取り速度に置いている。 Hughesでの入力シミュレーションには ひとことも言及していない。
タイピング入力の利便を考えれば
鍵盤発達史も 別に切り離して見る必要があるかもしれない。
Schwalbuchの 1870年ごろの porcelain 瀬戸物キートップだか、は、つまりそのときには たぶんボタンだったろう。
ボタン、ノブ。Gliddenは knob と書いていたかなあ。
keyboards | |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Earl_House
Issue date ?:December 28 , 1852
Re-Issue date: September 28, 1858
keyboards | |
Hughes系統
Patent number: 14917, Issue date: May 20, 1856
Patent number: 22770, Issue date: Jan 25, 1859
IMPROVEMENT IN TELEGRAPHS OFFICI DAVID B. HUGHES - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Patent number: 26003, Issue date: 1859
Patent number: 26003, dated November 1, 1859
Patent number: RE6863, Issue date: Jan 18, 1876
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初期のスペースキーは右だか左だか真ん中だかに一個、そのキー(トップ？）色は黒くて、他の文字キーと同様な形状と大きさをしていたってなことが書いてあった、
Densmoreのスペースバーへ至る経緯の証言、、
- March 1970,
- space キーは ひとつのブラックキー。他の文字キーと同様。
キーボード変遷把握へのヒント - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYspace-key all the way across: idea from Burmham of Chicago. And we could know there was another man who had his own machine in Chicago. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYI think in March 1870 we made a machine for Burnham of Chicago.
At that time our " space-key " was a black key in shape and size just like one of the type-keys. After Burnham had had his machine about a week, I called on him on my way through Chicago as I was coming home [to Meadville], he then suggested that I have two space-keys, — one at each side of the key-board, — and that they be made with a broad lip to extend out laterally ...
The idea so commended itself to me that I wrote then and there back to Milwaukee to have it done and when I got to Meadville, I wrote again and as I went on to Washington directly as soon as I got there I wrote again. These letters were taken to the shop and read or handed to Glidden as he was there every day. Sholes directed Schwalbach to make the two space-keys as I had written and when he had got the levers done Glidden suggested why not put a flat bar across from one lever to the other and thus have a space-key all the way across " the idea had only to be stated to be adopted.19
Wisconsin magazine of history: Volume 32, number 4, June 1949 :: Wisconsin Magazine of History Archives
他の競合特許と 先発明日付を争うのに有利になるように、意図的にせよ無意識にせよ 後の証言にバイアスがかかっている部分が混じっている可能性が、Densmore証言などには あるいはあるのかもしれない。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
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DensmoreのBurnhamに関するくだりは それかどうかはわからないが、
黒いキーというのは ピアノタイプの二段鍵盤での黒鍵って意味なのか、それとも、初期モデルに見られるオールブラック真っ黒鍵盤のことなのか、、
Farnham. not Barnham, maybe.. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYspace-key all the way across: idea from Burmham of Chicago. And we could know there was another man who had his own machine in Chicago. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
- March 1870：" space-key " was a black key in shape and size just like one of the type-keys.
- about a week After：two space-keys, with a broad lip to extend out laterally
- Densmore>>>(letter)>>>Glidden>>>(read or handed)>>>Sholes>>>(directed)>>>Schwalbuch
- The idea so commended itself to me that I wrote then and there back to Milwaukee to have it done and when I got to Meadville, I wrote again and as I went on to Washington directly as soon as I got there I wrote again. These letters were taken to the shop and read or handed to Glidden as he was there every day. Sholes directed Schwalbach to make the two space-keys as I had written and when he had got the levers done Glidden suggested why not put a flat bar across from one lever to the other and thus have a space-key all the way across " the idea had only to be stated to be adopted.19
Burnhamは 正しくはFarnhamかもで、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
このDensmore証言だと、スペースキーの時期や、フロントのスペースバーの時期が だいぶ早い時期に来る様な感じさせる証言になっている。
フロントのスペースバーの特許申請は1874年1月になってからだっけかな。
Gliddenの貢献度の軽重に関することかな、、
それはともかく、 let me put it aside,
Washburnの特許Issue date: Nov 8, 1870との抵触って、どこだろう、、 Ｇか？
http://www.google.com/patents?id=O8hcAAAAEBAJ&zoom=4&dq=109161&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false
It will be perceived by reference to Figs. 1 and 2 that,there is a considerable portion of the bar G, which is a part of the.heretofore described vibrating frame, at the position where the operator stands or sits, that is not covered or occupied by the keys A. When, this frame is moved by the keys, it, by its connections, spaces the distances between the letters printed, but not between the words, which latter space is greater than that between the letters. When, therefore, a word is completed, the operator with his hand, and without moving, or distributing the keys, gives the frame two or more vibrations, which moves the paper along sufficiently to give the proper space between the words, and this arrangement of the bar, keys, type-levers, and paper table or carrier is very important, inasmuch as the printing is done in full fair sight, always ,, of the operator, so that he may always, and at any time, see the work that is done, and stop or correct it when it is necessary to do so. All its workings are in full fair view of the operator, and an error or a misprint could not go unobserved.
Q根 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
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Washburn特許は up-strikeで かつ Visibleまでを見上げていた？ ごはっ どこがプリンティングポイントなんだ？＊の位置？
タイプバーの軌道が、さっぱり分からないが、フロントストライクってことかな？
構えは アンダースローで 実はフロントストライク？
活字がロボットハンドで所定位置にまで持ち上げられてホールドされているところを、そこをハンマーで打つ、、
そんな感じかな？ k って？striker?
他の競合特許と 先発明日付を争うのに有利になるように、意図的にせよ無意識にせよ 後の証言にバイアスがかかっている部分が混じっている可能性が、Densmore証言などには あるいはあるのかもしれない。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYThe positions of the type-levers E are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, and are pivoted in an oblique line, so that any one of the series may move to and from the printing or impressing point * shown in Figs. 1,3, without interfering with any of the others. These type-levers are of varied lengths, but the type end h of all of them when thrown up comes exactly over or opposite one and the same point, which point I have termed the printing or impressing point, and marked with a *. The free end of each of the tvpe-levers has upon its side a type, mark, or other character, i, which is moved laterally to the swinging motion of the type-lever, to make its impression upon the paper or other article that lies on or against the padded or cushioned roller j, and which receives the impulse of the blow given to the type-lever by the striker k, which will be hereafter described. The connecting-rods D are pivoted respectively to the short arms of the levers, which they operate at the points g' g' g', said levers working like bell-crank levers.
When, therefore, a word is completed, the operator with his hand, and without moving, or distributing the keys, gives the frame two or more vibrations, which moves the paper along sufficiently to give the proper space between the words, and this arrangement of the bar, keys, type-levers, and paper table or carrier is very important, inasmuch as the printing is done in full fair sight, always ,, of the operator, so that he may always, and at any time, see the work that is done, and stop or correct it when it is necessary to do so. All its workings are in full fair view of the operator, and an error or a misprint could not go unobserved.
Q根 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
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ロール紙？
1872年7月23日の タイプ ライター、ショート・アーム ロング・アーム - 霊犀社２Figure.1 SHOLES' TYPE WRITER
http://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/QWERTY/1872-08-10.djvu
プラテンをキヤリッジごと まとめて移動か、 プラテンローラー部だけの逐次(逐字?)移動か、、 すると、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
てか、Washburn特許には、
Washburn特許は up-strikeにみえて実は 活字アームが 持ってあがってきた活字をキープしている間に 印字ハンマーで活字を打ち出すように印字紙フロントに向けて叩く かなりVisible？ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Washburnの特許との抵触って、どこだろう、、 Ｇか？
他の競合特許と 先発明日付を争うのに有利になるように、意図的にせよ無意識にせよ 後の証言にバイアスがかかっている部分が混じっている可能性が、Densmore証言などには あるいはあるのかもしれない。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
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Sholes music
The typographical errors would not be made after practice, any more than a false note of music would be struck by an experienced player. The next question is, Cui bono? the answer to which is Nous verrons." For whose benefit?
Sholes music note - Google ????
letter | |
Scientific American 1872年8月10日号だっけかや、
1872年7月23日の タイプ ライター、ショート・アーム ロング・アーム - 霊犀社２Figure.1 SHOLES' TYPE WRITER
http://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/QWERTY/1872-08-10.djvu
JenneとCloughの特許には 文字が 印字出力されている様子が描かれている。
axcleマシンだか、初期特許の系列のプラテンでは、印字は 横向きに上がってきていたのではないか？
すると、
活字棒は、印字部を中心に円形に配置されており、キーが押されると、対応する活字が印字部へと跳ね上がってきて、紙の裏側を叩く仕掛けになっていた。印字部には、インクを浸した布リボンがあり、紙の裏側に跳ね上がってきた活字によって、紙の表側に文字が印字されるはずだった。
紙の厚さに左右されないためには、紙を裏から打ち上げる印字機構ではダメだ。…紙の表側に間接印字するのではなく、紙の裏側に直接印字するしかない。
活字を九〇度回転させて活字棒に埋め込んだ。インク・リボンは、紙の裏側に配置した[★12P ]。紙の表側には重しとして、円筒型のプラテンを乗せた[★12E ]。円筒型のプラテンは、一文字打つたびに、向こう向きに一文字分回転する仕掛けにした。オペレーター側からだと、紙の奥から手前に向かって、紙の裏側に横倒しに印字されることになる。
安岡孝一共著『キーボード配列QWERTYの謎』
Amazon.co.jp: QWERTY@amazon
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1870年4月21日以前は、文字キーを操作するようには スペース送り操作ができなかった可能性もあるっぽい？
つまり、スペースキーは まだ無かった？
Sholes & Schwalbach特許では、スペースキーは どうなっていたのかな、 高い位置にスペースバーみたいなのがあるっぽく見えるが、詳しくは 特許本文を読まないと。
スペースバーの前身は Farnhamだかの アイディアによって、左右に二つあったスペースキーに舌状の板を付けてキーをキーボード手前側まで伸ばしてみているらしいアイディア
それを Densmore経由で伝え聞いたGliddenが 左右別に キーボード手前まで伸びあったスペースキー さらに鍵盤手前で一本のバーを渡して繋げて で スペースバーになった、
スペースバーは、1872年7月23日取材と思しき Scientific American取材にも現れている。
Sholes & Glidden特許では スペースバーが備わっているのは確かだ。
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レミントンのミシンラインが製造することになったから ミシンに準じてペダルが取り入れられたってわけじゃなさそうだ。よな。
レミントンとの接触が1873年3月、サイエンティフィック・アメリカンの掲載が1872年8月10日付け。
フットペダルあたり - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
でも、ミシンの台を使ったっぽい感じは あるかな？ ロール紙だから？ つまり、キャリッジを左右に 改行ごとに大きく動かすメカだから、、
つまり、ロール紙になって初めて、ガイドバーやらレールに乗っかったキャリッジができ その左右往復機構による改行機構ができた。
それ以前の紙送り機構では、印字された後の文字が 横に九〇度寝た文字としてプラテンローラーの下から くり出されて見えてくる。
ロール紙の印字機構だと、印字行が 正対して出てくることは いい点かな、 改行されて送られてくるまでは見えないけれども。
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Patent number: 182511; Filing date: Mar 30, 1872.; Issue date: Sep 19, 1876
Sholes & Schwalbach特許では、スペースキーは どうなっていたのかな、 高い位置にスペースバーみたいなのがあるっぽく見えるが、
スペース機構の変遷 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY詳しくは 特許本文を読まないと。
Densmore証言では、FarnhamあるいはBarnhamとの接触はたぶん、、Vienna万博関連だっけが？
もしここにスペースバーが無ければ、、スペースバーの出現は1872年6月1日以降の可能性も出てくる、、
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Wisconsin magazine of history: Volume 32, number 4, June 1949 :: Wisconsin Magazine of History Archivesultimately the typewriter was to make possible the growth of both big business and big government yet neither businessmen nor government officials showed much interest in a writing machine in the beginning the early demand came from stenographers court reporters and from telegraphers with such men densmore placed most of the several dozen machines he made — at a time when he could induce very few government bureaus or mercantile and manufacturing firms to try them out stenography and tele graphy provided the " felt need " for the invention and telegraphy and stenography helped to inspire it in other ways as well for instance sholes put together his first partial model out of parts of telegraph apparatus.33 both he and densmore were interested in shorthand as amateurs and as early as 1869 he conceived the idea of a stenotype.34 so there was from the start a close relation ship between typewriting on the one hand and shorthand report ing and telegraphy on the other
the more i think of it the more i deem it possible to use the machine as a reporter of speeches it is necessary to resort to a system of abbreviations and word signs to accomplish it
Wisconsin Magazine of History Archives | Wisconsin Historical Society
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プラテンをキヤリッジごと まとめて移動か、 プラテンローラー部だけの逐次(逐字?)移動か、、 すると、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY活字を九〇度回転させて活字棒に埋め込んだ。
……
オペレーター側からだと、紙の奥から手前に向かって、紙の裏側に横倒しに印字されることになる。
（安岡孝一共著『キーボード配列QWERTYの謎』
Amazon.co.jp: QWERTY21ページ）
もしそれが を参照しての説明だったならば、「九十度回転させて」は、変ではないか。
このキーレヴァーの取り付け方ならば、
だが、まだプラテンローラーの紙巻きつけ面は タイプライターのキー操作者とは正対していない。軸方向が操作者の手前側から奥に向かって伸びている形になっている。
オペレータ側から見ると、「紙の裏側に横倒しに印字されることに」は、 ならなそうだけれども、。
この絵に沿って忠実に解釈すれば、その後に、キーレヴァーの向きが、タイプバスケットに対して90度向きを換えて取り付けられたことになる。その際、タイプバスケットはそのままで？、
Burnham
Burnhamは 正しくはFarnhamかもで、
FarnhamはEmmet Dinsmore（正しくはDensmore）とVienna博覧会の手続きをしたり （あるいは現地にも行ったり？）してるみたいで
EmmetだかどっちかのDensmoreは ニューヨークだかに事務所を構えてて、そこでType-wrirerの展示なりをしていたみたいじゃなかったっけかな、どうだっけか、、
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プラテンをキヤリッジごと まとめて移動か、 プラテンローラー部だけの逐次(逐字?)移動か、、 すると、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYレイサム〔・ショールズ〕は、改良した『タイプ・ライター』にかなり自信があったらしく、一八六九年一〇月一八日の手紙には、「この紙なら十分ぶ厚いだろう？」と手書きで書き添えている[★13]。
（安岡孝一共著『キーボード配列QWERTYの謎』
Amazon.co.jp: QWERTY
Sholes typed a letter to Densmore. Oct.
eight inch thick cardboard Sholes Densmore - Google ????2818, 1869, on cardboard an eighth of an inch thick, and added a penciled note in which he triumphantly asked, " Is this paper thick enough?
最初は小手調べ、従来のマシンの一部改良で、たとえば インクリボンの巻取りを 下側に走らせただけかもしれない、、ってことはないかな？
28日？ 18日っぽいが。
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オリジナルモデルのフットペダルは、右上が長くとがっており、
…
また、フットペダルの右上の先は、テーブルに開いた穴の真下に来なければならず、そのためオリジナルモデルでは、足元の横棒は2本あり、手前の横棒にフットペダルが取り付けられている。
Sholes & Glidden Type-Writerのフットペダル | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
yasuoka (21275)「『キーボード配列QWERTYの謎』の★25に示した『ショールズ・アンド・グリデン・タイプ・ライター』の初号機」 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
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機構の進展具合で見る限り、キャリジの左右動作機構や、キャリッジ持ち上げ機構の様子が異なる機種は、果たしてこの系列の中間に位置するのであろうか？
正面から見るとどうなっている？どうなっていた？ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
1872年7月23日ごろのには、フロントホイール レール レヴァー インクリボン が あるようなのに、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Buffalo's and was Dawes Brother's machine scince July 11,1873. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
wisconsinology: The Daughter of QWERTY.... and the Typewriter
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The Hammond Type Writer is the last addition to the machines devised to supersede the pen Profiting by the experience of his predecessors the inventor has improved upon the Remington and Calligraph which are the best known amongst the quick working machines The work produced by the Hammond has the advantage of being beautifully regular indeed in this respect it is equal to the Hall which is the best of the slower working but very portable machines For rapidity and regularity of action the Hammond appears to surpass any other When it or any other typewriter is rendered as noiseless as the pen the limit of invention will have been reached Though newly introduced into this country the Hammond has been popular in the United States for some years
http://www.typewritermuseum.org/history/inventors_sholes.html#
Patent number: 182511
Filing date: Mar 30, 1872
Issue date: Sep 19, 1876
ここから下は後年特許機のようにも みえますが、。
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They exhibit the Sholes Type Writer, which is decidedly a curiosity, and attracts great attention. By means of this condensed machine letters in plain type, or any matter can be rapidly written, and its introduction is proposed for general mercantile purposes. Mr. E. P. Porter, who exhibits
for the Western Electric Co., it is said, can write eighty words per minute in a legible manner. He has used the machine for some time past in the Western Union office for copying report, and produces at one effort several copies in clear type for the papers. As the crowd throng about him he prints the name of the nearest person on an envelope, slips in an advertisement of the Western Electric Co., and hands it to the recipient. Thousands go away with these envelopes.
We mention this for the benefit of our Eastern friends, who desire a new kink in advertising. The Remingtons manufacture, and the Western Electric Co. are Western agents for the Type Writer, which deserves a great success.
The Telegrapher. v. 9 (1873). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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THE TYPE WRITER.
I had almost neglected to mention the Type Writer.
This instrument, patented by Sholes & Glidden, of Milwaukee, Wis., really possesses great merit. In size and shape it is similar to a sewing machine, and is manipulated by a key-board, after the style of the piano. lis capacity is from 75 to 100 words per minute, and is invaluable in every counting room or other place where much copying is to be done.
The Exposition will probably not close for two or three weeks, and those of your readers who have
time will never regret the visit, should they, atten .
Festus.
Journal of the telegraph. vol.5-6. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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9. Strict Time is just as essential in telegraphic manipula-
tion as in music. The unit may vary in length according to circumstances, but the elements should always have the same relative value. For instance; in working over a long circuit,
it is often necessary to make the dot longer than the dash is made under ordinary circumstances. In such case the spaces and dashes should have a corresponding length. It is important that the student should make himself familiar with the relative lengths of the elements. We therefore present the following table:
The Dot is equal to one unit. The Short Dash, three units. The Long Dash, six units. The Break, one unit. The Space employed in the "spaced letters," two units. Spaces separating the letters of a word, three units. Spaces separating words, six units. The above table should be thoroughly impressed upon the mind of the student at an early stage of his course.
A handbook of the electric telegraph : designed ... . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
コメント#1944814 | 50年の歴史を持つタイプライターメーカー、製造終了へ | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
安岡孝一先生の分析手法のひとつにtypo analysis aproachとでもいうべきものがある。
「隣接しているキーは 取り違えて打ち間違えられやすい」というものです。
1870年4月21日、タイプライターの鍵盤は4段化されていたか？1870年9月28日の"PQ","STU"を どう説明するのか？ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYAmazon.co.jp: キーボード配列QWERTYの謎（安岡孝一先生ら『キーボード配列QWERTYの謎』@amazon
ショールズの当時の手紙…。･･･1870年4月21日付の手紙を見てみよう。
この手紙には「of」という単語が二回あらわれるが、このうち二番目の「of」という単語を、レイサム〔・ショールズ〕は「uf」と打ち間違っている。したがって、1870年4月時点の『タイプ･ライター』では、ＯとＵのキーは隣接して配置されていた可能性が高い。
no title
これを1888年8月13日にトロントで開催されたタイピングコンテストでの Miss Orr （Remington (standard) No.2)のtypoに適用してみました。
| typo部 | 正しい綴り | 取り違え文字 |
|---|---|---|
| fil_ | fill | 文字抜け_l |
| th_ew with | thee with | we |
| deloght | delight | io |
| fil; | fill | l; |
| so_g | song | 文字抜け_n |
分析手法は有効そうですね。
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In February, 1873, Densmore and his partner, .. Yost, visited E. Remington & Sons, Ilion, New York. They carried Type-Writer with 43 keys (Fig. 5) to be examined by four Remington people: Philo Remington, .. Benedict, .. Jenne, and .. Clough. On March 1, 1873, Densmore and Remington signed a contract for manufacture. In May, 1873, Sholes visited Remington, and they decided the brand name as “Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer.”[10]
- Fig. 5. Type-Writer, brought to Ilion in February, 1873
On the Prehistory of QWERTY
- [10] Sholes, C. L.: Ilion, Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, Vol. 30, No. 142, p. 2, l. 2-3 (1873).-QWERTY People Archive
1873年3月1日ごろ？のRemingtonに持ち込まれたともいわれる 次の写真のマシンでは、プラテンローラーを起こすことは できなそうな感じだ。
Sholes and Glidden typewriter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
あるいは、ある程度 要点を伏せといて交渉に臨もうとした意図があるのかな？でも、1872年に図入りで報道されてるしなあ、、
1872年7月23日ごろ取材されたマシンには フロントホイール、レール、レヴァー、横に横断的に張られたインクリボン が あるようだ。
プラテンローラーを起こすこともできそうだ。
1872年8月10日付Scientific Americanの表紙記事『The Type Writer』
1871年10月29日付のタイプライター特許 | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
1873年July 11にDawesのところに届いたマシンなら、 その後の改造が加えられて キャリッジが改良された、 ってのなら 話は分かる。
Buffalo's and was Dawes Brother's machine scince July 11,1873. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
だが、1872年7月23日の取材から9ヶ月ぐらい経った1873年3月ごろといった時期に こんな姿とは いったい どうしたことだ？
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Hathi Trust Digital Library - Indexing in Progress
Hathi Trust Digital Library - Indexing in Progress
Hathi Trust Digital Library - Indexing in Progress
Journal of the telegraph. vol.3. - PT Search - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Journal of the telegraph. vol.7. - PT Search - Full View | HathiTrust Digital LibraryTHE NEW DEPARTURE IN AUTOMATIC
TELEGRAPHY.
We are in receipt of a pamphlet of some thirty
odd pages, announcing the commencement of a suit
in the Superior Court of the City of New York, by
Mr. Daniel H. Craig, against Mr. George Harring-
ton and others, and the Automatic and National
Telegraph Companies.
The complaint charges a great number of failures
on the part of the defendants to fulfill their obliga
tions, the merits of which we are unable to de-
termine ; but the pungent inquiry propounded
by Mr. Harrington to Mr. Craig: "Is there not a
tendency to degenerate into a division over the
spoils, before we have any spoils?"—we think every
one conversant with the history of Automatic
Telegraphy during the past five years will fully
appreciate. If all the parties interested in Auto-
matic Telegraphy wait for a division of the spoils
until tiey get some to divide, we are afraid their
several shares will be a long time in coming, but
we realy cannot see any other course open to them.
In the meantime, although Automatic Telegraphy
bids fair to result, in the future as in the past, in
utter faiure to the investors in the enterprise, there
Journal of the telegraph. vol.7. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Journal of the telegraph. vol.8. - PT Search - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
>:title>
>:title>
>:title>
モールス決まり字説 | |
確かに 'S' 絡みでの アメリカン・モールス誤認ミスは 存在するようだ。
APRIL 1, 1868.
Lyons,&. Licences - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
APRIL 15, 1868.
es vs. &. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
だが、
The Space employed in the "spaced letters," two units. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY一応、コード内における無音ギャップ区間は 文字コード間の無音ギャップよりは短く 規定されては いるようだ。
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MATHIAS Schwalbach、、Matthias? or Mathias? - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
The Earliest Typewriters - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY492 (12) March 30, 1905 THE CHRISTIAN ADVOCATE
The Earliest Typewriters
Now comes forward Miss Lillian Sholes, who claims that the first practical typewriter was made in Milwaukee in the early part of 1873. by her father, the original inventor, C. Latham Sholes. Miss Sholes states that she learned to operate successfully this machine at her father's residence in Milwaukee. The machine used by her was one of twelve built during 1873 which were pronounced successful. Out of twenty or thirty typewriters, not called by that name at the time, made by Mathias Schwalbach, of Milwaukee, during 1873, all but about a dozen were destroyed as not being usable.
The Christian advocate. v. 80 (Jan.-June 1905). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
The mechanics in Kleinsteuber's shop, and Schwalbach in particular, were simply not up to the task of manufacturing.
Ingenious Yankees: the rise of the American system of manufactures in the ... - Donald Hoke - Google ブックス
The State Historical Society of Wisconsin
Museum Accessions
(Gifts, save where otherwise specified. The report covers the year ending September 30, 1910.)
Samples of porcelain keys - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYMathias Schwalbach, Milwaukee Samples of porcelain keys used by him
in making the earliest models of the Sholes-Remington typewriter
about 1870.
Bulletins of information. no. 50-76 (1909-15). - PT Search - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
clock touwer Schwalbach - Google Search
View Church of Saint Joseph in a larger map
Schwalbach died - Google Search
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Wisconsin Inventiveness
Peace came, as it always comes—and in Mil-
waukee a tall, frail man named Christopher
Latham Sholes worked with a Milwaukee-
German craftsman named Schwalbach to
create the world's fast practical typewriter—
and Sholes' fifteen-year-old daughter, Lil-
lian, became the world's first speed typist.
Sholes emancipated millions of women, and
gave industry and commerce and business
and journalism and letters their greatest
working tool. The product of his mind and
his hands changed the status of women and
the social history of our land. Here, too,
is pioneering and the pioneering spirit of
Wisconsin.
By 1875, women were eligible to vote for school
officers, and two years later we passed a
State law enabling women to practice law
in Wisconsin. That same year a Wisconsin
man perfected a binder. In southern Wis-
consin, an eighteen-year-old farm boy was
tired—tired of the back-breaking labor of
grain binding in the harvest fields. He had
an idea for a bird-bill knotter and he whittled
it out of apple-tree wood. Nineteen years
later it was made in steel. It automatically
bound sheaves and today it is used on millions
of grain binders throughout the entire world.
That boy's name was John Appleby.
He made it possible to cut tremendous
grain acreages. He changed the horizon of
many lands. More than three decades have
passed since his death, but today when the
mothers of many lands call for grain—if the
grim spectre of starvation and famine is to be
kept in the shadows—it will be in part be-
cause of the vision of an eighteen-year-old
farm boy in a harvest field in southern
Wisconsin.
Wisconsin centennial exhibition, May 29, 1948-August ... . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital LibraryWisconsin centennial exhibition, May 29, 1948-August ... . - PT Search - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library226. CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES (1819-90),
INVENTOR OF THE TYPEWRITER. Portrait,
from a photograph, ca. 1878. In: Wis.
Mag. of Hist., v. 27, no. 3, March 1944.
One of three brodiers from Pennsyl-
vania, Sholes became a printer and
newspaper editor in Green Bay, Madison,
Kenosha, and Milwaukee. In a machine
shop in the latter place, he perfected his
model of the typewriter, which in 1873
was presented to the world by the
Remington Company. His invention not
only was a boon to authors and business
men, but also changed the American
social pattern by creating opportunity
for women in the business world. P
Wisconsin centennial exhibition, May 29, 1948-August ... . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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Journal of the Telegraph - Google ブックス
The American Type Writing Machine.
Heretofore, the very first requisite of the Telegraph Operator, has been rapid penmanship, but by a recent and novel invention, called the American Type Writing Machine, the operator is enabled to produce "copy" more rapidly, compact and legible than the very best penman. By the use of this instrument, the students of Porter's Telegraph College may become first class Telegraph Operators, 'without regard to their capability as penmen. This machine has been perfected, and is now being introduced on Telegraph lines, solely through the agency of the Principal of this Institution, a separate department having been fitted up for this especial purpose.
I remain, very truly and respectfully yours,
E. Payson Porter,
Principal Porter's Telegraph College.
We would be glad of more information on so important a subject Will Mr. Porter enlighten us.—Ed.
Journal of the telegraph. vol.1-2. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
モールス送受信関連 | |
The Opening.—The Exposition was formally
opened by President MacMahon, after an ad-
dress hy the Minister of Commerce, on the let
of May, 1878.
Appletons’ annual cyclopaedia and register of ... n.s. v.3 1878. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
history of Champaign County
John W. Bocock
His next experience was at Chicago, where in Porter's National Telegraph College he was a student three months. In those days of his early career his means were very limited, consequently with three other young men he did the janitor work of the office and college hall for his room rent. This gave him free access to the instruments out of school hours and this opportunity was utilized late and early.
After three months Mr. Bocock secured his certificate for capability in sending thirty words and receiving twenty-five words per minute.
A Standard history of Champaign County Illinois ... v.2. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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A type-setting machine shown in the French machinery hall, and invented by M. Delcambre, had a keyboard connecting with a reservoir of type, from which the type dropped down upon pressing the keys, and were carried over a grooved pulley into the type-bar, and pushed down into place, until the line was filled. A scientific journal in Paris is printed by the aid of this machine. Besides the familiar American type-writing machine, there was one in the Danish department, invented by Rev.
Mailing Hansen, constructed in two forms, one for writing telegraphic dispatches on long slips, and one for printing letters, with a return and diagonal motion for commencing new lines and a diagonal scale to indicate the exact position of the letter last printed. These machines are very compact, standing 6 inches high with 6 inches diameter, and weighing but 6 Ibs.; the number of letters and marks is 54, with 54 corresponding keys, the letter-carriers all radiating toward the center, while a band of variable tension takes the place of the usual pad.
A spring motor, applicable to sewing machines and other light work, was shown by a Viennese firm; the machine has two spiral springs, each 12 metres long, which are wound up by the agency of a cogged gear and a worm screw, in abont three minutes, and will run a quarter of an hour, making 500 stitches a minute. Two similar contrivances were exhibited in the French department.
Appletons’ annual cyclopaedia and register of ... n.s. v.3 1878. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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THE ORIGINAL TYPEWRITER - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYThe book of the museum
This machine reached its home in the law office of Dawes Brothers, Fox Lake, Wis., July 11, 1873,
Publications. v.25 1921. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
The Sholes machine owned by the Buffalo Historical
Society, was made, as already stated, in 1873. It ap-
pears probable that Mr. Dawes, in whose office it was
used, and who in later years was president of this
society, was a financial backer of Sholes. The next
year the first machines were put upon the market.
Publications. v.25 1921. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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In 1867, Christopher Latham Sholes invented the typewriter....well, he was the 52nd man to take a stab at it. For 7 years, he kept improving upon his original idea. In 1872, Sholes introduced what we now know as the universal keyboard. Q-W-E-R-T-Y. This particular typewriter was sent by Sholes to Julius Dawes who used it in his law office for over 17 years before donating it to the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society.
Artifact Story: All work and no play... | Facebook
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Buffaloのタイプライターの写真s - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
しかし正直なところ、……、現存するSholes & Glidden Type-Writerは、130年以上の間に、それぞれ何らかの形で手が加えられている可能性が高い。特にデコレーションが派手なマシンは、長年の間むしろ装飾品として転売されてきており、注意を要する。端的に言えば、カラー写真で撮られたSholes & Glidden Type-Writerは、どう考えても原型をとどめていない、ということだ。もちろん、モノクロ写真であっても、撮影時期が最近なら同じことだが。
Sholes & Glidden Type-Writerのフットペダル | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
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Cedab Kai'ids, Iowa, April 8. 1808.
To the Editor Journal of the Telegraph:
Communication from " S " in Journal of April 1
reminds me of a message I received from Chicago
this week and copied Sig. "M. Best," but on re-
ferring to message sent in morning, to which it was
a reply, I found it addressed to " Mitchell Brown &
Thompson," consequently concluded Sig. should be
" M. 1$. & T." My first copy certainly sounded the
most rational and had I not kno\jn the names of the
parties, should not have suspected any error, as you
will see
M. n. est
M. B. mid T.
reads either way equally well. The spaced letters
are certainly an objection, and I think the only one
to the Morse alphabet.
Yours, L.
Journal of the telegraph. vol.1-2. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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To the Kditor Journal oft/14 Telegraph :
The following shows the necessity of a change in
some of the letters of the Morse alphabet:
In the morning press report of the 13th instant
was an item from Ottawa, Canada, dated 12th. In
this item is a paragraph beginning " lieported that
Licenses," &c The operating receiving the same
translated it " Re|K>rted that Lyons, &." In tele-
graphic characters they stand exactly the same.
Lyons, &.
Iii the modified alphabet of Europe this could not
have occurred.
The operator acknowledges he could not see the
sense of the paragraph, but as it came plain, he did
not ask repetition. S.
Journal of the telegraph. vol.1-2. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
keyboards | |
Do you see some sign like '┇' at the left. What is it?
┇
すんなり腑に落ちましたか？「試作品と市販品との間では、キー配列にはそう大きな違いはないのに、印字棒の配置は全く異なっている」 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
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コメント#1952839 | キーボードの歴史 | スラッシュドット・ジャパンスラッシュドット・ジャパン検索
むむ？ サイン、 けっこう ばらついてませんかね、。
”Matthias Schwalbach” OR ”Mathias Schwalbach” - Google Search
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Mathias Schwalbach, Milwaukee Samples of porcelain keys used by him
in making the earliest models of the Sholes-Remington typewriter
about 1870.
Bulletins of information. no. 50-76 (1909-15). - PT Search - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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492 (12) March 30, 1905 THE CHRISTIAN ADVOCATE
The Earliest Typewriters
We have ceased to publish statements from any source that a person or a thing is the only one of the kind left or the first of the kind, or that persons are the sole survivors or the only living witnesses. A few weeks ago great interest was elicited by the celebration of the thirtieth anniversary of the practical introduction of the typewriter. Mrs. M. A. Saunders, of New York, received for a few days the undisputed tributes of persons interested and the public. Now comes forward Miss Lillian Sholes, who claims that the first practical typewriter was made in Milwaukee in the early part of 1873. by her father, the original inventor, C. Latham Sholes. Miss Sholes states that she learned to operate successfully this machine at her father's residence in Milwaukee. The machine used by her was one of twelve built during 1873 which were pronounced successful. Out of twenty or thirty typewriters, not called by that name at the time, made by Mathias Schwalbach, of Milwaukee, during 1873, all but about a dozen were destroyed as not being usable.
The Christian advocate. v. 80 (Jan.-June 1905). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Minnesota historyGENESIS OF THE TYPEWRITERi
In the winter of i849-50 William K. Rogers of Ohio (after-wards private secretary of President Hayes), Richard Anderson (afterwards a lawyer of note in Cincinnati), and myself, three Kenyon College graduates, intimate friends, were in Boston, where, as students of law, we obtained seats in the courtroom during the trial of Professor Webster for the murder of Dr. Parkman. This famous trial, ending in the conviction of Webster, was long drawn out, and we had a good deal of time, when the court was not in session, in which to become acquainted with the city. One day I visited the shop of an ingenious mechanic named Chamberlin, situated on one of the short thoroughfares leading from the Common to Washington Street, either Summer or Winter Street. I had been working on a new device for a sewing machine in which the fabric was pierced through and through by means of a double-pointed needle with an eye in the center, and which was to be operated by the aid of electricity. I asked this Mr. Chamberlin to construct for me a model of what I had in mind. He, however, advised me, before I proceeded further with my invention, to go to a certain number on Washington Street and examine some machines which he had recently installed there. I visited the place and saw six of the machines in operation. They were being used in the making of clothing and were doing work which was apparently satisfactory. The device employed was a complete surprise to me: a shuttle revolving under the cloth plate by means of which a loop stitch was formed. A careful examination of the machines convinced me that they were much simpler in construction and could be manufactured at much less cost than my own. I returned to Mr. Chamberlin and told him that I should not do anything further with my1 Read at the stated meeting of the executive council of the Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, December 13, 1915. model and gave him my reasons. "Your decision is a wise one," he replied, "for it would take a long time and a considerable fortune to teach people how to manage the electrical attachment on your machine. There are some men in Street, for whom I have done work recently, who can tell you how difficult it is to educate people in the use of electrical contrivances. You had better go to see them if you are interested in such things."
In accordance with his suggestion I searched out the place
and found the men working on a chemical telegraph propo-
sition. While I stood examining the apparatus they were using,
there came to me the idea of a writing or printing machine
by means of which characters could be produced by striking
paper through an inked ribbon with steel types attached to
levers so hung that when moved they met at a common center,
the paper being fastened to a carriage which automatically
moved forward a space after each depression of the levers. The
idea was a fascinating one and became so forceably impressed
on my mind that I was never able wholly to rid myself of it.
I went back to Chamberlin's to talk it over with him and to
consider the advisability of constructing such a machine. Be-
fore anything was determined, however, I left Boston, and
did not return for many years.
In July, i850, I took up my residence in St. Paul, Minne-
sota. At first, the activities of frontier life fully engaged my
attention and left me no time for making a model of my type-
writer, although the idea was constantly present in my mind.
Later, on the outbreak of the Civil War, I volunteered for
service in the Union army. I served as chief quartermaster
with General Thomas in the campaign against General Hood.
After Hood was defeated and driven out of Tennessee, we
were stationed for a time at Nashville. I had very little to
do and, happening upon a German in the ranks who was a
clever mechanic, I engaged his services and began looking
up material for a wooden model of my writing machine. But
the work was interrupted again on my receiving orders requir-
ing me to rejoin my own command in Virginia with General
Sherman.
At the end of the war I resigned from the service and
returned to Minnesota. Immediately I became interested in
projecting, obtaining land grants for, and building the Hastings
and Dakota Railroad. In the course of the construction work
it became necessary to make some flat cars, and I went to Mil-
waukee to purchase wheels and other material. The exact date
of this trip can not be stated with certainty without reference
to the books of the Hastings and Dakota Company, which are at
the present time probably in the possession of the Chicago, Mil-
waukee, and St. Paul Railway Company. One day when I was
in the offices of the latter company, Superintendent Merrill said
to me, "General, you are fond of mechanical contrivances; come
with me over to Director Glidden's room and look at a new
machine for paging books." A few moments later we were in
Mr. Glidden's office where I was introduced to a Mr. C. L.
Sholes, the maker of the paging machine, who explained briefly
its mechanism and operation. "Well. General, what do you
think of it?" asked Mr. Glidden. "It is a very ingenious and
well-made machine," I replied; "but its use will, I think, be
limited, and the demand for it so inconsiderable as to be quite
insufficient to meet the cost of manufacturing it. I have had in
mind for many years a machine not more difficult to make than
this one, a machine which, when properly made and introduced,
will come to be universally used not only in our own country
but in foreign lands. The idea came to me one day in Boston
at the time of the great trial of Webster for the murder of
Parkman, and impressed itself on my mind as one which ought
to be worked out. Up to this time my attention has been so
fully occupied that I have not been able to give the matter any
thought. At present these railroad affairs are absorbing all my
time. It is my belief that ideas like this are inspirations to us
from the unknown; that on receiving them, we become in a way
trustees and that our trusteeship imposes on us an obligation:
we are bound to see these inspirations brought to completion.
Now I am going to relieve myself of any responsibility for this
idea of mine by passing it on to Mr. Sholes, provided he will
promise to make the machine." Seating myself at a near-by
table, I drew a rough sketch of what I called a typewriter. I
explained how the type-bars were to hang so that the type would
strike the paper at a common center through an inked ribbon,
and how, at the instant of striking, the paper carriage moved
forward one space. "Yes, yes, I understand; I think I can make
such a machine," said Sholes. "Very well, I will give you the
idea on condition that you make a machine, take out patents on
it, and start a factory. You will find customers for all the
machines that you and many others are able to make." I hur-
riedly left the offices with Mr. Merrill, went on about my rail-
road business, and gave the matter no further thought.
Mr. Sholes, at this time collector of the port of Milwaukee,
Mr. Glidden, a director of the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway
Company and himself an inventor, and a Mr. Soule, an editor and printer, were the men who were back of the paging machine, and who, at my suggestion, now agreed to take up the matter of the typewriter. The task of constructing the machine was intrusted to Mathias Schwalbach, a German clock-maker employed by Sholes at three dollars a day. As the work progressed, Schwalbach suggested some changes, among others the banking of the keys in three rows. The machine was at length completed, and in 1868 Sholes and Glidden applied for patents.1 A later model with improvements was patented by 1 Previous to this date the following patents had been granted for typewriters, or machines similar in character and purpose: In 1714 a British patent was granted to Henry Mill; in America a patent for a "typographer" was obtained by William A. Burt in 1829; the "typo-graphic machine or pen" on the type-bar principle was patented by X. Pogrin of Marseilles in 1833; between 1847 and 1856 Alfred E. Beach in America, and between 1855 and 1860 Sir Charles Wheatstone in England, made several typewriters; in 1857 Dr. S. W. Francis of New York made one with a pianoforte keyboard and type-bars arranged in a circle; and in 1866 John Pratt, an American living in London, patented a machine with types mounted in three rows on a wheel, the rotation of which brought the required character opposite the printing point. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 27:501 (1911 edition).
Sholes and Schwartz in 1871. It is probable that Edison was consulted at or before this time, since in an article in System(10: 230—September, 1906) he says: "I helped build the first typewriter that came out. At that time I had a shop in Newark and a man from Milwaukee—a Mr. Sholes—came to me with a wooden model, which we finally got into working shape."
In order to bring the typewriter to the attention of the public, Sholes sent typed letters out through the country. One of these fell into the hands of James Densmore of New York. He went to Milwaukee to examine the machine personally, and as a result of his visit the organization of the typewriter company of Densmore, Sholes, and Schwalbach was brought about. The new company began immediately the work of manufacturing the machines. Densmore, who had put all his money, six hundred dollars, into the venture, took the first one that was completed to New York. The next few months were serious ones for him; reduced to the extremity of sleeping in a garret and of living for the most part on apples, he went from door to door in fruitless attempts to interest some one in the machine.
Finally he made a deal with the Western Union Telegraph Company, by which he received ten thousand dollars. Densmore then returned to Milwaukee and bought out his partners, paying Schwalbach three hundred and fifty dollars besides turning over to him the shop and its contents. Later (about 1875) he was able to interest the firm of E. Remington and Sons, gun-makers, of Ilion, New York, in the proposition and placed the manufacture of the machines in their hands.1
And so it came about that when I was in charge of the department of agriculture under the Hayes administration, one day the respectable colored man, "old Uncle John," who did duty as doorkeeper, informed me that a man wished to see me 1 Densmore's royalties, so I am informed, have amounted to over a million dollars. Sholes is reported to have said that he realized from his interest in the machine only about twelve thousand dollars.
A serious illness of long duration soon exhausted this sum and he died in poverty. Glidden has also died. Schwalbach is, I believe, still engaged in the clock business.
for a few moments. I directed my assistant Mr. O. D. La Dow to ascertain whether the man's business was of enough importance to warrant an interruption of my work. On his return he said, "It was only a man who wished to show you a machine. I have sent him away." "What kind of machine was it?" I asked. "He said it was a typewriter," was the reply. "Type-writer! Typewriter! Call him back! I have a special interest in typewriters!" I exclaimed. On being shown into the room, the man exhibited a typewriter, my typewriter, a Remington model, writing only capital letters. I was much interested in the machine and submitted it to Mr. La Dow for trial and approval. The machine was purchased, being the first, so the salesman reported, to be installed in a public office. Improved models were soon afterwards made in which the type-bars each carried two characters, a small letter and capital. The skillful operation of the machines by my assistants soon made them popular, and their use gradually extended to other offices not-withstanding the ridicule attending the introduction of "new methods of economy in the department of agriculture."
My prophecy that the use of the typewriter would become universal in both our own and other countries has been in these later years more than fulfilled. Indeed, the conduct of present-day business enterprises is possible only through its aid.
William G. Le Due
Hastings, Minnesota
Minnesota history bulletin. v.1 1915-16. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
The book of the museum
THE MUSEUM OF THE BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY Publications. v.25 1921
THE ORIGINAL TYPEWRITER
An object that never fails to interest visitors is the
first typewriting machine. To be a little more precise,
it is one of the first five which were made at one time,
and were the first that were put to practical use.
Of earlier typewriting machines, that never advanced
beyond the stage of experimentation, note will be made
later on. This machine, which was presented to the
Buffalo Historical Society in 1889 by Julius H. Dawes,
a former president of the society, was the invention of
C. L. Sholes of Milwaukee, who spent several years of
labor and study in developing his ideas.
The first form which he attempted was a flat table,
in which the type bars struck up through an opening
in the top, against paper passed in a flat frame under
a fixed platen an inch or two square.
A platen, it may not be wholly superfluous to explain,
is the part of a machine by which an impression id
made. In a printing press it is a flat plate, or a cylinder.
In the modern perfected typewriter, the feed roller which
carries the paper and receives the impression of the type,
is virtually the platen.
When, after many experiments and discouragements
the form now shown was determined on, it was believed
that success had been reached, and the five machines
above mentioned were made, entirely by hand, and sent
to men who had long watched the experiments with
interest. They were all crude—big, clumsy, box-like
affairs, as our picture shows. One went to California,
one to Connecticut, one to Pennsylvania; one—this one
—was sent by Mr. Sholes to Mr. Dawes; and the fifth
was retained by Mr. Sholes and his partner, Mr. Glidden.
This machine reached its home in the law office of
Dawes Brothers, Fox Lake, Wis., July 11, 1873, and for
many years it there did excellent work and a great deal
of it.
It at first contained much since discarded and lost.
The paper carrier was moved to the left by a clumsy
clock spring (without fusee compensation), and to the
right by a still more clumsy pedal. The ribbon-carrying
apparatus was very complicated, and has been removed,
wheel after wheel, until now none of the original system
is left. For the last year or so of active service, ink
was taken from a sheet, as wide as the keyboard, fixed
on rollers and requiring to move only once a line instead
of for every letter. This worked well, but as it was
probably never put on any machine, and was no part
of the original invention, it is now removed as not en-
titled to a place in typewriter history. The same reason-
ing would exclude the lever and the weight used to move
the paper carrier; but they are left in place to show
that the machine can still move, and that the vital parts
of the Sholes and Qlidden machine and now of the Rem-
ington, are still here.
Clumsy as it looks, the old machine proved practicable
for many years. The modern operator usually exclaims
in amusement at its size. The wooden frame—it is
really a box—is 20 inches long by 16 inches wide. The
keyboard is 13 inches wide and the keys are three-
quarters of an inch in diameter. Yet the type face, all
capitals, was small, neat and legible, with good align-
ment, until long use and hard use brought deterioration.
A sample of its writing is preserved with the machine.
This old machine was loaned by the Buffalo His-
torical Society, on request, for exhibition at the Paris
Exposition of 1889. In good time it came back, none
the worse for its travels.
This is no place to undertake a history of the type-
writer, but a few leading facts touching its evolution
may be set down. It is an American invention. Some
digger in dusty lore has found record that in England,
in the reign of Queen Anne, a patent was granted to one
Henry Mills for "An Artificial Machine or Method for
Impressing or Transcribing Letters, Singly or Progres-
sively one after another as in Writing, whereby all
Writing whatever may be Engrossed on Paper or Parch-
ment, so Neat and Exact as not to be distinguished from
Print."
It sounds well; and the ancient printing of the record,
with many capitals and much emphasis of italics, not
only brings the quaint and pleasing flavor of distant
days, but rather impresses the reader with the antiquity
of the typewriter as an invention. Absolutely nothing
however, is known—beyond the above statement—of
Henry Mills' machine. It probably was a dream, a pro-
ject, never realized. For more than a hundred years
after Mills, there is found no word or proof to show that
anyone was trying to achieve a mechanical writer.
Then we come to America, where William Austin Burt
of Detroit, in 1829, devised what he called a typographer.
In some respects it was the prototype of modern ma-
chines, but it never got beyond the experimental stage.
Neither did the "Ktypograph" which Xavier Projean, a
Frenchman, devised in 1833. This was the lineal an-
cestor of the present key-lever machine, but was never
sufficiently perfected to be practicable, and, apparently
was never manufactured. A few years later, in 1843,
patents were granted to Charles Thurber of Worcester,
Mass., for a machine a model of which is preserved by
the Worcester Society of Antiquarians. Later still other
patents were granted to Mr. Thurber. If any one, prior
to C. Lapham Sholes, is entitled to be called the
originator of the modern typewriter, it is, apparently,
Charles Thurber, for there were many practical fea-
tures about his models. His patent shows and describes
a movable carriage, a spacing key for use between
words, and other devices, some of which appear in
modern machines.
In 1852 a patent was granted to one J. Jones, appar-
ently for improvements on the machine devised by
Thurber. These included a feed roll in place of the flat
platen, and a spring for returning the carriage.
In the years that followed several other forms ap-
peared. A. E. Beach, in 1856, devised a machine for
impressing embossed letters on a strip of paper for the
blind. The strip of paper was wound by clockwork
which was liberated by an escapement at each stroke
of the key. In this machine, for the first time, a mov-
able inking ribbon was used. Two improvements claimed
by Mr. Beach were of great importance: Causing type
to strike at a common center, and connecting each of
the type keys with the escapement by a common con-
nection. These two features are found in every key
typewriter today.
In 1857 patents were granted to a Mr. Francis for
devices somewhat resembling those of Beach, but still
no machine is devised that will stand the test of use.
A writer in the American Inventor, (Aug., 1905), re-
viewing the evolution of the typewriter, summed up
some phases of its development as follows:
"Looking back along the line it is surprising how
many of the main elements had been devised by the
beginning of the sixties. The circular type basket, a
keyboard, a paper roll on a carriage, a spring for pulling
it, escapement dogs, a spacing key, the carbon ribbon
and the signal bell; and yet with it all the machines
were not a success. ... It seems as if there were enough
hints and suggestions for any one to work out an oper-
ative, practical machine; yet it must be remembered
that these experiments in reality were widely separated,
THE FIRST TYPEWRITER.—See p. 77.
and that as none of the devices got any public use, there
was very slight if any acquaintance with what had been
done before; each man had therefore to attack the
problem anew, with practically no foundation to build
on. In each case the idea of a machine to do writing
probably came to the inventor as an entirely new con-
ception, original with him.
"It was probably in this light that C. Lapham Sholes,
Samuel W. Soule and Carlos Glidden looked upon it some
ten years later than the date of the Francis typewriter.
Mr. Sholes and Mr. Soule were working on a numbering
machine. 'Why can't such a machine write letters and
words?' suggested Mr. Griffon; and thus the matter rested
for six months.
• It is significant of the little appreciation even the
technical world evinced of what had been before ac-
complished that the impetus that started the trio into
devising a writing machine came partly from an article
describing one of the craziest of all 'typographers'—
a machine invented and patented by John Pratt, of
Alabama, which was designed to do all Mr. Glidden had
suggested but which was a radical departure from all
that had gone before, a reversal, a 'throw back,' miles
behind even the Burt machine of '47 in practicality.
Its main features were a 'type plate' having the type
arranged in horizontal rows, the type plate being car-
ried on a vertical bar, and movable either horizontally,
vertically or diagonally, to bring any character into
position. Key letters were used to shift the plate, and
a hammer struck the paper against the type. The paper
was held in a frame shifted by cords, pulleys and an
escapement wheel. It was an excellent example of how
not to do it. It is not to be forgotten, however, that
this 'Pterotype' of John Pratt's, while it was wild and
impractical, had in it the germ of an idea which was
afterwards to be worked out successfully. The mechan-
ism for moving the type plate faintly foreshadowed the
type wheel-moving key mechanism, and indeed led John
Pratt some twenty years later to devise a typewriter
having a type wheel and keys.
"An editorial on this 'Pterotype' in the Scientific
American, which spoke of the rewards in store for the
successful inventor gave the necessary jog which started
Mr. Sholes off on the hunt for the successful typewrit-
ing mechanism. He invited Glidden and Soule to join
him, and together they worked it out, Mr. Soule sug-
gesting the pivotal cycle of type bars, a construction
already broadly devised as we have seen, and Mr. Sholes
furnishing the letter-spacing device, escapement dogs
operating on a rack—another recrudescence of an old
idea. Mathias Schwalbach, a skilled mechanic and in-
ventor, was also called in, and between them a machine
was finally turned out of practically the same appear-
ance as the first Sholes typewriter. It was big, ungainly,
cumbersome, but it wrote accurately and with fair
rapidity, and it contained fundamentally the same
mechanism as the Remington typewriter of today, not-
withstanding the difference in appearance.
"Five years elapsed between the suggestion of Gliddeu
and the appearance of a practical machine, and they
were years of hard labor and a thousand disappoint-
ments, when model after model broke down under the
strain of work under service conditions. Meanwhile
Soule and Glidden had dropped out, and very probably
Sholes himself would have given up, but that he was
backed and encouraged and pushed by a practical man,
Mr. James Densmore, a man not only of practicality,
but also with imagination enough to see the importance
of the work. The story of these five years was a story
of repeated failures, and of as often repeated attacks
on the problem. It is a story every inventor should
take to heart—and every backer, too. The lesson is that
there is a vast gulf between a crude idea and commercial
practicability—a matter inventors in their enthusiasm
are apt to forget'—but that the gulf can be bridged by
hard work."
The Sholes machine owned by the Buffalo Historical
Society, was made, as already stated, in 1873. It ap-
pears probable that Mr. Dawes, in whose office it was
used, and who in later years was president of this
society, was a financial backer of Sholes. The nezt
year the first machines were put upon the market. Ex-
cept in minor details, and in compactness, they differed
little from the machine shown in our illustration. It
was of this early type, made by E. Remington & Sons
of Ilion, N. Y., that Mark Twain wrote:
"This early machine was full of caprices, full of de-
fects—devilish ones. It had as many immoralities as
the machine of today has virtues. After a year or two
I found it was degrading my character, so I thought I
would give it to Howells. He was reluctant, for he was
suspicious of novelties and unfriendly toward them, and
he remains so to this day. But I persuaded him. He
had great confidence in me, and I got him to believe
things about the machine that I did not believe myself.
He took it home to Boston, and my morals began to
improve; but his have never recovered. He kept it six
months and then returned it to me. I gave it away twice
after that, but it wouldn't stay; it came back. Then I
gave it to our coachman, Patrick McAleer, who was
very grateful because he did not know the animal, and
thought I was trying to make him wiser and better.
As soon as he got wiser and better he traded it to a
heretic for a side-saddle which he could not use, and
there my knowledge of its history ends."
With the slow progress of the typewriter towards
commercial success, we are not here concerned. It is one
of the monumental successes of our age and has come into
well nigh universal use.
Publications. v.25 1921. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Economic history of Wisconsin during the Civil War decade, by Frederick Merk.
In the later sixties Wisconsin gave to civilization
one of the most useful of modern inventions. This
was the typewriter, perfected and patented in Mil-
waukee in 1868. C. Latham Sholes, journalist and
prominent State politician, was the ingenious in-
ventor. Associated with him were S. W. Soule, a
printer, and Carlos Glidden, a retired manufacturer.
These three men in the winter of 1866-67 caught the
suggestion of a writing machine from a paging device
that they had for some time been laboring to perfect.
Sholes in particular was struck by the idea of pro-
ducing a mechanical apparatus that would displace
the slow and laborious pen; to its materialization he
devoted not only his own enthusiastic efforts but
those of a skillful German clockmaker of Milwaukee
named Mathias Schwalbach. By September, 1867
he and his friends had completed their first workable
model. It was a crude affair, roughly resembling
in appearance a sewing machine, though with a
keyboard like that of a piano. ^ Patents were obtained
in the summer of 1868, after which five years were
spent in modifying and perfecting the mechanism.
Schwalbach in the course of his labors suggested the
banked keyboard. The now famous Edison, to whom
Sholes went for counsel, contributed his aid.^ The
result was a device embodying in its construction
the basic principles of every typewriter that has
since come into use.^
Sholes, like many other notable inventors, lost the
fruits of his great achievement. Little realizing its
worth, he sold out his rights to a far-seeing promoter
for the paltry sum of $12,000. He died in Milwaukee
1 U. S. Patent Office, Report, 1868, II, 175, 234; IV, 803, 887. For
a description of later patents see Encyclopaedia Britannica.
** System, X, 230.
' This account is gleaned from the Milwaukee Evening Wisconsin,
Sept. 26, 1883; Milwaukee Sentinel, Jan. 12, 1902; Wis. Hist. Soc, Proc,
1901, 164-66; Minnesota Historical Society, Bulletin, February, 1916,
264-69; The Sholes & Glidden Typewriter (advertisement published in
New York in 1874 or 1875). A sketch of the life of Sholes may be found
in Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography, V, 515.
in 1890, after a long illness, in comparative poverty.
The typewriter in the meantime won rapid acceptance. In March, 1873 James Densmore, the man to whom the inventor had disposed of his patents, entered into a contract with Remington & Sons, proprietors of the celebrated New York Armory, for the manufacture of 25,000 machines. Before many years the Remington machine was known from one end of the land to the other. Today no business office worthy of the name in the entire world is without its complement of typewriters.
During the decade of the sixties the cities of Wisconsin, and especially Milwaukee, laid the foundations for future prominence in the field of manufacturing. Their progress, temporarily retarded by the Civil War, after the return of peace was astonishingly rapid. By 1873 the municipalities of the State no longer depended for a livelihood solely upon trade.
Their interests had become diversified; in their own workshops and mills they consumed the raw materials that the State produced. Wisconsin had at length realized her cherished ambition of possessing home manufactures.
Economic history of Wisconsin during the Civil ... . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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それは いったんパリParis Exposition of 1889に貸し出されていたものが（少し忘れかけていたたころに？）戻ってきたものだという。
This artifact is currently on display through August 8th (of 2010?) in Hands on History, an exhibit for the entire family. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYIn 1867, Christopher Latham Sholes invented the typewriter....well, he was the 52nd man to take a stab at it. For 7 years, he kept improving upon his original idea. In 1872, Sholes introduced what we now know as the universal keyboard. Q-W-E-R-T-Y. This particular typewriter was sent by Sholes to Julius Dawes who used it in his law office for over 17 years before donating it to the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society.
Artifact Story: All work and no play... | Facebook
The machine of Buffalo Historical Society now, reached Dawes Brothers's in July 11,1873. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYTHE ORIGINAL TYPEWRITER - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Economic history of Wisconsin during the Civil War decade, by Frederick Merk. - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
これはプロトタイプと、Wikipedia引用者はキャプションしているが、？ 左側に分銅があるようだが、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYLeading American inventors
Summary
File:Sholes typewriter.jpg - Wikimedia Commons
Description English: Photo of prototype typewriter invented by Christopher Latham Sholes, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule between 1868 and 1873, and manufactured as the 'Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer' by Eliphalet Remington & Sons Co., Ilion, New York, USA, beginning 1874. This was the first typewriter to be a commercial success (about 5000 were made), the first to use the QWERTY keyboard layout invented by Sholes, and the first to be called a typewriter; the term was coined by Sholes. The source does not say which of the many prototypes this is. Since it is dated the year Remington bought the rights, and was in the Buffalo Historical Society museum near the Remington headquarters, it may be the one Sholes and Glidden demonstrated to Remington. Caption text: "Sholes typewriter, 1873 (Museum, Buffalo historical society)" Alterations: removed frame, caption. Note: As the R is on the place it is nowadays, this is a model modified by Remington. There used to be a period on that spot. (see David, 1985, 'Clio and the Economics of QWERTY', pp. 333) Date 1912 Source Downloaded 2008-1-9 from George Iles (1912) Leading American Inventors, Henry Holt & Co., New York, USA, p.328 on Google Books Author George Iles Permission(Reusing this file) Public domain - published in USA before 1923
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http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ls?q1=%22Matthias%20Schwalbach%22;a=srchls;lmt=all;pn=1;sz=50
- The typewriter and the men who made it. by Current, Richard Nelson. Published 1954
- The typewriter and the men who made it / by Current, Richard N. Published 1988
- Henry W. Roby's story of the invention of the typewriter, by Roby, Henry W., 1842-1920. Published 1925 Full view
- The Story of the typewriter, 1873-1923 / Published 1923 Full view
- The patent book : an illustrated guide and history for inventors, designers, and dreamers / by Gregory, James, 1949-, Published 1979
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>http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ls?q1=%22Mathias+Schwalbach%22&a=srchls
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Current(1977)’The Arm and Hammer’,”Wisconsin”
Wisconsin: A History - Richard Nelson Current - Google ブックス
モールス送受信関連 | |
検索語"TYPE WRITER";検索期間指定を1866年からとかにしてみるかな、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Automatic vs. Morse Telegraphy.
To The Editor or The Telegrapher.
As you have Been fit, in the last number of your journal, to assail my reputation as a prophet in telegraphy, perhaps you will allow me to say a few words in reply, and in arrest of public judgment upon the subject of automatic telegraphy.
You say that my "sanguine anticipations of two years ago have not been realized." Let us see if this is quite correct.
It is now more than three years since I became'' identified in interest with_j^new_ system of fast telegraphy, which, at that time amTfbr a long time Bubse-' quently, was publicly denounced by the managers of the Western Union Company, and by all the "old fogies " connected with the telegraph business of the country, as an old and exploded system, which Mr. Orton assured his shareholders he had "fully tested and discarded as totally valueless, either in connection or in competition with the Morse system." This pronounced judgment of the able gentleman at the head of the great monopoly was vigorously backed up by his shadow, the electnoian of his company, and it cannot be denied that science and practice at that time was largely on their side in the controversy which ensued.
From the first of 1869 till the close of 1870 it required a good deal of moral oourage to publicly defend an untried and unscientific system of telegraphy, which my best and most intelligent friends, including the editor of The Telegrapher and the editor of the Journal of the Telegraph, believed to be impracticable, if not visionary; but by dint of bard work, and a good deal of it, under trying difficulties, greatly heightened by the misrepresentations of those whose interests would be largely and injuriously affected by the success of the new system of telegraphy, I finally suo ceeded, in the fall of 1870, in getting up three hundred miles of telegraph wire, whereby our electrician was enabled to make full and conclusive tests as to the practicability of doing all and much more than we had ever olaimed on behalf of our new system.
In my official letter of December, 1869, to the directors of the National Telegraph Company (to whose liberality I was largely indebted for the means to develop the new system), and subsequently, in my controversies with Mr. Orton, Mr. Prescott and others, I asserted our ability to transmit asmueh intelligence over a single wire, by our automatic system, as could be transmitted over fifteen wires by the Morse system. In other words, Mr. Orton had publicly testified that two expert operators, by the Morse system, could telegraph, over one wire, 600 words per hour—or 9,000 words per hour with fifteen wires and thirty expert operators.
In numerous tests, between August and November, 1870, we telegraphed, by our automatic system, over
onr single wire, between Washington and New York, more than 60,000 words per hour, and recorded the same accurately, in clear black telegraph characters.
This statement can be verified by the testimony of good Morse experts, and if you credit my assertion you will, I am sure, relieve me of the charge of being a "false prophet" in regard to the only point in our new system upon which yon or any other unprejudiced " old fogy " Morse people could ever have had a rational doubt.
It is quite true that there were in the fall of 1870 some weak points in our new system; but they were trivial in character and purely mechanical, and I apprehend the day has passed for a gentleman of your intelligence and large experience to question the possibility of any purely mechanical movement.
We bad a very simple and beautiful tablet perforator, bnt it was slow, and only capable of six to ten words per minute; bnt even that, with onr exceeding fast method of telegraphing, placed our new system more than fifty per cent, ahead of the Morse, or any other system then in use.
For reasons disconnected with onr new system of telegraphy, it became necessary that I should make new arrangements, in the fall of 1870, for the further introduction of automatic telegraphy; and the control of the system, which np to that time bad been in my hands, was then turned over to the present Automatic Telegraph Co., but not until full guarantees bad been obtained that a new perforating machine could be speedily devised, capable of a speed of even one hundred words per minute. Such a machine was fully developed, and placed in our office in July following (1871), and at the same time was placed there a beautiful finger-keyed type writer, by means of which a single operator can print, in plain Roman characters, and in lines and pages, a greater number of words than can be written with a pen by four ordinary penmen— which, for copying telegrams, is of scarcely less importance and value than the improved perforator. With the two machines combined, and the rapid and reliable method of fast telegraphing, the new system possesses advantages equal to more than seventy-five per cent, as compared with any other system of telegraphing in America or Europe.
Before closing, I must repel your idea that our system of automatic telegraphy is destined to find 'its "mission as an auxiliary to the Morse system," and only to bo used on the great "through routes." It seems to me wonderful that a gentleman of so much knowledge and shrewdness as you, confessedly, possess, should arrive at such a lame and impotent conclusion in the face of the now well known facts—
1st. That we have, besides the before named rapid perforating machines, a smaller and less rapid perforator, which is durable, and costs not over $20, and can be worked at Bight by a child, and is capable of perforating thirty words per minute. Of course, this machine will be largely used by business men, and in way offices and on side lines.
2d. The transmission of messages over the wire is, as you well know, wholly automatic, and at any desired speed—from one hundred to one thousand words per minute. (We have, with machinery recently constructed, telegraphed over the Washington and New York line even fifteen hundred words per minnte!)
3d. The type writer copies out in plain Roman print fifty to seventy-five words per minute.
Bach one of these three things is performed by the labor or supervision of girls, and each by itself is as simple and far more reliable than it is for two first class Morse operators to telegraph six hundred words per hour between New York and Philadelphia.
Now, with such a system and such mechanism as I have described, will you point ont to your practical and intelligent readers uhy our automatic system is to be only an "auxiliary to the Morse system 7" If you will sit your self down to this task I venture the prediction that yon will arrive at the same conclusion I did three years ago, in discussing this point with the late Mr. Bennett, and that is that our new system possesses immensely greater advantages over the Morse for way offices and side lines than it does for the great through routes. Twenty girls, using onr system, could "call through" and take and Bend an average of five hundred words at each office every hour of the day, whilst there are no twenty Morse operators in the country who could "call through" a line with twenty offices and take and send an average of even sixty words per hour..
Will you pick your flint and try again?
D. H. Craig.
The Telegrapher - Google ブックス
Automatic Telegraphy.
To TBS Editor Of The Teligbapheb.
I Trust I shall not be thought captious if I offer you a few words of comment upon the following editorial remarks upon my letter in The Telegrapher of June 15th:
""We have never doubted the practicability of transmitting signals over the wires, within certain limits of distance, at any desired rate of speed. The principal difficulties and obstacles encountered in automatic telegraphy are not in the transmission of the signals— they are in the preparation of the slips, and iu the translation and preparation of the despatches for delivery when they havo reached their destination. These difficulties have been to some extent overcome by the Automatic Company, but the practical limit of speed must always be, not what can be transmitted over the wires in an hour, but what can be prepared for transmission and delivery."
I am at a loss to imagine how yon could have supposed that I intended to claim any particular novelty in our method of " transmitting signals over the wires." You Bay truly that the "difficulties and obstacles encountered in automatic telegraphy are not in the transmission of signals;" and I am quite sure that I never said anything at variance from this; but wheu you add that the real difficulties and obstacles " are in the preparation of the slips, and in the translation and preparation of the despatches for delivery, when tbey have reached their destination," I must bo permitted to tell you that your head is not level on tho main question.
Scores of electricians, before Mr. Little, succeeded in "transmitting signals'' over long wires, at almost any desired rate of speed; but there is no evidence, in or out of tho writings of the scientists, that any electrician or telegrapher, before Air. Little, over succeeded iu accurately and practically recording, at one end of a long wire, extremely rapid signals sent from the opposite end—and just here, let me inform you, is the great and the only difficulty connected with automatic or fast telegraphy.
"We claim for Mr. Little no invention of batteries, wires, or of tho art of " transmitting signals" over them; but to him is due the whole credit of teaching us the truly wonderful and beautiful art of transferring the rapid signals, by clear and uniform black marks, upon paper. Other electricians had accomplished 60 or 70 words per minuto over wires two or three hundred miles in length ; bat any attempt to transmit signals at a greater speed invariably ended in utter confusion, or the mixing of the signals at the recording end of the wire. But Mr. Little transmits and records, accurately and reliably, even 1,500 words per minute!
Let me add, further, that thore is no more force of truth in your assertion that the difficulties and obstacles in tho way of the successful use of automatic telegraphy are to be found in "tho preparation of the Blips" -(by which I suppose you moan perforating or composing tho matter to be Bent over tho wires) than there would be in saying that tho difficulties and obstacles in the way of rapid telographing by tho Morse system are to be found in the tedious process of composing the matter by tho limited powor of an ink pen. Before messages can be sent over tho wires by any process they must be written down upon paper; and, when so written for the use of the Morse method of transmission, the average public compose their messages at the rate of 10 or 12 words per minuto. When the pnblio prepare or compose their messages for the automatic method of transmission they will do it by very simple and inexpensive machinery, which can be worked at sight by a child, at the rate of 20 to 100 words per minuto—and tho working of the machine will be found less fatiguing and loss difficult than writing with a pen.
It is true, as you logically imply, that the translation
and preparation of the despatches for delivery involves difficulties; but it is a simple difficulty of reading and copying, and applies with little if any greater force to automatic telegraphy than it does to the copying of ordinary manuscript. Our messages are copied with a pen, at the rate of about 12 words per minute, and by our finger-keyed printer or type-writer at the rate of 50 to 80 words per minute. If you were receiving a thousand words of news per minute, and were in a hurry to go to press, you naturally would set several compositors to work—but I doubt if you would reckon this among the "difficulties and obstacles" in the way of making a readable newspaper. If we had the automatic system in operation over our 'Washington wire, and were receiving 1,500 words per minute (two thirds of a column of the Herald), we would require, perhaps, 30 girls to preside at 30 of our type-writing machines, in order to keep the matter copied up as fast as received. If your old fogy friends of the Morse system were required to transmit and copy up 1,500 words per minute, they would require (on Mr. Orton's basis of the speed of Morse operators) 150 wires and 300 high salaried operators! But conceding, as you insist, that Mr. Orton understated the speed of the Morse operators one half, and that they can telegraph 1,000 or 1,200 words per hour, then the Morse people would only require 75 wires and 150 high salaried operators to do the business that can be better done by automatic telegraphy with one wire and the aid of 31 low salaried lady operators—to which should be added 30 lady operators upon the perforating or composing machines—until such time, not distant, as the public shall have been taught to perforate or compose their messages in the form required for tho new system of fast telegraphing.
I cannot close this communication without protesting against the assumptions of the closing sentence of the above extract from your editorial columns. Prom what is now well known, and has been witnessed by hundreds of practical telegraphers in this city, Philadelphia and "Washington, in connection with automatic telegraphy, it seems to me extraordinary that you should hazard the editorial statement that the "practical limit of speed in telegraphing is not what can be transmitted over the wires in one hour, but what can be prepared for transmission and delivery." Practically and obviously, with perforating or "preparing" machines, which can be worked by young ladies at the rate of 50 words per minute, and with type-writing or copying machines, which can be worked by young ladies (with less fatigue than they could play the piano) at the rate of 50 words per minute, there is no limit to the speed at which messages may be " prepared for transmission and delivery.'' This, it seems to me, is too obvious to require anything more in tho way of argument than tho simple statement of fact.
I). H. Craig.
The Telegrapher - Google ブックス
日あたりBlog量超過のため尻切れ。別項に移る（予定）
Westbrook's Automatic System,
To THE EDITOB OF THE TELEGRAPHEB.
As my communication in The Telegrapher of Jan. 29 has elicited a reply from Mr. D. H. Craig, I ask tho favor of space in your paper for a brief rejoinder.
In the transmission of messages automatically no new feature has been introduced by Mr. Little. In the preparaiion of matter for transmission a now punching machine is used, which, it is claimod, can be worked at the rate of 800 or 900 words an hour. By my system more than double that rate of speed is accomplished in preparing tho strips, and tho same speed in transmission is attained as by Little's system. I, therefore, reiterate that my method lias obvious advantages, which cannot be approached by any other yet invented.
One of the specialties of my system consists in the entire practicability of relaying from the strip. Up to a speed at which messages can be recorded by the Morse process they may be re-transmitted from point to point indefinitely, one composition sufficing. This cannot be dono by Little's or any other automatic process. Whenever it becomes necessary to relay, they must re-compose their messages by tho slow punching process; and if they are composed, copied, and re-composed by the kind of cheap labor which Mr. Craig proposes to employ—young girls, and even children—we may imagine, but cannot undertake to describe, the metamorphosis which a stock report, for instance, would be likely to undergo.
A simple line of 250 miles in length, such as is now being built to test Mr. Little's invention, will present
favorable conditions for working an automatic system;
but when lines and circuits como to bo multiplied and extended, to accommodate geBeral business, a different sot of conditions will be encountered. Under those latter conditions only can tho merits of the respective systems be fairly tested.
. The assortion that Prof. Morse has stripped me of the credit of my invention is entirely at variance with the facts- Ho nor no one else has asserted or claimed that the Morse embossed strip was ever used as a means of automatic transmission until I accomplished it. True, Prof. Morse now claims to have "suggested" something of the kind about a quarter of a century ago, in a letter to Alfred Vail but it never saw the light of publicity, and, whatever it may be, can in nowise affect my claim.
Prof. Morse, in his recent report, says of my system:
"This mode requires no type setting, no new instrument for preparing the paper, no new process of punching paper to bo learned by the operators. The operator prepares his despatch in the usual way by embossing the paper, as if sending a despatch. It is then at once ready for transmission, needing no perforation nor other preparation. The paper strip, with the ombossed characters, is simply passed beneath a delicate lever, like that of the relay magnet. As every embossed part passes under the lever, contact is made longer or shorter according to the length of the embossed line. The result is the same as by tho type process and the punohed paper process."
The Telegrapher. v.6-7. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
keyboards | |
melodeon OR accordion OR bandoneon key - Google Search
(melodeon OR organ OR accordion OR bandoneon) (key OR lever) - Google Search
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安岡孝一先生の記述では、Type writer enterpriseにおけるタイプライターの開発改造工程監理が レミントンに渡るまでは 終始一貫ショールズを中心に進められたかの印象に 描かれてある。たとえば、
他方 CurrentやWellerにおいては、Soule あるいは Porter や Gliddenによって進んだ、ショールズの企画とやや並存して進行した短期プロジェクトがあったやにも受け取れる記述がある。どのような印象に いまのところ私が受け取っているかというと、:
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この辺を知るのに、DensmoreやSholesによる SouleやGliddenらとの特許権の持分関係の整理の話が どうなっていたのかってなあたりについてのCurrentの記述を もう少し読んでみたい。あとIngenious Yankeesだか、
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… クローCloughと … ジェンヌJenneは、Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer『ショールズ・アンド・グリデン・タイプ‐ライター』の試作機[★22]を完成した。ロール紙が使えるタイプライター[★19]を下敷きにしたものの、内部機構は大幅に変更しており、特に、キーと活字棒の接続方法は完全に改変してしまった。（安岡孝一先生ら『キーボード配列 QWERTYの謎』
@amazon37ページより。）
★19 サイエイティフィック・アメリカン誌1872年8月10日号の表紙ページに掲載された『TYPE WRITER』。
Amazon.co.jp： キーボード配列QWERTYの謎: 安岡 孝一, 安岡 素子: 本
★22 『Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer』の試作機。
A female typist operates a Sholes and Glidden typewriter, as depicted in an 1872 Scientific American article.
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CiNii 論文 - QWERTY配列再考図2 Sholesの1872年の試作モデル
図3 1873年の市販モデル
Christopher Latham Sholesが1868年7月に取得したタイプライター特許2)では，キー配列はABC順だった( 図 1)。 1872 年の試作モデル3)では，キー配列はQWERTYに近づき(図2)，1873年にE. Remington & Sons社が発売した市販モデルでは，キー配列はほぼ現在のQWERTYとなった(図3)。 ただしこの時点でも，CとXとMは現在のキー配列とは異なっており，現在の配列になるのは1882 年発売の『Remington Standard Type-Writer No.2』においてである4-6)。
図1と図2のキー配列の間には大きな差異があるが，この理由を「タイプ・バーがもつれてジャムるのを避けるため」とする9)のは，正しくないように思われる。 Sholesのタイプライターにおいては，タイプ・バーとキー配列との間に自由度があり，たとえ タイプ・バーがもつれたとしても，それがキー配列を変える理由にはならないからである。 実際，Sholesの1872年の試作モデル(図2)と1873年の市販モデル(図3)では，キー配列はそう大きくは違わないが，タイプ・バーの配置はまったく異なっている3,8)。
3)
4)
5)
6)
8)
Google 翻訳
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これはプロトタイプでしょうか？ 左側に分銅があるようだが、、
Leading American inventors
Summary
File:Sholes typewriter.jpg - Wikimedia Commons
Description English: Photo of prototype typewriter invented by Christopher Latham Sholes, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule between 1868 and 1873, and manufactured as the 'Sholes & Glidden Type-Writer' by Eliphalet Remington & Sons Co., Ilion, New York, USA, beginning 1874. This was the first typewriter to be a commercial success (about 5000 were made), the first to use the QWERTY keyboard layout invented by Sholes, and the first to be called a typewriter; the term was coined by Sholes. The source does not say which of the many prototypes this is. Since it is dated the year Remington bought the rights, and was in the Buffalo Historical Society museum near the Remington headquarters, it may be the one Sholes and Glidden demonstrated to Remington. Caption text: "Sholes typewriter, 1873 (Museum, Buffalo historical society)" Alterations: removed frame, caption. Note: As the R is on the place it is nowadays, this is a model modified by Remington. There used to be a period on that spot. (see David, 1985, 'Clio and the Economics of QWERTY', pp. 333) Date 1912 Source Downloaded 2008-1-9 from George Iles (1912) Leading American Inventors, Henry Holt & Co., New York, USA, p.328 on Google Books Author George Iles Permission(Reusing this file) Public domain - published in USA before 1923
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Ｒｅ：Ｕ．Ｓ．Ｐａｔｅｎｔ Ｎｏ．１８２５１１の「モデル」(あるいはその同型機)の写真 - 霊犀社２yasuoka (21275) トモダチ トモのトモ : Friday May 30 2008,
えっと、U. S. Patent No.182511の「モデル」(あるいはその同型機)の写真なら、ここ [typewritermuseum.org]にありますけど？
コメント#1352564 | ボタン・アコーディオンとタイプ・ライター | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
最初 ページを見たときには説明書きにSholes & Glidden patent model *
Sholes & Glidden patent model *
Picture 3. The machine in picture 2 is catalogued as a Sholes & Glidden patent model, similar to two patent models held by the Smithsonian institute. This model is close to the early production models, which indicates that it must be one of the later working models, possibly produced in or just before 1873.
Inventors
Sholes & Glidden patent model *と あったものだから、
なんか、こんがらがったのだけれども、
なるほど、確かにそのようかな。安岡孝一先生のご指摘どおり、、
つまり このページに掲載された写真は、Sholes & Schawalbahモデルだってわけだ。
ってことは タイプライター・ミュージーアムで付けられているキャプションが不正確ってことかな？
not Sholes & Glidden patent model, but Sholes & Schawalbah model
Sholes & Glidden patent modelモデルならば、フロントに スペースバーがあるはずかな？
そして この点を指摘していたのが 安岡孝一先生の記述だったわけですね。
yasuoka (21275) トモダチ トモのトモ : Monday June 16 2008,
No.200351には、いわゆる「スペースバー」が追加されていて、少なくともその部分の機構が変わっています。No.200351のClaim 2にも、そう書いてある
コメント#1364465 | ボタン・アコーディオンとタイプ・ライター | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
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2005 年 02 月 10 日
たとえ印字棒がからんだとしても、Sholesの「Type-Writer」においては、キー配列と印字棒の配置との間に自由度があるため、印字棒の配置だけを変えることができる。実際、Sholesの試作品(1872年)と市販品(1873年)との間では、キー配列にはそう大きな違いはない(ここの第1図と第2図aを参照)のに、
第1図 Sholesのタイプライタ ２ ３ ４ ５ ６ ７ ８ ９ － ， ’
Ｑ Ｗ Ｅ ． Ｔ Ｙ Ｉ Ｕ Ｏ ＿
Ａ Ｓ Ｄ Ｆ Ｇ Ｈ Ｊ Ｋ Ｌ Ｍ
＆ Ｚ Ｃ Ｘ Ｖ Ｂ Ｎ ？ ； Ｒ Ｐ第2図(a)『Remington No.1』のキー配列 ２ ３ ４ ５ ６ ７ ８ ９ － ， ＿
Ｑ Ｗ Ｅ Ｒ Ｔ Ｙ Ｕ Ｉ Ｏ Ｐ ：
┇ Ａ Ｓ Ｄ Ｆ Ｇ Ｈ Ｊ Ｋ Ｌ Ｍ
＆ Ｚ Ｃ Ｘ Ｖ Ｂ Ｎ ？ ； ． ’印字棒の配置は全く異なっている(ここのU.S.Patent No.182511とNo.207559を参照)。
QWERTY配列に対する誤解 | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
Sholes' or someone's drawings of kick-up or wires or linkages connected between typebar to key.. and relateds.. - The actuality on - QWERTY history
安岡孝一先生が指定した図だけで比べると、たしかに ワイヤーの張られ具合に"雑然"対"整然"といった差異があるように感じられる。
だが 他のその後の特許書類の説明図まで通しで見てみると、
Christopher Latham Sholesのアメリカ特許
1871年10月29日付のタイプライター特許 | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
これらの特許図では、ワイヤーの張られ具合が、雑然として見える。これらの申請時期はRemingtonが製造納品し始めた1874年よりは かなり後のことなのに である。
（ここでは 一部Jenneらの特許も示してみた。）
No.79868 No.182511 No.200351 No.207559 No.207558 No.207557 |
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|| Sholes' or someone's drawings of kick-up or wires or linkages connected between typebar to key.. and relateds.. - The actuality on - QWERTY history
Sholesらの試作機時代の1873年以前に申請された図と Remingtonにて製造された 市販後に申請された図で比べてみただけでは、そう くっきりと際立った差のない図もあり、 納得し切れなかった。1878年ごろ申請だっけかの図では、ワイヤーの並び具合が 雑然としてみえる、、というか そのあたり あまり変わり映えしていない感じの図になっている。
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.. Sholes started his keyboard from alphabetical arrangement, Keyboard of Hughes-Phelps printing telegraph and then imitated piano-like keyboard of the Hughes-Phelps printing telegraph (.. U. S. Patent No.26003) in 1867. He changed the keys into button-like ones in April, 1870. In his new model he moved vowels to the upper row of the keyboard in order to put the twenty-six letters in ten columns (shown below, taken from Koichi Yasuoka: "QWERTY Revisited", Journal of Information Processing and Management, Vol.48, No.2 (May 2005), pp.115-118).
The Truth of QWERTY
In order to receive Morse telegraph and to write it down, Porter required numerals on Type-Writer. In April, 1870, helped by Matthias Schwalbach, Sholes completed new Type-Writer with 38 keys, which consisted of capitals, numerals 2 to 9, hyphen, comma, period, and question mark. According to typewritten letters and patents of Sholes, the keyboard consisted of four rows, nearly in alphabetical order, but U was next to O.
On the Prehistory of QWERTY
The machine described in the letter under the date of April 21th 1870, is of Clephane.
The evidences of "typewritten letters and patents of Sholes" of supposition by APKYs(March 2011) for the date of "four-banked". - The actuality on - QWERTY history
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, April 21, 1870.1870年4月21日にショールズが打っていたのは Clephaneのタイプライターに改良を加えたものである。2段から4段へとの 大幅な改造を 記載しないことがあったであろうか？ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Charlie----
NIL desperandum,--which being liberally interpreted, means don't despair. Notwithstanding I had the machine done sometime ago, I still continue to make valuable improvements. This machine is Clephane's, which I have made over to the new style.
I have now but one spacing wheel, instead of two, as on your machine. The weight is connected directly with the printing shaft, without the intervention of*1 any pulley and belt. This machine runs thirty lines without winding, it is so fixed, also that I can make paragraphs by merely touching a key, as is spacing the letters. This is a very G R E A T improvement, as you will readily understand. You had better have an entirely new machine, as it is scarcely worth while to work that over with so few characters in it. I am in a hurry and must stop.Yours, ETC, Sholes. The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
I'm not sure, but Clephane was not Morse receiver, wasn't he?
James Ogilvie Clephane (February 21, 1842[1] – November 30, 1910[2]) was an American court reporter and venture capitalist who was involved in improving, promoting and supporting several inventions of his age, including the typewriter, the graphophone, and the linotype machine.
James O. Clephane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
I wonder if on Clephane's machine, the changing to answer for the requirments from Porter of Morse-receiver had done? Then why? The story of connection..
*1：This was 'UF' in the original letter.
どうかな, 編年式, 年表, 作業中, 進展, letter | |
I hope we can say some what if keys of adjacency were at that time,, - The actuality on - QWERTY history
| どのマシン | Ver. | 文献 | 特徴・改良箇所 | 比較対照マシン | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sholes | ワイヤーテンション駆動特許 | ワイヤーテンション駆動 溝つきディスク 貫通型のタイプバーベアリング 紙裏から陽活字打ち出し | |||
| Soule | フィンガーキックアップ駆動 | ||||
| Porter | The American Type Writer | ||||
| Densmore | |||||
| 記事:Millwaukee Sentinel1869だっけか、どうだっけか | |||||
| Densmor & Porter or Souleに改良？ | 手紙:1869年末ごろ | ||||
| Clephane | |||||
| Clephane | 改良１ | 手紙:Sholes to Weller1870年4月21日 | スペーシングホイールシャフト一箇所。おもりによる軸直接駆動。巻きなおしなしに30行打てる。キャラ、多い。 | Weller:スペーシングホイールが二個。おもりによるベルトとかを介した間接駆動。巻きなおしなしに30行は打てない。few chara. | |
| Harrington & Craig & Edison向けデモ | In September, 1870, Mr. Christopher Latham Sholes visited New York to meet Mr. Daniel Hutchins Craig and Mr. George Harrington. | ||||
| Weller | |||||
| Weller | 1870年秋 | ||||
| Sholes? | 手紙:SEPTEMBER 28, 1870.Comments | '&'キーがある。 | |||
| 1870年秋？ | St. Louis? | ||||
| The American Type Writer | 1871年ごろだっけか | ||||
| Emmet | 1872年6月前 | ||||
| Densmore | ホテルにて | 手紙:Sholes to Barron1872年6月9日ごろ | タイプバー駆動ワイヤーのテンションを緩めてみたら アラインメントがよくなったみたいだ。 | Emmetだかのところにある アラインメントのひどいマシンで、同様の処置をして 確かめてみてくれないか。 | |
| NY? | 記事:Scientific American 1872年7月23日 | ||||
| Porter, For デモ | Chicago, at Stager's labo, 1872年秋～1873年春 | Densmore | |||
| Farnham | for Vienna | 187X年 | |||
| Emmet Densmore | Vienna | 187X年 | |||
| Porter, For デモ | 展示会、1873年秋 | Porter |
それは いつか？
Souleが一枚かんでいる事が、改良事業進行の障碍になっていた？
Sholesの欲得？なんだろ、
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いつ"O"と"U"のキーが どのように近づいたか？鍵盤が4段になったのはいつか？キーレヴァーの横幅が薄くなったのはいつか？これらは 微妙に絡まっている、、
数字と記号の計38キーほどが必要である。２６＋８(23456789)＋,.?-,, （後には &C,,
マシンには Sholes系、Soule系、Glidden系があったっぽい。
Porterにいわれたから数字キーが加えられたのだろうか？
In order to receive Morse telegraph and to write it down, Porter required numerals on Type-Writer.
On the Prehistory of QWERTY
というか Sholes系の最初の特許は36キーみたいだったなあ。.-
Current(1954)をみると、なにか、Sholesが述べた根拠文献があるみたいだがなあ、。
He told Densmore he intended to use only thirty-eight keys instead of the forty-two he had earlier suggested — "viz. twenty-six letters, eight figures, comma, period, hyphen, and interrogation point.After we get beyond that there is no reason for three or four more than would be equally good for twenty more. And it is important to have no more than is absolutely essential." Sholes also thought of a more fundamental change. "I think I shall try a spring for motive power instead of a weight. If it works — and I think it will — the machine may be set any place, on a table or anything that will hold it, and operated. It may also be transported in a narrow compass." But he was not to succeed with a spring motor for another couple of years; the model now being constructed for Densmore was not to include it. Nevertheless, Sholes remained certain that his model would exhibit the principles of the
thirty-eight intitle:The intitle:typewriter intitle:and intitle:the intitle:men intitle:who intitle:made intitle:it - Google ????
『キーボード配列 QWERTYの謎』から、それらのキー配列を順に抜き出しておくことにする。
キーボードの歴史 | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -
A E I . ? Y U O ,
B C D F G H J K L M
Z X W V T S R Q P N1870年4月に、Christopher Latham SholesとMatthias Schwalbachが製作した38キーのタイプ・ライターにおいて、用いられていたと考えられるキー配列。
Amazon.co.jp: キーボード配列QWERTYの謎このキー配列は、当時の資料が残っていない以上、著者の空想の産物に過ぎない。しかしながら、…ショールズの当時の手紙を調べると、このキー配列の傍証となる事実が少なからず発見できる。たとえば、･･･1870年4月21日付の手紙を見てみよう。
（安岡 孝一先生ら 『キーボード配列QWERTYの謎』24ページ）@amazon
no title(単行本 - 2008/3)
「英語における文字頻度とタイプライターのキー配列」(英語教育, Vol.58, No.6 (2009年9月), pp.74-75)
高校英語教科書におけるQWERTY配列 | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
2010 年 08 月 10 日
今日発売の『子供の科学』(誠文堂新光社)の「なぜ？なぜ？どうして？」のコーナーに、無事、私(安岡孝一)の回答が掲載された(pp.46-47)。
Re: パソコンのキーボードはどのようにして順番が決められているのですか？ | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
EPUBでの右寄せとセンタリング | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパンKoichi Yasuoka and Motoko Yasuoka: On the Prehistory of QWERTY, ZINBUN, No.42 (March 2011), pp.161-174.
On the Prehistory of QWERTY
に、1870年4月、Sholesらタイプライターの鍵盤は、 四段化されていたと推論してある。
２ ３ ４ ５ ６ ７ ８ ９ Ａ Ｅ Ｉ Ｙ Ｕ Ｏ Ｂ Ｃ Ｄ Ｆ Ｇ Ｈ Ｊ Ｋ Ｌ Ｍ Ｚ Ｘ Ｗ Ｖ Ｔ Ｓ Ｒ Ｑ Ｐ Ｎ
その論拠として"On the Prehistory of QWERTY"は、特許と手紙を挙げている。
In order to receive Morse telegraph and to write it down, Porter required numerals on Type-Writer. In April, 1870, helped by Matthias Schwalbach, Sholes completed new Type-Writer with 38 keys, which consisted of capitals, numerals 2 to 9, hyphen, comma, period, and question mark. According to typewritten letters and patents of Sholes, the keyboard consisted of four rows, nearly in alphabetical order, but U was next to O.
On the Prehistory of QWERTY
- patentは
- (U. S. Patent No.182511 but it has only three rows).のことだろうと思う。
Thursday, August 03, 2006
He changed the keys into button-like ones in April of 1870 (cf. Chas. E. Weller: The Early History of the Typewriter, La Porte (1921)) when he invented a new Type-Writer with a four-row keyboard, in which each row consisted of ten or eleven keys (U. S. Patent No.182511 but it has only three rows). The Truth of QWERTY安岡孝一先生ら(March 2011)の四段化推定の”typewritten letters and patents of Sholes” - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
- でもそれってFiled Mar 30, 1872じゃ。
この手紙には「of」という単語が二回あらわれるが、このうち二番目の「of」という単語を、レイサムは「uf」と打ち間違っている。したがって、1870年4月時点の『タイプ･ライター』では、ＯとＵのキーは隣接して配置されていた可能性が高い。（安岡孝一先生ら『キーボード配列QWERTYの謎』25ページ）
no title
1870年4月21日付け手紙におけるOFをUFと打ち間違えているタイプミスを、OとUのキーが近接していたという仮説の傍証とする記述がある。
たしかに1870年4月21日付け手紙をみると OとUのタイプミスがあるようだが、その数ヶ月後1870年9月28日の手紙での「TとU」「SとT」の タイプミスを安岡孝一先生は どうみているのだろうか。
安岡孝一先生の論法でいけば STUのキーが近接していたと見ることもできるはずだが、。
SholesからWellerに宛てた手紙 Sept. 28, 1870付けに SとT、 TとU、PとQ のミススペルがある。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
タイプミスによって 何が言えるか？ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
あるいは
Lewinの『Economics of QWERTY』 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYKoichiYasuoka 2006/08/17 13:00
…をフォローしてない(あるいはあえて無視してる)･･･
2006-08-17 - インタラクティヴ読書ノート別館の別館
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SholesからWellerに宛てた手紙 Sept. 28, 1870付けに SとT、 TとU、PとQ のミススペルがある。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY？．ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱ ２３４５６７８９，‐ＺＹＸＷＶＵＴＳＲ二段キーボードでＡｔｏＺの折り返し地点を変えるだけでも ＯとＵを近づけうる、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
たとえばだけれども、こんなのはどうかな？
？．ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱ ，‐９８７６５４３２ＺＹＸＷＶＵＴＳＲ
ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱＲ ？．，‐２３４５６７８９ＳＴＵＶＷＸＹＺ
ＯＵは離れてしまうが、１２３４５６７８９０っていうのだったなら こんなのが あったかな、、
ＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱＲＳＴＵＶ ＣＢＡ．２３４５６７８９？，‐ＺＹＸＷ
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Milwaukee, Wisconsin, April 21, 1870.
Charlie----
NIL desperandum,--which being liberally interpreted, means don't despair. Notwithstanding I had the machine done sometime ago, I still continue to make valuable improvements. This machine is Clephane's, which I have made over to the new style.
I have now but one spacing wheel, instead of two, as on your machine. The weight is connected directly with the printing shaft, without the intervention of any pulley and belt. This machine runs thirty lines without winding, it is so fixed, also that I can make paragraphs by merely touching a key, as is spacing the letters. This is a very G R E A T improvement, as you will readily understand. You had better have an entirely new machine, as it is scarcely worth while to work that over with so few characters in it. I am in a hurry and must stop.
Yours, ETC, Sholes. The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Sholesはいくつくかの改造箇所を挙げている。
This machine is Clephane's, which I have made over to the new style.
ここに記載がない事項、、
キーボードの段数の増段にまで及ぶ改造が、この手紙の直前で行われたとは 考えにくいのではないか？
James Ogilvie Clephane
本手紙によれば、
Wellerのマシンには スペーシングホイールが二つあるっぽい。
Wellerのマシンには キャラクターがすくないっぽい。キャラクターって 特徴？文字数？
Weller（1918）によれば、
Wellerは、Porter電信学校のマシンを直接はみていないらしい。キーから出ている板バネのような”カンチレヴァー”で タイプバーを直接キックアップする方式だと推定している。
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Wellerは、語る。
Of the association between Mr. Sholes and Mr. Densmore who came upon the scene for the first time in 1870, two years after the manufacture of the first machine
I can say little or nothing, except that I remember about that time Mr. Densmore came to St. Louis to see me and satisfy himself in regard to the practical work that had been done on the machine and obtain a testimonial from me in regard to its work.
I afterwords learned that he obtained from Mr. Sholes a right to manufacture a machine under his patent for a stipulated sum. and sometime afterwords 1 saw a card with a cut of a machine that was manufactured under the name of Densmore & Porter and was being used in a commercial school in
Chicago, of which Mr. Porter was the principal. The machine contained the same features as the Sholes machines, except that it dispensed with the long wires running from the keys to the bottom of the table attached to the trivets and thence to the type bars as previously described. I understand that this machine was known as the "cantilever" machine, and was operated by means of short stiff wires running laterally with and soldered to the ends of the keys and connected with the type bars in such manner as to throw them up against the paper as each key was struck. I am unable to describe the machine in detail, never having seen it. The principal effect of the change was to reduce the leverage between the keys and the type bars several inches and confine the movement to a space of not more than two or three inches in depth, which would seem to be an improvement, but the machine did not prove a success for the reason, as I understand, that it was found that the wires were unable to sustain the lateral strain, and would naturally become bent out of shape, and for that reason its manufacture was abandoned. In the meantime, however, Mr. Sholes continued to manufacture his machines, and the process of evolution was going on, looking also towards reducing the size of the machine and getting all its parts into the shortest possible compass, which was the result of the machine sent to me in the fall of 1870, which I have already described.
I will close the reading of this correspondence by reading the last letter in my possession which was written in the spring of 1873, at the time that Mr. Sholes found himself compelled by lack of financial means to abandon the control of the manufacture of the machine and place it in other hands.
Reading between the lines in this letter we detect a vein of sadness, very much akin to the feelings of a mother who is compelled to abandon her child by placing it in the hands of others who are better able to nourish it and care for its future growth.
The early history of the typewriter, . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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KoichiYasuoka 2006/08/17 13:00
だとすると稲葉さん、このネタ「qwertyの話」とは全然違うように見えますよ。稲葉さんが、David以後の議論(たとえばPeter Lewinの『Economics of QWERTY』(2002)とか)をフォローしてない(あるいはあえて無視してる)ので、同じに見えちゃうっていうだけのことじゃないんですか？
2006-08-17 - インタラクティヴ読書ノート別館の別館
The Economics of QWERTY: History, Theory, and Policy -- Essays by Stan J. Liebowitz and Stephen E. Margolis | Economic History Services
no titlePage 1
The Economics of QWERTY: Theory, History and Policy.
Essays by Stan J. Liebowitz and Stephen E. Margolis.
© New York: New York University Press and London: Palgrave Publishing, 2001
11
The Current State of the Debate Involving the Economics of QWERTY
Peter Lewin
David's Story and the Lack of Response
Cicero demands of historians, first that we tell true stories. I intend fully to perform my duty on this occasion .... (David, 1985, 332)
With this sentence Paul David begins his story. This, as we have seen, is somewhat ironic, because, if Liebowitz and Margolis are to be believed, the account that he gives is not true. He has recently objected (David 1997a, b, 1999a, b) that the article was not intended as an accurate historical record, but merely as an illustrative hypothetical interpretation of history, a prelude to the exhortation to economists to do more economic history. If this is the case, then the quoted sentence seems out of place.
Google 翻訳
Paul Allan Davidは「経済史学者」のはず (スコア:1)
yasuoka (21275) トモダチ トモのトモ : Thursday January 03 2008, @01:30PM (#1274873 )
Paul Allan Davidが純粋に経済学者なら、私もここまで噛み付かないんですけどね。でも、Davidは『Understanding the Economics of QWERTY ― The Necessity of History』の冒頭で
Cicero demands of historians, first, that we tell true stories. I intend fully to perform my duty on this occasion, by giving you a homely piece of narrative economic history in which 'one damn thing follows another.'
という風に、ご自分の「歴史学者としての使命」を表明なさってらっしゃるんですよ。そのくせ、ちゃんとQWERTYの歴史を調べてきれていない。しかも、歴史的な証拠に関する問題点を指摘されると
QWERTYに最も批判的な人は、その歴史的な証拠に関する点にばかり焦点を当てて攻撃を繰り返し、私がQWERTYの経験から提起したかった理論的な問題を全く理解しようとしていない。
と居直ってみせる。学者としてその態度どうよ、ってのが正直なところだったりします。
コメント#1274873 | 経済学者の言い訳 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
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Current(1949)には metalともあるが、Current(1954)では どうか。
それ以前との差として、
key-leverを、フロントからリアのヒンジまで マシン下を通した。
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Misspells
SEPTEMBER 28, 1870. - The actuality on - QWERTY history
- MOTT: MOST? ..ST
- THREAUENS: threatens? ..TU
- CONCEQTION:CONCEPTION? ..PQ
安岡孝一先生の論法 理屈で行けば、ST、TU、PQのキーが近接していたということになる。
安岡孝一先生が着目する OとUのタイプミス(April 21, 1870)も考慮すれば、
たとえば、このようなキー配置も、候補配列となろう。
？．ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱ ２３４５６７８９，‐ＺＹＸＷＶＵＴＳＲ二段キーボードでＡｔｏＺの折り返し地点を変えるだけでも ＯとＵを近づけうる、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
letter | |
ひとつの事例を以って 何かを断定的に述べることを 諌められたことがあった。NO
My point is that neither scenario can ever be proved. Without witness to the moment of that error, any notion of what might have caused it is pure speculation and does not tip the scales either for or against your clashing typebar theory. You'd need to find multiple other instances of the same N/O gap to build even circumstantial evidence.
~Alan
Yahoo! Groups
| 手紙 | 日付 | 気になるところ | |
| Sholes to Densmore | 1869年10月18日付 | NにつづくOを打ちそこない、改めてNOと打ち直している。promised のP, themのEのタイプ落ちがある。 | http://qwerty-history.g.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20110106/1294287378 |
| Sholes to Weller | April 21, 1870 | OとUのタイプミス | http://kygaku.g.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20110507/1304699427 |
| Sholes to Weller | July | 原本未見 | |
| Sholes to Weller | Sept. 28, 1870 | SとT,TとU,PとQのタイプミス | http://qwerty-history.g.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20110510/1305061711 |
| Sholes to Weller | Mar. or Feb. 14, 1871 | ||
| Sholes to Barron | June 9, 1872 | Uに_がハックしている。 | http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015004313386;view=image;size=100;page=root;seq=61;num=51 |
| Sholes to Weller | 1873年4月30日 | FとG,UとYのミスタイプ | http://qwerty-history.g.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20110510/1305061712 |
1872年6月9日には、1872年7月23日のサイエンティフィック・アメリカンの取材配列
1873年4月30日には QW.TYUIO YUが隣接していたか、、
キートップが小さくても、 ボタンが小さくても、 それがくっついて配置されていたとしたなら 押し間違えられやすくないか。
正面から見るとどうなっている？どうなっていた？ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY:
ならばSholes & Glidden機のキーレヴァーは金属製か？
S&Gのキーレヴァーは木製ですか？金属製ですか？ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
どうも少なくともオール金属製では ないっぽい可能性が高まってきた、、
key-lever: wooden(Pine wood wrapped with Manila paper for reinforce?), wood or metal - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
ならば、なぜCurrent(1949,1954)にmetalと あるのか？
少し込み入っているので、まずは 日本語で組み立ててみて確認しておくべきか、、
これを検討したいが、、
Current(1949)によれば、明記はされていないが、
Current（1949,1954）にSchwalbachによるキーボード四段化のくだりで metal keyboardだったかとかがでてくる、、
Reading ”The Truth”: Re: Excuse me.. This is me who sent an opotunistic and mistakable messageWhich are we talking about (Type-bars or sub-levers)?
Are we talking about
- type-bars or
- sub-levers
when making reference to early
- Remington or
- Caligraph
type-writers?
Not sure I know of such a type-writer.
I believe most all very early Remington and Caligraph type-writers had
- metaltype-bars and
- wood sub-levers (something to do with alignment).
It would seem the wood type-bars would soon find themselves out of alignment and thus
would find themselves on a junk pile. Perhaps someone on the list knows of such a machine. Check with DR.
Yahoo! Groups
|
(wooden OR wood) ?? key-lever?? (type-writer OR type-writing) - Google Search
hi-tech composite material, fiber reinforced wood of surface
Pine wood wrapped with Manila paper for reinforce?
pressure of roller iu3 against the envelope be printed upon a 30 passed through a arranged to bear point of attachment to Fig 2 By turning this may be urged more or 35 or roll C
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"double up", WRITING-MACHINES --- THEIR USE AND ABUSE, GENERAL REMARKS - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
WRITING MACHINES THEIR USE AND ABUSE (Concluded) CARBON PAPER
|
raycy @ wiki - 「QWERTY伝承」あるいは「QWERTY言説」の読み方
高頻度文字組を文字上段中段に集めている。これにより、高頻度文字組を構成する要素文字のタイプバーの隣接が回避されている。
これに対し、別の意見がある。
安岡孝一先生は主張する。http://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/publications/PreQWERTY.html
| 時期 | 発案者 | 文字移動理由 | 対象文字 |
| 1870年4月までに | ショールズら発案 | 母音 半母音 | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A E I . ? Y U O , B C D F G H J K L M Z X W V T S R Q P N |
| 1872年7月までに | Harrington&Craig | 高頻度子音 | Tを利便地に |
| 1872年7月までに | Harrington&Craig | 半母音 | Wを母音グループ段に |
| 1872年7月までに | Harrington&Craig | Qは低頻度文字(or電信でよく使う 2010年子供向け科学雑誌解説) | Qを僻地左上隅に |
| 1872年7月までに | Harrington&Craig | 年号1800年代に便利に | Iを８の近くに |
| 1872年7月までに | Harrington&Craig | 米国モールス符号受信用 | SをEZの近くに |
| 1872年7月23日 | (Scientific American取材) | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Q W E . T Y I U O - A S D F G H J K L M Z C X V B N R P | |
| 1873年3月ごろ | (Remingtonへ持ち込んだ試作機) | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - , Q W E . T Y I U O P : Z S D F G H J K L M A X & C V B N ? ; R ' | |
| 1873年9月ごろ | Jenne & Clough | ERを便利に。(Pを孤立させない) | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Q W E R T U I O P Y |
| 1874年春までに | Sholes | 8とIの隣接回避？ | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Q W E R T Y U I O P |
| 1878年 | (Remington No.2) | (23456789)→ | |
| 1882年 | (Remington standard No.2, Wyckoff,Seamans&Benedict) | 特許抵触回避 | C←→X,N*←M |
何度も 再配置しているようである。
そんななかで、数字段との組み合わせによる4段化への気付きは、タイプバーの衝突への効果として、決定的なものとなったのではなかろうか。Stickneyもkana配列において踏襲しようとしているようである。
David(1985)“Clio and the Economics of QWERTY”に「QWERTYは打鍵速度を落としてアームの衝突を防ぐために考え出された配列だと言われる。」とあるか？David「in an effort to reduce the frequency of typebar clashes」ってあるみたいだけれども、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliFrom the inventor’s trial—and—error rearrangements of the original model’s alphabetical key ordering. in an effort to reduce the frequency of typebar clashes, there emerged a four-row, upper case keyboard approaching the modem QWERTY standard.
特許料の支払い構成などは どうなっていたのだろうか。
それは、本当に特許料支払いの関係だったのだろうか。
In order to evade the patents that were assigned to the Type Writer Company,
In order to evade the patents that were assigned to the Type Writer Company, WS&B slightly changed the design of No. 2 including the keyboard arrangement (Fig. 9), where M was moved next to N, and C was exchanged with X. It was the QWERTY keyboard arrangement as seen nowadays.
On the Prehistory of QWERTY
タッチタイプの定義 | |
Humphrey’s manual of type-writing, business letterwriter, ... . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Humphrey’s manual of type-writing, business letter-writer, and exercises for phonographic practice : a guide to the art of type-writing for use in schools, colleges and copying offices
7. The exact location of each letter on the key board should be so thoroughly memorized that the finger can be placed upon any of them without the least hesitation, and if necessary with the eyes closed. Especially should those who aim at the attainment of speed not neglect this injunction.
7. The exact location of each letter on the key board should be so thoroughly memorized that the finger can be placed upon any of them without the least hesitation, and if necessary with the eyes closed. Es- pecially should those who aim at the attainment
TYPEハイフンWRITER説 | |
De Fontaine's condensed long-hand and rapid writer's companion: for the use ... - Felix Gregory De Fontaine - Google ブックス
仮説：「キーボードの横幅を狭くするには キーレバーの横幅が狭い必要があろう。それはキーレヴァーが木製から金属製に置き換わってから達成可能となったであろう。」は危機にある。
四段のようなキーの並べ順なら、二段鍵盤でもできるっていうか、
安岡孝一氏が推量する 四段化がなされていたであろう時期の推定は それ自体がひとつの新説であるので、この点の検証で いったん立ち止まって考えておくべきではないか。
ところで、
四段化と 書いてきたけれども、こんなのも、効果としては、四段化に似た効果があるかも、と。
訂正予定。図にアポストロフィーが抜けている。 四段化が なされている時期の認定について。というか、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
両方の条件を達成するためには、キーレヴァーの横幅を狭く薄くする必要があるだろう。
（この図の数字段は、左にずれちゃってる、。右にキーひとつ分ずらさなきゃ、、）
正面から見るとどうなっている？どうなっていた？ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
と思っていたのだが、Caligraph #2においては、"key-leversは fine-grain wood painted in black"だという。
>> I know
>> from direct observation that the Caligraph #2 has wooden keylevers.
The wooden key-levers that ran front-to-rear underneath were
of a fine-grain wood that had been painted black
Yahoo! Groups
まてよ？
二段のままで、キートップだけボタンにするってのもあるなあ、、ボタンにすれば 黒鍵の幅を、というか黒鍵に相当する奥側のキートップの直径を 手前側の白鍵幅に相当すると同じサイズ程度にまで キートップの直径をでかくできる。
それが、中間段階にあってもおかしくは無いかな、、 Hughesでも むしろ初期特許では そんなふうだったみたいだし、、
TYPEハイフンWRITER説, どうかな | |
THE New England Magazine. New Series. PAWTUCKET fr* OCTOBER, 189o. Vol. III. No. 2.
The New England magazine. n.s. v.3 (1890/91)
A HAMERTON TYPE-WRITER.
By Eliza Orne White.
RICHARD COPLEY ARMSTRONG,
the rising young novelist, was sitting
in his study in an attitude of pro-
found thought. So absorbed was he as he
bent over his type-writer, that he did not
hear the announcement of his maid-of-all-
work that dinner was ready. This appel-
lation, by the way, is scarcely the right
one to apply to the buxom matron of fifty
who stood in the doorway with her arms
a-kimbo and shouted, " Dinner, dinner,
Mr. Richard ! "
The young man raised his head at last,
and said thoughtfully, "U, I, O, P, —that
stands for ' You I owe ; patience.' "
" He's gone clean daft over that little
machine of his'n," said the unsympathetic
Mrs. Bassett. " Patience ! that is certainly
just what is needed in this house; but as
for owing me, you don't; you paid me every
stiver of my wages last Saturday night."
Mr. Armstrong bent his head over the
type-writer again, and murmured, " D, F,
G, H ; or,' demented fool go home.' Oh,
I had forgotten that you were here, Mrs.
Bassett," he said good-naturedly. He had
not been addressing her; he was merely
trying to learn the alphabet of his type-
writer, by associating words with the letters.
That evening he struggled for a long
time over a note to his friend, John Law-
son. It was written on the type-writer, and
ran as follows : —
Dear Jack: )
The New England magazine. n.s. v.3 (1890/91). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
" Don't go," Richard begged. " Q, W,
E, R, T, Y, — Queen, worthy, that's how
I remember the letters, — worthy Queen,
my Queen, don't go. U, I, O, P, patience.
A, S, demented fool, go, — no, that is not
so good as the other; what is the other? "
The New England magazine. n.s. v.3 (1890/91). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Only one set of letters, but you must
be careful to press the stop for the capitals
Z, X, C, V, ' Zealous Xerxes collects vio-
lins '; that's how I remember them; but
the question-marks and the periods are
the hardest."
"J, K, L stands for John Kingsley Law-
son," Richard murmured.
The New England magazine. n.s. v.3 (1890/91). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
史料 | |
Showing 1 - 20 of 192 Results for all fields:type-writing OR type-writer OR typewriter OR typewriting OR writing-machine OR Caligraph
Catalog Search Results | Hathi Trust Digital Library
TYPEハイフンWRITER説 | |
BEING VARIOUS SNAP SHOTS OF THE LITTLE
CITY THAT HAD THE BIG FIGHT
•
By Harris Merton Lyon
Noise made by stenographer—"qwerty-
uiop;lkjhgfdsazxc" and then—
|
5E. Human Factors Engineering
AD-A108 930/9 PC A02/MF A01
California Univ., San Diego, La Jolla. Center for Human
lnformation Processing.
Why Alphabetic Keyboards Are Not Easy to Use:
Keyboard Layout Doesn't Much Matter.
Technical rept.,
Donald A. Norman, and Diane Fisher. 15 Nov 81,
22p Rept no. 8106
Contract N00014-79-C-0323
lt is well known that the Sholes or 'qwerty' keyboard is
deficient in designed, hard to learn, and awkward to
use. Alphabetically organized keyboards would appear
to be superior for novice typists, but this has not been
demonstrated in previous studies of typing. These ex-
periments confirm the lack of virtue for alphabetically
organized keyboards over both a randomly organized
one and over the standard Sholes keyboard. To take
advantage of the alphabetic keyboard requires consid-
erable mental processing on the part of the user, and
this processing is neither easy to do nor does it appear
to offer much savings over visual search of the key-
board. The novice is faced with a tradeoff between
mental processing and visual search, and this tends to
make different keyboard layouts equivalent. ln addi-
tion, many people know at least something about the
Sholes keyboard, and even this little knowledge is
useful, with the result that their performance will usual-
ly be better on Sholes than on alphabetic keyboards
(and certainly no worse). The conclusion is that it is not
worthwhile to use alphabetic keyboards for novice typ-
ists, nor to change to the Dvorak layout for experts.
Keyboards can probably be improved, but only though
radical redesign of the present physical key configura-
tion.
no title
以前、兼業アコーディオン奏者：堀越功が、ボタンアコーディオンとの類似性を指摘していた。
鍵盤2段から4段化における、ボタンアコーディオンへの参照の可能性。「どう見てもピアノには見えない」だっけか、とか、というか印刷電信機の花粉がついているというか、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY『日経コミュニケーション』2008年5月15日号p.77『キーボード配列 QWERTYの謎』の書評、著者 堀越功
ボタン・アコーディオンとタイプ・ライター | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパンなお本書では触れていないが，初期のタイプライターが，ピアノ型のキーから3列，4列のキー配列に代わった背景には，同じように3列，4列のキー構造を持つボタン・アコーディオンの影響があるように思う。アームの構造も初期のタイプライターとアコーディオンはよく似ている。いかがだろうか。
私などにはむしろ、バンドネオンだかの骨組み写真を見たときに、それらしい雰囲気を感じたりしたものだった。
バンドネオン：ダイアトニックとクロマチックやアコーディオンとでは、一見バラバラとメロディアスの差が、 - 霊犀社２
だが、Caligraph #2のキーレヴァーが木製だと知って 改めてみると、うーむ そうかあ、、確かにそのように感じられる面が 機構にもあるかなあ、、
ボタンアコーディオンがバルブ制御系操作なのに比べて、タイプライターでは駆動力供給も兼ねるから動力伝達面としてキートップには ある程度の面積が必要だ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
>:title>
>:title>
>:title>
>:title>
Humphrey（ 1887 (or 1886) ）"The exact location of each letter on the key board should be so thoroughly memorized", with three（or two if difficult) fingers of each hand and the thumb - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Hunphrey（1887）のキー記憶って、1886年ごろから1888年7月25日までのTraubと、まあ似たようなもんじゃないでしょうか？それってタッチタイプ？
今で言うタッチタイプって、キー位置を キートップに表示のない白鍵盤の各キーの割り当て文字を正確に言い当てられることでしょうか？
ちなみに
|
1949年Current, Richard Nelson "The original typewriter enterprise: 1867-1873"(1949）には、こうある。
四段化の時期。ワイヤー時代、リンク棒時代。シュバルバッハの関与時期。 - 霊犀社２Wisconsin Magazine Of History ArchivesThe inventor soon adopted a new keyboard, of Schwalbach's devising, which consisted of four rows of metal key levers and buttons set in ascending banks.18
18 Schwalbach afterwards said that " while he continued to work for Mr. Sholes for $3.00 a day, during the winter of 1870, he took up the work independently in his home." He "worked out the four-bank key board, and in the spring of 1871, he laid his completed model before Messrs. Sholes and Glidden." Howard, in Typewriter Topics, 3:8. ←
Wisconsin magazine of history: Volume 32, number 4, June 1949 :: Wisconsin Magazine of History Archives
この初期タイプライターにおけるupstrikeメカの解説の図に ”レヴァーは木製”とある。
P. G. Hubert, JR. "The typewriter; its growth and uses" - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYThe Inland Printer - Google ブックス
SOME TYPE WRITERS THEIR ORIGIN AND USES, II - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYIt will be noticed that there was a remarkable similarity in the plan and accomplishments of this machine and Francis', described before; but the latter was excelled in compactness, durability, fineness of construction, and ease of operation, as much as the Remington model of today is ahead of its predecessor of ten years ago. The Sholes & Glidden machine had steel type inserted to rise vertically at the ends of bars depending from a circle, and slightly converging, and each type-face was at an angle of its own, to print in line when brought to the platen. These typefaces were cut especially to deceive the eye in their impressions, as each struck in an equal space, thick and thin alike, and the appearance of spacing words could only be avoided in that way. Scanning a page of type-writing from top to bottom, or vice versa, will reveal the characters printed in columns. Fig. 4 is a section of the machine,
The Inland Printer - Google ブックスshowing the connection of the type-bars with the levers proceeding from the keyboard, and the principles of the printing action. L is a wooden lever hinged at the back of the frame at its lower part. A is the end displayed on the keyboard, being a glass-faced cap covering the character, and offering a surface for the touch of a finger. W is a wire connecting the lever with a type-bar above, which of itself is a lever fulcrumed close to the wire connection, and hangs as shown. T is the type in position. If A is touched, L is depressed, and T moves upward, following the direction of the dotted line in the diagram. A spring under each lever near its hinge forces the key back to its position after the touch is removed, and the type is correspondingly retired from the impressing point. R shows the position of the inking ribbon, which passes from one reel to another, the motion being reversible when desired. S and N are merely other keys. J is the top of the frame, and C is the platen holding the paper, being stripped of its details, of course.
Patent number: 182511
Filing date: Mar 30, 1872
Issue date: Sep 19, 1876
Patent US182511 - IMPROVEMENT IN TYPE-WRITING MACHINES - Google Patents
四段化 | |
U. S. Patent No.182511、、Filing date: Mar 30, 1872 Issue date: Sep 19, 1876 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
- the keys into button-like ones in April of 1870 (cf. Chas. E. Weller: The Early History of the Typewriter, La Porte (1921))
- a four-row keyboard, in which each row consisted of ten or eleven keys (U. S. Patent No.182511 but it has only three rows).
Patent number: 182511
Filing date: Mar 30, 1872
Issue date: Sep 19, 1876
キーレヴァーは金属性か？ 四段化は1870年4月か、1870年12月か、1871年春か、それとも、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Weller(1921)には タイプライター仕様の大きな変化時期をうかがわせる いくつかの手紙が紹介されていたりする。
四段化の時期を推定する根拠としている手紙として、どれを採用するか。
安岡孝一先生説とCurrent説を併記すれば、
In April, 1870, helped by Matthias Schwalbach, Sholes completed new Type-Writer with 38 keys, which consisted of capitals, numerals 2 to 9, hyphen, comma, period, and question mark. According to typewritten letters and patents of Sholes, the keyboard consisted of four rows, nearly in alphabetical order, but U was next to O.
On the Prehistory of QWERTY
Thursday, August 03, 2006
He changed the keys into button-like ones in April of 1870 (cf. Chas. E. Weller: The Early History of the Typewriter, La Porte (1921)) when he invented a new Type-Writer with a four-row keyboard, in which each row consisted of ten or eleven keys (U. S. Patent No.182511 but it has only three rows). The Truth of QWERTY
|
どこかで one tenとかあったが、見つからん、、不具合発生機十台中9台は 、、 ten nineか、、
これか、
A careful examination by a person with even little mechanical skill will usually disclose the trouble, which in nine cases out of ten will prove to be something other than the necessity for altering the tensions.
Browne’s phonographic monthly and reporters’ ... v. 12 (1887). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
|
Remington Arms in American history. . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital LibraryContents
Remington Arms in American history. . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
- PART I—Enterprise on the Mohawk
- PART II—Enterprise at Bridgeport
- 24 A WRITING MACHINE 167
- 25 THE CRISIS 177
- PART III—Remington Arms—U. M. C.
- 37 FROM PEARL HARBOR ON 276
- AFTERWORD RETOOLING FOR PEACE 282
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Riding BICYCLES
__o __o o __o ,__o o__, _ Y<_ -Y<, _/Y_> _`Y<,_ _-Y_<, ,>_/-_ (_)/(_) O / O O,> / O (*)/ (*) (*)/'(*) (*)`Y(*) o _ /<. (*)>(*)no title
__o __o o __o ,__o o__,
_ Y<_ -Y<, _/Y_> _`Y<,_ _-Y_<, ,>_/-_
(_)/(_) O / O O,> / O (*)/ (*) (*)/'(*) (*)`Y(*)
o
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(*)>(*)
|
Clarence G Dinsmore New York
(380.) Emmet Dinsmore, Meadville, Pa.― Shole's type-writer; a machine for writing by pressing on a bank of keys.
REPORTS OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE INTERNATIONAL ... - Google ブックス
380 EMMET DINSMORE Meadville Pennsylvania
Official Catalogue of the American Department - Google ブックス
- Sholes Type Writer a Machine for Writing by pressing on a bank of keys size and arrangement of lines paragraphs and pages varied at pleasure and several copies made at once
- Shole's Buchstabenschreiber cine Maschine urn zu schreiben indem man auf einer Reihe von Tasten driickt Crosse und Anordnung der Linien Paragraphe und Seiten kann nach Belieben veriindert und mehrere Copien auf einmal verfer tigt werden
- Shole's Type Writer ou machine à écrire au moyen d une série de touches es pacement et disposition des lignes paragraphes pages variees au gré de l écrivain plusieurs copies obtenues à la fois
Densmore E 668 Type writing machines
Printing paper composing and distributing type
Densmore & Farnham 668
Descriptive index [afterw.] Chronological and descriptive index of patents ... - Patent office - Google ブックス
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Farnham CH 668 Type writing machines
Alphabetical index of patentees and applicants for patents of invention, by ... - Patent office - Google ブックス
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P. G. Hubert, JR. "The typewriter; its growth and uses" - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
The typewriter of 1874 and that of to day are two different machines The earliest typewriters printed capital letters they were more or less liable to get out order in a word there have been wonderful improvements or the machine would not stand where it does to day
The noise made by the old machine has been greatly lessened and its liability to get out of order reduced
Last summer in England Miss Emiline S Owen who went over to show Englishmen what could be done with the Remington typewriter wrote for three minutes at a speed of ninety nine words a minute the same matter having been previously written out in longhand by Mr Thomas Allen Reed one of the most rapid longhand writers in the world at the unprecedented rate of sixty five words per minute the best that he could do
Portuguese Italian Spanish Polish
One language for which no typewriter has been as yet constructed is the Chinese as its 30,000 characters would necessitate making an apparatus too large and complicated for use
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タイプライター設立以前に、Emmetも 多少は Sholes type-writerの（特許申請やら？）Viennaでのマーケティングやらにかんでいた。
ところで、1873年申請の特許？
|
AD 1872 May 14 No 1458 LAKE William Robert of the firm of Haseltine Lake & Co patent agents Southampton Buildings London A communication from Emmett Densmore of the city and state of New York United States of America An improved vehicle for painting The said invention consists in a composition the constituent parts of which are petroleum rosin tallow or lard and linseed oil
AD 1872 May 14 No 1459 LAKE William Robert of the firm of Haseltine Lake & Co patent agents Southampton Buildings London A communication from Christian Frederick Theodor Steinway of the city and state of New York United States of America manufacturer Improvements in pianofortes This invention consists in the arrangement in a pianoforte of a series of strings in each of which the vibrations of that portion of the string situated between the agraffe or its equivalent and the tuning pin are brought in harmony with the vibrations of the main portion of the string in such a manner that the purity and fulness of the tone of the instrument is materially increased also in the arrangement in a pianoforte of a series of strings in each of which the longitudinal vibrations of that portion of the string situated between the sounding board bridge and the hitch pin are brought in harmony with the vibrations of the main section of the string so that the purity and fulness of the tone of the instrument is improved
Descriptive index [afterw.] Chronological and descriptive index of patents ... - Patent office - Google ブックス
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Written for The Inland Printer SOME TYPE WRITERS THEIR ORIGIN AND USES BY IB HULIdf II improved features steadily becoming shown at the THE INLAN D PRINTER
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Written for The Inland Printer SOME TYPE WRITERS THEIR ORIGIN AND USES BY JB HULING III
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Written for The Inland Pkintfr SOME TYPE WRITERS THEIR ORIGIN AND USES NO VI BY JB HULIHG
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Written for The Inland Printer SOME TYPE WRITERS THEIR ORIGIN AND USES NO V BY JB HULING
He changed the keys into button-like ones in April of 1870 (cf. Chas. E. Weller: The Early History of the Typewriter, La Porte (1921)) when he invented a new Type-Writer with a four-row keyboard, in which each row consisted of ten or eleven keys (U. S. Patent No.182511 but it has only three rows).
The Truth of QWERTY
|
"double up."
THE NEW-YORK TYPE WRITER EXCHANGE.
W. J. BARRON, Manager.
NO. 200 BROADWAY NEW-YORK
ALL KINDS OF TYPE WRITERS BOUGHT, SOLD, RENTED AND EXCHANGED. THE ONLY PLACE IN NKW-
york to get a Typewriter properly repaired. Typewriter supplies a speciality. We
guarantee every machine sold by us. Our Mr. Barron has recently patented
an improvement to the carriage of the Caligraph which dispenses with the
release-key and one of the guide-rods and makes the tension one-
half easier. It makes the machine run 25 per cant, faster and it is impossible to make the letters
"double up." We have applied the improvement to more than two hundred machines and all are
giving great satisfaction -
We refer to Mr. Edward F. Underhill, who has nine Caligraphs in use. The following ex-
plains itself.
TOMPKINS AVE. CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH,
Geo. F. Pentecost, D. D., Pastor,
Brooklyn, N. Y. Dec. 41b. 1886
W. J. Barron, Manager,
N. Y. Type Writer Exchange.
Dear Sir:—I am very much pleased with your new attachment to the car-
riage of the Caligraph. It certainly adds to the steadiness of the machine; it relieves it of much
lost power by reason of the lessened friction which is accomplished by taking away one of the
guiding rods. The dispensing with the release key is also a great improvement. I have your
attachment on three machines in constant use and most heartily commend the improvement to all
who use the Caligraph. Yours truly,
GEO. F. PENTECOST.
Browne’s phonographic monthly and reporters’ ... v. 12 (1887). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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I think in March 1870 we made a machine for Burnham of Chicago.
At that time our " space-key " was a black key in shape and size just like one of the type-keys. After Burnham had had his machine about a week, I called on him on my way through Chicago as I was coming home [to Meadville], he then suggested that I have two space-keys, — one at each side of the key-board, — and that they be made with a broad lip to extend out laterally ...
The idea so commended itself to me that I wrote then and there back to Milwaukee to have it done and when I got to Meadville, I wrote again and as I went on to Washington directly as soon as I got there I wrote again. These letters were taken to the shop and read or handed to Glidden as he was there every day. Sholes directed Schwalbach to make the two space-keys as I had written and when he had got the levers done Glidden suggested why not put a flat bar across from one lever to the other and thus have a space-key all the way across " the idea had only to be stated to be adopted.19
Wisconsin magazine of history: Volume 32, number 4, June 1949 :: Wisconsin Magazine of History Archives
Current(1954)"The typewriter and the men who made it"をみると、ショールズが誕生日1871年2月14日に書いた手紙は 4段化されたキーボードとしているみたいである。four ascending rows
The typewriter and the men who made it
Richard Nelson Current - 1988 - 164 ページ - スニペット表示
But the progress he now made cheered him. On his fifty-second birthday, February 14, 1871, he wrote to Weller in St. Louis:
"I have now a machine, on which I am doing this work, which is an entirely different thing. It has not the same apearance. I have been running this about two months, and it seems to get better, rather than otherwise. Densmore is very sanguine of very valuable results from the thing. Since this machine has been running I am getting more hope in the premises."
Sholes's typewriter at this stage did look quite different from the model that Weller was using. Gone, for example, was the piano keyboard. Kleinsteuber's mechanic Schwalbach had produced an entirely new one, consisting of buttons set compactly in four ascending rows. ...
said, "that the various parts can be made by machinery, without this everlasting filing and fitting, which makes but a botch after it is done.
One of the improvements was a revision of the keyboard. There had been two things wrong with having the keys in alphabetical order. First, the most often used letters were not necessarily the most accessible, and, second, some of these letters were so close together that the typebars hung as they were in a circular "basket," collided more frequently than need be. As experienced printers, Sholes and Densmore were familiar with the type case, in which the pieces were assorted according to convenience and not according to the alphabet. The two men, working together, finally rearranged the typewriter keyboard in the spirit of the printer's case, though they did not duplicate its particular arrangement. They agreed upon a pattern — qwertyuiop, etc.
The typewriter and the men who made it 。four ascending rows” - Google Search
1870年から1872年にかけてのタイプミスをしらべてみたい、、
1869年も。NO DE STはどうかな、、
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It is only the invisible oil that lubricates and the surplus merely catches dust and clogs and retareis the action of the machinery causing the machine to run unnecessarily hard and the letters to "double up" or strike over each other giving rise to the belief that the tensions need altering
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noticed by many physicians in the
past few years, and it has increased
with the growth of the use of typewriters in all departments
of commercial and professional work.
A SENSATIONAL STORY'S MORAL.
CHE New York Morning Journal is
notorious for springing sensational
stories on its unfortunate readers,
but its efforts have never been so
wonderfully expended as in the pro
duction of the following blood-curd-
ling yarn, which recently appeared
in its columns.
"A new mtntal disease has been
noticed by many physicians in the
past few years, and it has increased
with the growth of the use of typewriters in all departments
of commercial and professional work.
It usually begins with a slight but persistent headache.
Then gradually the memory fails, so that persons affected
become absent-minded to such a degree that they are
scarcely to be trusted alone. Dyspepsia, with all its horrors,
follows, and finally the patient becomes unfitted for all men-
tal exertion.
This is a description of typewriters' insanity given to a
reporter of the Morning Journal by Dr. Charles Higgins, of
Brooklyn, who has had several such cases under his charge.
'The disease is as real as writers' cramp,' the doctor said,
although when its cause was first suggested to be the use of
the typewriter it was laughed at as absurd. People laughed
at writers' cramp in the same way twenty years ago.'
'How can the use of a typewriter cause dyspepsia?'
asked the reporter.
'Well, to explain that.' said the doctor, ' I should have to
go over all that we know of that marvellous telegraph plant
which every human being carries about with him, known as
the nervous system. Specialists who have studied nerve dis-
eases discovered years ago that there were what we now
know as reflex actions. That is, that a condition which af-
fects one portion of the body produces a similar or opposite
effect on another portion, just as a telephone wire is made
useless by the induced current from an electric light wire.
Perhaps the most familiar example of this is the fact that a
piece of grit or dirt in an eye will cause the other to smart
and become inflamed through sympathy.'
Here the doctor produced diagrams of the keyboards of
half a dozen of the prominent makes of typewriters.
'Now, as you see,' he went on, 'these keyboards consist
of round or hexagonal keys, about half an inch in diameter.
They are white, with black letters in the centre, and they
stand out against a black background. Many of these key-
boards are eighteen inches long by a foot deep, and most of
them are larger than the page of an ordinary book. Now I
will make a little diagram to show you where the great strain
on the nervous system comes from.'
Here the doctor drew a rough sketch of the human eye
in section and of the keyboard of a popular typewriter.
'You can easily see that in the effort to perceive all the
keys at once, when working rapidly, the eye endeavors to
adjust itself to a focus that will cover the entire keyboard.
But this is impossible, so the mirror at the back of the eye,
called the retina, is constantly changing the lenses in front
of the eye so that it can get the objects distinctly impressed
upon it.
In the diagram I have only shown four different focuses,'
continued the doctor, ' but when you multiply them by the
number of keys on the four rows and count that the spaces
between the keys are about an inch lower than the tops of
the keys themselves, you can imagine the vast number of
focuses that reach the eye and the amount of work the lenses
of that delicate organ must do to keep pace with them.
Professor Hayes, the expert, of Philadelphia,' Dr. Hig-
gins went on, 'has estimated that in five hours' work on a
typewriter an ordinary expert operator will have to change
the focus of the lenses of the eye at least 47,000,000 times!
Now, the human eye was never intended to do this,' as-
serted the doctor, 'and the strain on the little muscles which
move these lenses is enormous. It soon has a reflex action
on the nerves, and this finally irritates the brain to such a
degree that it produces typewriters' insanity.'"
It is needless to comment upon the utter absurdity of the
foregoing statements. The best proof of their falsity is evi-
denced by the fact that not one of the alleged patients has
yet been encountered in the flesh, and it is reasonable to
suppose that they dwell only in the vivid imaginations of the
doctor and the irrepressible interviewer. On the contrary,
testimony is daily offered by thousands of professional and
business men, as well as by stenographers and typewriters,
as to the boon and blessing the writing-machine has proved
to aching heads and tired muscles.
The " typewriter's disease " is a " fish story " of the worst
kind. It is sensational trash, written for lovers of sensation.
There is one side of the story, however, which contains a
moral, which is, that stenographers in order to avoid sus-
picion of insanity on account of "mental aberration, forget-
fulness," etc., should be thoroughly competent.
We have frequently met with cases of possible mental
weakness in which the victim became unable to read his
notes, or else turned out a mass of meaningless jargon in-
stead of an intelligible transcript. Words were misspelt,
rules of punctuation ignored, and the typewriter work was of
the most miserable character And yet the unfortunate suf-
ferer would persistently declare that he "knew it all," and
was well fitted to fill any kind of shorthand position. As to
reading shorthand journals, that was altogether unnecessary.
They could teach him nothing. Such cases are often hope-
lessly incurable, and end fatally. 11 is pleasing to add that
there are no traces of this insanity among readers of The
Review.
The Shorthand review. v. 3-5 (1891-1893). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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２３４５６８９ ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭ ＺＹＸＷＶＵＴＳＲＱＰＯＮ
２３４５６８９ ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩ ＪＫＬＭＲＱＰＯＮ ＺＹＸＷＶＵＴＳ
いや、38キーは決めてたっぽいから、１０，９，９，１０？
２３４５６８９ ＡＢＣＰＯＮ ＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭ ＺＹＸＷＶＵＴＳＲＱ
２３４５６８９ ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩ ＪＫＬＭＱＰＯＮ ＺＹＸＷＶＵＴＳＲ
２３４５６８９ＡＢＣ ＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭ ＳＲＱＰＯＮ ＺＹＸＷＶＵＴ
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２３４５６８９ ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭ ＺＹＸＷＶＵＴＳＲＱＰＯＮ
２３４５６８９ ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭ ＺＹＸＷＶＵＴＳＲＱＰＯＮ
タイプバー並べ替えスクリプト、、
問題字 E T I U O
2E3T4I5U6O7-8,9?
ABCDFGHJULM
ZYXWVSRQP
モールス電信受信用カナ鍵盤配置とは、あまり関係なさそうかな、どうなのか、、
電信系
へひねけとらわむもめ ゛ほふくこちようんなや るはたかしいまさりえろ すにせてをきつのあみ"電信系”と書いてて思ったが、電信系受信用途だとしたなら モールスコードの決まり字系列との関連があるのではないか。
カナタイプ - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
アメリカン・モールス・コード決まり字系列ならhttp://kygaku.g.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20110423/1303553367
これに類すれば
日本語カナ・モールス決まり字系列、、（アメリカンの例を書き換えるかも、、
とりあえず 次を書き換えかな
これはMorse Code版だが、このハフマン木みたいののAmerican Morse Code版をつくればいいのかな。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
モールス符号 - Wikipedia
む — よ — — れ — — — こ — — — — ■ — — — — □ — — — · そ — — — · ■ — — — — □ — — — · り — — · ね — — · — ■ — — — — □ — — — · ふ — — · · ■ — — — — □ — — — · た — · わ — · — け — · — — ■ — — — — □ — — — · に — · — · ■ — — — — □ — — — · ほ — · · ま — · · — ■ — — — — □ — — — · は — · · · ■ — — — — □ — — — · へ · い · — や · — — を · — — — ■ — — — — □ — — — · つ · — — · ■ — — — — □ — — — · な · — · ろ · — · — ■ — — — — □ — — — · か · — · · ■ — — — — □ — — — · 濁点 · · う · · — の · · — — ■ — — — — □ — — — · ち · · — · ■ — — — — □ — — — · ら · · · く · · · — ■ — — — — □ — — — · ぬ · · · · ■ — — — — □ — — — ·
ム － ヨ －－ レ －－－ コ －－－－ ソ －－－・ ス －－－・－ リ －－・ ネ －－・－ ア －－・－－ シ －－・－・ フ －－・・ ヒ －－・・－ タ －・ ワ －・－ ケ －・－－ エ －・－－－ ル －・－－・ 下向き括弧「（」 －・－－・－ ニ －・－・ サ －・－・－ キ －・－・・ ホ －・・ マ －・・－ ユ －・・－－ 本文
※「ホレ」－・・－－－ モ －・・－・ ハ －・・・ メ －・・・－ ヘ ・ イ ・－ ヤ ・－－ ヲ ・－－－ セ ・－－－・ ツ ・－－・ 長音「ー」 ・－－・－ ヱ ・－－・・ ナ ・－・ ロ ・－・－ テ ・－・－－ ン ・－・－・ 区切点 「、」 ・－・－・－ 段落「」」 ・－・－・・ カ ・－・・ ヰ ・－・・－ 上向き括弧「 ）」 ・－・・－・ オ ・－・・・ ゛濁点 ・・ ウ ・・－ ノ ・・－－ ゜半濁点 ・・－－・ チ ・・－・ ミ ・・－・－ ト ・・－・・ ラ ・・・ ク ・・・－ 訂正・終了
※「ラタ」・・・－・ ヌ ・・・・
キートップサイズには、伝達駆動力に応じて、ある程度の面積が必要だ。
つまりキーのボタンサイズには、所要サイズがある。
それを両手のひらでカヴァーできる幅に収めたいとする。
でもですよ、ショールズらの特許に現れたキーボードの様子には、四段だけじゃない。
二段、三段、四段、6段だか、、も あったよなあ、、
Patent number: 418239 Filing date: Jul 16, 1887
US Pat. 559755-2R
US Pat. 559756 - Filed Feb 18, 1890
安岡孝一先生は、Schwalbach証言の伝聞(4段化は1871年春説)には否定的である。
安岡孝一先生は、四段化は1870年4月には成されていた説である。
The arrangement of keyboard was in alphabetical order, A to N in left-to-right and O to Z in right-to-left.
In order to receive Morse telegraph and to write it down, Porter required numerals on Type-Writer
WriteIn order to receive Mr.In April, 1870, helped by Matthias Schwalbach, Sholes completed new Type-Writer with 38 keys, which consisted of capitals, numerals 2 to 9, hyphen, comma, period, and question mark. According to typewritten letters and patents of Sholes, the keyboard consisted of four rows, nearly in alphabetical order, but U was next to O. It puzzled us.
In the result we found a presumable arrangement shown in Fig. 2. We derived it from Fig. 1, moving vowels, A, E, I, O, U, and Y, to the upper row. We placed numerals and hyphen at the top row as we see nowadays.
"OPQ"
Koichi Yasuoka and Motoko Yasuoka: On the Prehistory of QWERTY, ZINBUN, No.42 (March 2011), pp.161-174.
On the Prehistory of QWERTY
根拠は主に 1870年4月のレターにある OとUとの打ち間違えのようである。
でも ＯとUとが近づいた配列例として、たとえば こんなのは どうだろう？
？．ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱ ２３４５６７８９，‐ＺＹＸＷＶＵＴＳＲ
Hughes鍵盤のシミュレーターとしての用途は、当初から期待されてはいなかったのかな、、
ただちに受信用途へと傾斜していった？
シミュレーターとしてならば、Hughesにある文字すべてが 打てるようにと 改良がすすみそうなものだが、、
ほかにも 考えられるかな
３５７９Ｏ？．ＡＢＣＤＦＧＨＪＫＬＭＮ ２４６８ＩＵ‐Ｅ，ＺＸＹＷＶＴＳＲＱＰ
STやABも敬遠するとしたら
３５７９Ｏ？Ａ，ＢＣＤＦＧＨＪＫＬＭＮ ２４６８ＩＵ‐Ｅ．ＴＺＸＹＷＶＳＲＱＰ
６７８９Ｏ？Ａ，ＢＣＤＦＧＨＪＫＬＭＮ ２３４５ＩＵ‐Ｅ．ＴＺＸＹＷＶＳＲＱＰ
Sも移動してみるか
３５７９Ｏ？Ａ，ＳＢＣＤＦＧＨＪＫＬＭ ２４６８ＩＵ‐Ｅ．ＴＺＸＹＷＶＲＱＰＮ
６７８９Ｏ？Ａ，ＳＢＣＤＦＧＨＪＫＬＭ ２３４５ＩＵ‐Ｅ．ＴＺＸＹＷＶＲＱＰＮ
仮に タイプバー干渉説ではなく、
母音、半母音の観点から抜き出されたにしても、二段キーボードでも、抜き出しは 成しうる。
タイプバーの干渉への顧慮が成されなかったとしたなら、母音のタイプバー同士をさえ隣接させることだってあったかもしれない。
３５７９ＩＹ？．ＡＢＣＤＦＧＨＪＫＬＭ ２４６８ＯＵＥ‐，ＺＸＷＶＴＳＲＱＰＮ
Wellerの記述を信じれば、たしか Wellerがタイプライターを手にした最初は1868年初めじゃなかったっけか。Porter電信学校の宣伝広告より10ヶ月ほど早い。
Wellerは、後に Densmore & Porter名義の"Type Writer"の宣伝カードを見たと記している。そして、その様子は、自分の持っているのとは違うと。
Densmore & Porterのマシンとはどのようなものだったのか。
Soule & Densmoreのマシンといった感じでの捉え方も ETCetra誌の 2000年ごろの編集長の記事にあった。Porter電信学校に納入された1868年ごろのマシンは、キックアップ式で Soule色が強かったのではなかろうか。
ここでCurrent(1949)からのうろ覚えなどを参考に、仮説を書いておく。
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Wisconsin magazine of history: Volume 32, number 4, June 1949 :: Wisconsin Magazine of History Archives
- 393ページ
- 5 glidden claimed to be the " original projector " of the milwaukee enterprise glidden to the editor scientific american n.s 27:132 aug 31 1872 and densmore con ceded that much to glidden " all he did to the invention in reality was to suggest the effort of making a machine of the kind ..." james to Amos densmore may 20 1876 in the densmore collection this valuable collection of manuscripts and early typescripts is in the possession of mr clint densmore and miss priscilla densmore of marquette michigan miss densmore made the present study possible by opening these materials freely to the author all letters cited in the following footnotes except where another location is indicated are in the densmore collection
- 7 densmore complained that not only were sholes and glidden ignorant of the " use of tools " but schwalbach also " though a man of good natural talent — of good ideas was " bred a blacksmith was " quite deficient in sight and was a " very bungling coarse workman James to Amos Densmore oct 1 1871 in this letter soule was not mentioned for he had left the enterprise before it was written but apparently he had considerable mechanical skill
- 394ページ
- 8 in describing a model of the original milwaukee machine frederic heath has said that " the writing was on a tape of tissue paper " and " could not be seen till it was completed quoted in lies american inventors 324 another writer says of this machine as it printed from the under side the operator could not see what he had written howard in typewriter topics 3:8 it is true that the types did come up " from the under side but the writing nevertheless appeared on top of the paper ( a sheet not a tape where the operator could see it as he went along the types were under the paper but the ribbon was above it and the types had to make their impression by knocking the paper against the ribbon as james wrote to Amos densmore on may 20 1876 " we had struck the types up through the paper and we could only write on thin tissue paper the specification of the first patent is explicit " the types are arranged in a radiating series and are pivoted to a disk at whose center each type is made to act upon the paper through an opening against a platen under which an inking ribbon is automatically impelled
- 395ページ
- after the war with his brother Amos and his friend g w n yost he took out patents on a railroad tank car then formed a partnership to use the patented cars in shipping oil to new york
- 396ページ
- 11 james to Amos densmore may 20 1876 to lavantia douglass sept 9 1884 and to sholes nov 6 1884 quaife roby's story 34-35 lies american inventors 328
- 12 the first patent was numbered 79,265 and dated june 23 1868 the second was numbered 79,868 and dated july 14 1868 patent office report 1868 2:175 234 4:803 887 it has been supposed that the second patent represented an improvement on the first thus reiley story of the typewriter 48 says the first model patent of june 23 1868 shows a machine so crude . . . a second model patent of july 14 1868 shows a great advance over the other the truth is pretty much the other way around the machine that was patented first was invented second and was thought to be an improvement the patent office model of this machine looks crude only because it is incomplete — there was just enough of it made to illustrate its basic principles the time order of the two inventions as well as the difference between them is made clear by a remark of densmore's " the first invention they sholes glidden and soule made . . . was patented july 14th 1868 . . . all there is really new about their second invention which was patented june 23rd 1868 is what soule called the ' direct action james to Amos densmore march 26 1876
- 13 james to Amos densmore may 20 1876 and to sholes nov 6 1884 weller early history 35—37 suggests the nature of the machine manufactured in chicago and mentions its " being used in a commercial school in chicago of which mr porter was the principal however weller misdates this manufacturing attempt mistakenly suppos ing that densmore " came upon the scene for the first time in 1870
- 397ページ
- 14 sholes to densmore sept — , 1869 james to Amos densmore may 20 1876 and to sholes nov 6 1884
- 15 sholes to densmore sept — , 1869 james to Amos densmore may 20 1876 weller early history 27-30 sholes typed a letter to densmore oct 28 1869 on card board an eighth of an inch thick and added a penciled note in which he triumphantly asked " is this paper thick enough "
- 398ページ
- 16 densmore to Amos densmore may 20 1876 and to sholes nov 6 1884 lies american inventors 328 roby says quaife roby's story 45-50 that densmore en croached more and more on the inventors rights and percentages in the property " and crowded glidden and soule out there is no real evidence however that densmore ever used force or fraud sholes himself wrote to him oct 5 1869 there is perhaps no particular reason why mr glidden should come in on the axle machine the interest might be used as i said to enable us to control the machine but it does not seem to me they soule and glidden should be excluded if you would make an arrange ment to buy soule out and i guess you could and in the bargain have him make a new and perfect machine i.e model it might be well densmore did make an arrange ment to buy soule out james to Amos densmore may 20 1876
- 399ページ
- 19 james to Amos densmore may 20 1876
- 400ページ
- 22 james to emmett densmore june 18 1871 and to Amos densmore oct 1 1871
- 401ページ
- 23 james to Amos densmore oct 1 1871 may 20 1876 and jan 17 1884 to sholes nov 6 1884 the patent on the " combination of a sliding cylindrical platen . . . with a revolving axle was numbered 118,494 and dated aug 29 1871 patent office report 1871 2:674
- 402ページ
- of these he assigned four to himself three to sholes one each to his own brothers Amos and emmett who had advanced various sums to aid the enterprise and one to glidden who had given aid to sholes after abandoning his interest in the original patents
- 26 sholes to walter j barron june 9 1872 facsimile in reiley story of the typewriter 51 sholes to barron oct 5 1872 densmore to barron nov 8 1872 densmore to lavantia douglass sept 9 1884 quaife roby's story 67-69 frederic heath " the typewriter in wisconsin wisconsin magazine of history --27:263ff march 1944 27 there is a copy of the agreement in a letter of james to Amos densmore jan 17 1884 glidden was largely responsible for densmore's decision to put the agreement in writing ". . . glidden set to work to tease for a paper defining his interest james to Amos densmore may 20 1876 the terms of the agreement resulted in a long dispute between densmore and mrs phoebe j glidden
- 403ページ
- 28 sholes to barron june 9 1872 in reiley story of the typewriter 51 sholes to Amos densmore oct 29 1872 and aug 26 1878 james densmore to sholes nov 6 1884
- 29 in 1872-73 sholes sold a tenth interest in fractions — one-twentieth to Amos dens more for 2,500 and one-fortieth each to henry sherman and d c roundy for 1,000 apiece in 1874 he sold a tenth to james densmore and g w n yost for 10,000 in promissory notes in 1880 he sold a tenth to densmore and roundy for 3,000 these amounts were by no means all that sholes received for his typewriter inventions there were many delays in making payments and sholes finally came to the conclusion that he had been defrauded though this is not true his thinking so is quite understandable
- 406ページ
- 36 sholes to Amos densmore april 26 1873 and to james densmore oct 31 1879
- 407ページ
- 38 densmore who before he died had occasion to know many typewriter inventors con sidered sholes the " most fertile " of all in a letter to his brother Amos may 20 1876 he hastily summed up the contributions of the various members of the milwaukee group as follows " there is absolutely nothing of his glidden's originating in the present machine soule invented the pivoting the type-bars in the circle sholes invented the combination of the one-fold and two-fold vibratory letter-space ratchets which make the letter-space move ment schwalback sic invented the key-levers and the way they are combined with the type-bars and also the spring-pulley which propels the carriage while sholes again invented the present cylindrical platen the carriage the way of putting in and moving the paper the ribbon-spools and way of moving the ribbon the method of drawing back the carriage and also the adjustable hangers for ready adjustment and alligning sic the types
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- 393ページ
- to make their models they hired one of kleinsteuber's machinists matthias Schwalbach who had got much of his experience as a blacksmith and tower-clock maker in germany.7
- 7 howard in typewriter topics 3:7 densmore complained that not only were sholes and glidden ignorant of the " use of tools " but Schwalbach also " though a man of good natural talent — of good ideas was " bred a blacksmith was " quite deficient in sight and was a " very bungling coarse workman james to amos densmore oct 1 1871 in this letter soule was not mentioned for he had left the enterprise before it was written but apparently he had considerable mechanical skill
- 398ページ
- his criticisms annoyed sholes but impelled him to go on making improvements the inventor soon adopted a new keyboard of Schwalbach's devising which consisted of four rows of metal key levers and buttons set in ascending banks.18
- 18 Schwalbach afterwards said that " while he continued to work for mr sholes for 3.00 a day during the winter of 1870 he took up the work independently in his home he worked out the four-bank key board and in the spring of 1871 he laid his completed model before messrs sholes and glidden howard in typewriter topics 3:8
- 399ページ
- 400ページ
- four men — sholes glidden Schwalbach and densmore's inventive stepson walter j barron — set to work on the problem
- glidden rigged up a system of intermediate levers to get a straight pull sholes disapproved but densmore en couraged glidden to go ahead then after spending two months and 1,000 on experiments he discarded glidden's scheme as too complicated too " trappy meanwhile barron suggested and sholes and Schwalbach perfected an alternative method of pulling relatively straight
- 401ページ
- in the summer of 1872 densmore began his third and most serious effort to manufacture typewriters for sale leaving klein steuber's shop but taking Schwalbach along with him he rented and equipped with improvised machinery a wheelwright's mill that stood on a narrow strip of land between the milwaukee river and the rock river canal where cheap water power was available 23
- 403ページ
- in the improvised factory Schwalbach and his workmen were botching the job
A feature of the invention is the disposition of the relatively numerous katakana characters upon the relatively few keys of a single-shift standard typewriter, so that most of the typing will be performed in lower-case upon the most convenient keys, namely, those in the second and third banks of a four-bank keyboard, and so that for the most part the keys in the several groups follow the order of the katakana alphabet, and so that the lower-case characters less frequently used are disposed upon a less desirable bank of keys, namely, the front bank, and so that the remaining lower-case characters shall be disposed upon the fourth or rear bank, and also so that the letters which combine with the dakuon and semi-dakuon are placed upon one side portion of the keyboard (preferably the left), while the dakuon mark is located at the other side of the keyboard, for operation by the right hand, and so that relatively infrequent characters, (each being located in its own key group), are placed with regularity upon the upper case shift and all in one bank, and so that the eleven special undersized characters, which are mainly vowels, are mainly placed upon the upper-case shift in a location where they are readily found, and so that upper-case numerals, punctuation marks and signs may be so disposed as to conduce to systematization of the keyboard and the desired grouping and ordering of the katakana characters, and so that the three front banks of keys may be substantially duplicated upon the 3-row double-shift Underwood or other portable typewriter, while the lower-case and upper-case characters of the fourth or rear bank of the a5 standard machine may be put upon the second shift of the portable machine in such a way that they are readily located by the operators upon the standard machine, so that anybody skilled in operating either a oo 4-bank standard or 3-bank portable keyboard may readily use the other keyboard.
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The facing or swathing 8 prevents the soft metal ring 7 from being cut by the' type-bars and also minimizes the noise of the impacts. The bar 7 being flexible yields more or less at the impacts of the type-bars, and owing to this yielding movement some of the adjacent and opposite type-bars are jarred, 'thereby taking up much of the force of the blow and minimizing the reaction of the bar 7, so that it does not tend to throw the type-bar back with force, the tendency of the same to rebound being lessened, while owing to the inelastic character of the lead or other metal 7 the force of the original blow of the type-bar is still further absorbed, particularly since the bar 7 is faced.with a soft inelastic material, so that the bar upon striking the basket may possibly drive slightly past its normal position, but will not rebound to the extent of causing it to clash with a subsequently-operated type-bar. This enables the operation of the machine at high speed without danger from this source.'
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the American Type Writer.
the American Type Writer. Sholes & Glidden's Type Writer - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYNo Title, Morning Republican (Little Rock, Arkansas), Vol.5, No.128 (October 12, 1871), p.3, l.1.http://www.kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/QWERTY/1871-10-12.djvu
the American Type Writer.
http://www.kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/QWERTY/
Google ニュース
frequently used letters were purposely put in distant locations.
In February, 1923, Mr. Burnham Coos Stickney of Underwood Typewriter did not arrange the kana keyboard in such way. He mainly followed 50-on order, placing アイウエオ on the upper rows, カキクケコ at the center, then サシスセソ at its left, タチツテト at next, and so forth (cf. U. S. Patent No.1549622).
The Truth of QWERTY
Stickneyの特許遍歴をみると、upstrike時代の タイプバーのclash防止特許も 見られる。
the bar upon striking the basket may possibly drive slightly past its normal position, but will not rebound to the extent of causing it to clash with a subsequently-operated type-bar. This enables the operation of the machine at high speed without danger from this source.'
the bar upon striking the basket may possibly drive slightly past its normal position, but will not rebound to the extent of causing it to clash with a subsequently-operated type-bar. This enables the operation of the machine at high speed without danger
タイプバーの待機ポジションからのリバウンドによるclashに起因するスピード低下要素は かなり排除できるとしているようだ。
フロントストライク時代になってからは、隣接タイプバーに着目した タイプバー間の干渉防止特許もみられた。
安岡孝一氏が提起したことは、「ちょっとまってくださいよ、フロントストライクじゃなかったんですよ、アップストライク式だったんですよ、QWERTY-1882に至る時期は。」 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
新たなキー配置を考えるに際しても、キーとタイプバー間の アンダーウッド式配置関係と 高頻度文字タイプハーが隣接することによるタイプバー間の衝突リスクへの配慮が 頭のどこかには あったのではなかったろうか。
高頻度文字を上段中段になるべく配置しようとしたのは、労力軽減対策もあろうが、それが自然と タイプバー間の衝突リスク軽減にも効いてくることを知っているせいもあろう。
すでに設計要件のいくつかが出てきた。
安岡孝一先生は メインリー He mainly followed 50-on order,とした。
それはそうかな どうなのかな、、
Stickneyの書きようでは、
五十音に沿うってことをメインにすえれば 鍵盤を五段にすることも考えられようが、それはしなかった。あくまでも Underwoodのキートップの文字換えを主眼とした。
(覚えやすさ対策？ 探しやすさ対策？)
ってなことで、
どのようにグルーピングして、それらグループ間での頻度関係、各グループ内での頻度関係
配置先は、利便地から僻地へ、
コンヴィニエンスの評価基準は、
指使いとして、ホームポジション （タッチタイプ）を念頭に、運指への利便を評価したことであろう。
「キーボードの歴史」にもある通り、"QWERTY配列は、それぞれの時期で、複数のコンセプトに基づいて作られたものであり、一つの理由で説明できるようなものではない"。
clmemo@aka: キーボード配列 QWERTY の謎 (安岡孝一, 安岡素子)
っていうか
「一つの理由」とはちょっとちがうのかなどうかな、
ひとつの制約条件だけでは決められないのは設計とかの常じゃないかなっと、、
http://kygaku.g.hatena.ne.jp/raycy/20101111/1289442997
clmemo@aka: キーボード配列 QWERTY の謎 (安岡孝一, 安岡素子)
マーケット投入には 複数制約をベストバランスで実現した製品？
狙うなら おもしろくって ためになるとか、、
>:title>
検討予定 | |
山下は、カナ文字会の総意として その案をもっていったのかなあ、J. Marshall Ungerの記述見て思ったが、。
The Truth of QWERTYYamashita Yoshitarō, a former diplomat and director of Sumitomo Bank who founded the current Kanamojikai (Kana Writing Society) in 1920.
安岡孝一先生説では、山下案は確か より文字頻度順に即した配置であった説と思ったが、果たしてどうであったのかな
とりあえず、非シフト面だけで、頻度順着色なり、してみるかな？
http://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/publications/ISCIE2003.pdf
日本語かな入力 - 日本語どう書いてます？raycy - how-do-we-write-japaneseグループ
い う ん し の か く と に た き る こ は て ょ が な つ っ を り せ じ あ で ち れ ゅ す ら さ よ も そ お ど け だ え ま め ぶ み ぎ わ ほ や ふ げ ひ ろ ば ご ね ゃ む へ ぞ ず ゆ ぼ ざ ぽ ぜ び べ ぐ ぱ ぉ ぷ づ ぺ ぴ ぬ ぇ ぃ ぁ ぢ ぅ ゐ ゑ
と思ったが、濁音の分を整理しなくちゃいけないんだった、、
Traubは Longley式速記法ってわけじゃなさそうかな？
Mr, Traub's Lecture.,,
McKee’s shorthand magazine. v. 3 (Nov. 1901-Oct. 1902). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Pitmanicだったのかな？
Mr. Traub's Challenge.
McKee’s shorthand magazine. v. 3 (Nov. 1901-Oct. 1902). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
McKee's New Standard?
このTraubが McGurrinと対戦した同一人物かどうか、、
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1853年、エリアス・ロングリーは …(American Manual of Phonography)を出版したが、これは … ピットマンの気に障ったようだ。というのも、このタイトルは、ピットマンが書いた…(A Manual of Phonography)のパクリだったからである。(安岡孝一先生ら｢Q謎｣『キーボード配列 QWERTYの謎』67ページ)
Koichi Yasuoka’QWERTY Revisited'(2005） vs. Darryl Rehr'QWERTY REVISITED or revisited'(1997) concerning to Dickerson(1989) - The actuality on - QWERTY history
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http://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/publications/ISCIE2003.pdf
電信系
へひねけとらわむもめ ゛ほふくこちようんなや るはたかしいまさりえろ すにせてをきつのあみ
電信系その後
へひねけとらわむもめ ゛ほふくこちようんなや るはたかしいまさりえろ すにせてをきつのあみ
カナ文字会山下案
ちさすせそれるりらも つてしくかやよのになゆ たとはこきあいまん゛＿ ほへふひけをわ，．う
Stickney案
ふあうえおやゆよわほ たていすかんなにら゛． ちとしはきくまのりれ， つさをひこみもねる＿
カナ文字会モデル
ふあうえおやゆよわほ＃ たていすかんなにら゛． ちとしはきくまのりれ， つさをひこみもねるぅ＋
一見して、山下案は
安岡孝一先生の書きぶりをみて、
仮名文字協会(現，カナモジカイ)の創立者である山下芳太郎は，カナ書きの普及にはカナタイプライタが必須
だと考えており，1922年4月，第3図(a)のキー配列を発表した[9]． キー数は42で，使用頻度の高い文字を2段目と3段目に配置していたが，電信用カナタイプライタとは配列が全く異なっており，しかも横書き用だった．
ところが山下は，1923年1月にニューヨークのUnderwood Typewriter社を訪ねた際，同社の技師Stickneyの意見に押され，キー配列を完全に変更してしまう[10]． キー配列は頻度ではなく覚えやすさで決めるべきだ，というのがStickneyの意見であり，そのために五十音表と関連を持たせるべきだ，というのである． 山下もこの意見に賛成し，Stickneyは同年2月，キー配列の最終案(第3図(b))を特許出願している[11]． 五十音表の各行をまとめて並べ，数字を第3段のシフト側に並べている点が特徴的である
http://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/publications/ISCIE2003.pdf - Google Search
のかと思い込んでいたが、なかなかどうして、山下案に既に、
も ある程度 なされているようではないか。
Stickney案との大きな差は なんだろうか？
スティックニーが 特許権を抑えたかった、SholesのQWERTYUIOP特許と似たような特許として カナ配列特許を押さえたかったのではなかったか？あるいは、、
数字を
電信系と書いてて思ったが、電信系受電用途だとしたなら モールスコードの決まり字系列との関連があるのではないか。
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2005 年 02 月 14 日
Longley's Shorthand and Typewriting Instituteの講師でもあった、Louis Traub
どうやってQWERTY配列は主流となったか | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
2005年5月 安岡孝一先生説発表当初、Caligraph Lessons(1882)は Mrs. LongleyがCaligraphを｢10本指方式｣で教えていた根拠だった。
Mrs. Longley Remington と Caligraph の両方を「10 本指方式」で教えていたくらいだ 5,18)。
eight finger Caligraph lessons ((Yasuoka AND Koichi) OR 安岡孝一) - Google Search
当方にて再調査したところ記載内容が誤りであると判明したため、記載内容を、QWERTY配列は「アルファベットの中で使用頻度が高いものを、同じ指で押すように配置したものではない」と訂正するとともに、ご指摘をいただいた安岡孝一氏並びに読者の皆様に対しお詫び申し上げます（2006.01.01発行のNo.057に「お詫びと訂正」を掲載しました）。
すずひろ 2006/1/1
目線を変えて楽しむパソコン [No.048] [目線を変えて楽しむパソコン] - メルマ！QWERTY配列が「アルファベットの中で使用頻度が高いものを、同じ指で押すように配置した」とのことですが、これは完全に誤りだと思われます。キーボードを10本指で扱うタイピング手法が現れたのは1882年のことで、QWERTY配列の出現以後10年が経過してからです。それ以前は、2本ないし4本の指を使うタイピングが主流だったようで、たとえば1872年頃のLillian Sholes(QWERTY配列の最初の被験者)の写真を見る限り、彼女は右手の人差し指と中指だけを使っているように見えます。なお、私のhttp://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yasuoka/publications.html でも、QWERTY配列に関する論文や考察をいくつか公開していますので、よければごらん下さい。
安岡孝一 2005/12/23
eight finger Caligraph lessons ((Yasuoka AND Koichi) OR 安岡孝一) - Google Search
eight finger Caligraph lessons ((Yasuoka AND Koichi) OR 安岡孝一) - Google Search
2006 年 07 月 24 日
Mrs. M. V. Longleyの全指タイピング法においては、同じ指を連続して使わないことがポリシーであって、そのためには指と文字を固定的に対応させるべきではない、ということである。このポリシーは『Caligraph Lessons for the Use of Teachers and Learners Designed to Develop Accurate and Reliable Operators』(Cincinnati, 1882年)でも同様
黎明期の全指タイピング法 | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
2005 年 06 月 10 日
Frank E. McGurrinとLouis Traubは、それぞれ独自のタッチメソッドを用いていた。
19世紀のタイプライター | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
2006/07/31 15:21
現実にはタッチタイプはQWERTYの専売特許じゃなくて、他のキー配列(たとえばCaligraph)でもおこなわれていた。
QWERTY（続） - インタラクティヴ読書ノート別館の別館安岡孝一氏が2005年来主張してきた「Traubのタッチタイプ」の内実は、2008年3月になってようやく『キーボード配列 QWERTYの謎』で示された。でもそれって、McGurrinは鍵盤見る事なき打鍵とは認めてないんですけど、、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYJuly 31 2006
現実にはタッチタイプはQWERTYの専売特許じゃなくて、他のキー配列でもおこなわれていました(たとえばCaligraphにおけるLouis TraubやThomas W. Osborne)。
コメント#987893 | 経済学者の考えるタイプライターの歴史 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
Q謎(2008)では タッチタイピストだった。
それってMrs. Barnes、バーンズ夫人と似た観点にあるとの立場を自らを規定してるかのようですね。
あと、Mr. McBrideだったっけか、、目隠し打鍵をしてみせたひと、、
Louis Traub, Principal of the Typewriting Department of Longley's Shorthand Institute at Cincinnati (now and for some time past conducted by Messrs. Jack & Traub), who is an expert operator of, and for some time past has been agent for, the Caligraph.
QWERTY People Archive
2006 年 04 月 09 日
シンシナティのLongley's Shorthand and Type-writer Instituteの経営は弟子のWilliam H. WagnerとLouis Traubに託されていた。
1888年7月25日のタイピング・コンテスト | yasuokaの日記 | スラッシュドット・ジャパン
これだけなら、Mrs. Longleyとおなじ「10 本指方式」で Caligraphを扱っていたことだろう。
Mrs. Longleyも eight-fingerタイピストと表現されたりしてくる。
Sunday, August 06, 2006
Mrs. Longley her eight-finger method
The Truth of QWERTY
Monday, August 07, 2006
His name was Louis Traub, not Taub. When Mrs. Elizabeth Margaret Vater Longley left Cincinnati to Los Angeles in May, 1885, she transferred her Shorthand and Type-Writer Institute to two of her pupils, Messrs. William H. Wagner and Louis Traub. Mr. Louis Traub mainly operated Caligraph No.2 at that time, but he never believed that four fingers were plenty. He was after Mrs. M. V. Longley and used her eight-finger method on Caligraph No.2. Thus he could operate Caligraph No.2 with a blank keyboard. Mr. Traub exhibited his skill with the blank keyboard at the Cincinnati Exposition in 1886 and at the Indiana State Fair in 1887 (cf. History of Cincinnati and Hamilton County, Ohio; S. B. Nelson, Cincinnati (1894), pp.735-737).
The Truth of QWERTY
Revision as of 08:00, 8 August 2006 (edit) (undo)
130.54.130.227 (talk)
(His name was Louis Traub, not Taub.)
Louis Traub (operating Caligraph with eight-finger method)
Touch typing: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Proceedings of the ... Annual Congress of the International Association of ... - International Association of Shorthand Writers. Congress - Google Books
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It is surprising to see the manner in which the different papers comment upon the result of the recent speed contests That there can be any room for doubt as to the superiority of the Remington machine over all competitors is the most surprising feature of all That the Remington and Caligraph are the only practical writing machines is fully demonstrated beyond a doubt from the one fact alone that the other machines were not confident enough in their success to place a representative in the field The Hammond people must now yield the palm and withdraw the claim that the Hammond machine is as speedy as any in the market
The Hammond is a very pretty piece of furniture and does nice work if you give it sufficient time and attention but I cannot recommend it at all for all round work You must know that it will not make carbon copies at all that it will not write on smooth paper with a ribbon that is at all fresh without smutting the copy that it will not stand high speed and do work that is fit for exibition
これは、エジソンのマシン方式が 手動では タイプバー方式――Craigの言葉を借りていえば the levers or arms of Sholes planだっけか、、
The Truth of QWERTYthe levers or arms plan of Sholes.
the levers or arms plan of Sholes.に エジソンの方式が 手動ではなかなか かなわないことを意味することになりそうではないか
ブリッケンスダーファーも タイプホイールをアルミ化して軽量化しようとしたり、電化しようとしたりした、、
IBMのタイプボールはプラスチック製だったようだし、、
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両手を広げているよりも、二本指のほうが 視界良好。
Miss Mae E. Orr, who was a two-finger hunt-and-peck typist,
The Truth of QWERTY
二本指だからといって、キートップの文字表示をいちいち確認してから打っているとは限らない。タッチタイプでは ないだろうけれども。Miss. Orrとか、、
あるいは、1888年7月25日のTraubをタッチタイピストといっていいのならば、Miss. Orrをも二本指のタッチタイピストと呼びうるかも。
鍵盤のキートップの文字表示をいちいち目視確認する必要は無いが、手元を見る必要はある、、
てもとを見ないことには、手がどこにあるのか迷子になる、、
Louis Tradb, Traub's School of Shorthand. Cincinnati, O., June 14, 1894.
The Journal of commercial education. v.9 1893-1894. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
Louis Traub"b Business College, in the Y. M. C. A. Build- ing,
The Journal of commercial education. v.9 1893-1894. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
タッチタイプの定義 | |
but the significant fact was that his speed increased three words per minute when writing from copy, while Traub's speed fell off twelve Words per minute on the same test.
The Story of the typewriter, 1873-1923 / [foreword ... . - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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タイプスピード・コンテスト・ブームでまず明らかになったのはハモンドの脱落だったっぽい。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
Contemporary alternatives
There was no particular technological requirement for the QWERTY layout,[14] since at the time there were ways to make a typewriter
- without the "up-stroke" typebar mechanism
that had required it to be devised.
Not only were there rival machines with
- "down-stroke" and
- "frontstroke"
positions that gave a visible printing point, the problem of typebar clashes could be circumvented completely: examples include
- Thomas Edison's 1872 electric print-wheel device which later became the basis for Teletype machines;
- Lucien Stephen Crandall's typewriter (the second to come onto the American market) whose type was arranged on a cylindrical sleeve;
- the Hammond typewriter of 1887 which used a semi-circular "type-shuttle" of hardened rubber (later light metal);
- and the Blickensderfer typewriter of 1893 which used a type wheel.
The early Blickensderfer's "Ideal" keyboard was also non-QWERTY, instead having the sequence "DHIATENSOR" in the home row, these 10 letters being capable of composing 70% of the words in the English language.[9]
QWERTY - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Davidに「現在の最も一般的な説で、QWERTYは打鍵速度を落としてアームの衝突を防ぐために考え出された配列だと言われる[2]。（Hagehoge）」なんて書いてあるかなあ… - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY"Clio and the Economics of QWERTY" Paul A. David
Consequently, the tendency of the typebars to clash and jam if struck in rapid succession was a particularly serious defect.
When a typebar stuck at or near the printing point, every succeeding stroke merely hammered the same impression onto the paper, resulting in a string of repeated letters that would be discovered only when the typist bothered to raise the carriage to inspect what had been printed.
Powered by Google DocsFrom the inventor's trial-and-error rearrangements of the original model's alphabetical key ordering, in an effort to reduce the frequency of typebar clashes, there emerged a four-row, upper case keyboard approaching the modern QWERTY standard.
http://www.econ.ucsb.edu/~tedb/Courses/Ec100C/DavidQwerty.pdf
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The strictness of the
requirement may be realized when it is known an error
was counted for improper spelling, omission of a word
or punctuation mark, misstruck or overstruck letters,
omission of space between words and after punctuation
marks, piling letters at the end of a line, capitals omitted
or out of place by imperfect shifting, failure to have
left-hand margin even, uniform paragraph margin of
five spaces or uniform double spacing between lines, no
time allowance made if manuscripts be dropped.
Business equipment topics. v. 12-13 (1909). - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
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jeered as a faker と ちょっと似てるかなあ、
APPLYING TYPEWRITING PRINCIPLES
Now as to typewriting: It is not so very long ago that there was absolutely no real method employed in the teaching of typewriting. The student was seated at the machine, and the operation of the space bar and the shift-key was explained to him. He was told to use the left hand for the letters on the left-hand side of the keyboard, the right hand for the letters on the right-hand side, and the thumb for the space bar.
With these general directions he was left to shift for himself. Even at that time there were a few touch operators, such as Mr. Frank McGurrin and his brother, Charles H. McGurrin, who gave demonstrations not only in this country but all over the world. These phenomenal writers, who could use the machine without looking at the keys, were able to write at the marvelous speed of over one hundred fifty words in one minute on "Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of the party," and, what is still more marvelous, they did not have more than three or four errors in each line! But they were regarded as freaks ? people who had special ability or genius, who had acquired by extraordinary concentration the ability to do the unusual ? just like the armless freaks in the side show who write with a pen between their toes. There were a few teachers ? Mr. Bates Torrey in Boston, Mr. Griffin in this city, and Mr. Van Sant in Omaha ? who maintained that it was possible to teach typewriting by touch in the regular school work without any appreciable lengthening of the course. Teachers of shorthand and typewriting, however, were utterly skeptical on the subject until Mr. Van Sant came to a teachers' convention, just like this, and brought with him some of his regular students who wrote by touch for several minutes at the rate of fifty or sixty words a minute. As a result of that demonstration touch typewriting swept all over the country.
Since that time I have always thought that the spread of touch typewriting, initiated by that demonstration of Mr. Van Sant's students, is the finest illustration that could be given of the value of conventions such as these.
It raised the teaching of typewriting to a new plane, to a scientific plane, and it is impossible to estimate the amount of good that was accomplished in consequence. If the teaching of typewriting had remained in the chaotic and unscientific condition in which it was before the general adoption of touch typewriting in the schools, it is safe to say that the volume of work turned out by the operators in the government service during the war would have been about one-half of what was actually accomplished. That, of course, is only one phase of it, because the advance made in the teaching of typewriting has benefited the entire world of business to an incalculable extent.
After a little while there came, through the Business Shows, the typewriting speed contests. Gradually, the records of the "champions" went up to about eighty or ninety words a minute. With each contest there was an advance of just a few words a minute. At that time the teacher who would argue that it was possible to reach one hundred words a minute on the typewriter was an exceedingly optimistic individual. I remember that the ultimate speed to be attained by the champions was a matter of keen discussion, and that there was a consensus of opinion that it was humanly-impossible to operate the machine at more than one hundred words a minute.
Then came another factor. The type-writer companies began to realize the advertising advantages of high speed records made on their machines, and they employed efficiency experts to undertake the scientific training of some of their operators. You all know what happened. Suddenly the records made in the contests shot up twenty or thirty words a minute. Soon they were far above one hundred words a minute, and they have now reached somewhere in the neighborhood of one hundred fifty words a minute. That is to say, they are now fifty per cent higher than what was believed to be humanly possible a few years ago.
I was at the Business Show in Boston last Monday night, and saw a young girl who had entered a business school after September first last win a cup by writing over seventy words a minute net for fifteen minutes. Here you have the case of a girl in less than seven months of regular school work attaining a speed equal to the championship speed of ten or twelve years ago. A speed, too, that when accuracy is considered, completely eclipses the celebrated demonstrators and champions of even ten or twelve years ago, because to-day ten words are deducted for each error, where only one word was deducted in the early contests.
Now, why has touch typewriting advanced so rapidly under the skilled training of the operators by efficiency experts employed by the typewriter companies.'' Or, to broaden the question a little, why has the average teaching of touch typewriting in good schools advanced so marvelously under the instruction of teachers who have studied the methods employed by the efficiency experts of the typewriter companies .''
I believe the answer is to be found, as it is in the case of penmanship, in the statement that the teachers keep before the students from the beginning the end to be attained^ and that is rapidity as well as accuracy. They start the student right; they see that the posture is right; that the method of doing the work is right; that the student is kept alert and enthusiastic from the very first day and all through the course; above all, they aim to eliminate every false motion.
Making shorthand teaching effective
安岡孝一先生らの説の重心は ZSEモールス受信用途での モールス決まり字説に傾いてきた。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
clmemo@aka: キーボード配列 QWERTY の謎 (安岡孝一, 安岡素子)
安岡孝一先生(2005)「RemingtonのQWERTY配列に対し、Caligraphは独自の配列」 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologYCaligraph 1
２ ３ ４ ５ ６ ７ ８ ９ ｑ ｚ Ｗ Ｔ Ｒ Ｅ Ｙ Ｕ Ⅰ Ｏ Ａ Ｓ Ｄ Ｆ Ｇ Ｈ Ｃ Ｋ Ｊ Ｘ Ⅴ Ｂ Ｎ Ｌ Ｍ Ｐ ？ ． レミントンにしろカリグラフにしろ、その基本となる特許はタイプ・ライター社のものだ。(安岡孝一ら『キーボード配列 QWERTYの謎』61ページ)
Caligraph配列は キー数横幅8キー分に切り詰めた QWERTY配列のバリエーションである。 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
意図的に QWTISらを キー移動して再配置した。その動機付け者はHarrington&Craigであった とした。 Harrington & Craigが要求を出したって、なにか具体的な証拠は あるのでしょうか？On the Prehistory of QWERTY
But Harrington and Craig promised to purchase several Type-Writers, while they required many improvements including the change of keyboard arrangement. At least, in our opinion,'Q'の配置移動の理由の説明が まえと換わっているような気がする、。 本物の科学に触れさせることに貢献できたとおっしゃっていた「子供の科学」版の説明では 'Q'は電信でよく使うからということだったような気がする。On Preでは電信会社が”Q”は使用頻On the Prehistory of QWERTY
- T, the most frequently-used consonant, should have moved to the center of keyboard,
- W, the other semivowel, to the upper row,
- Q, less frequently-used letter, to the edge,and
- I, also used for the numeral 1, near by 8
- to type“1870” or “1871” rapidly.
- S should have moved in between Z and E
- because of the ambiguity of American Morse Code (Fig. 3).
- The code represents Z as “··· ·”
- which is often confused with the digram SE, more frequently-used than Z.
- Sometimes Morse receivers in United States cannot determine whether Z or SE is applicable, especially in the first letter(s) of a word,
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Murrayに先立って、QWERTY鍵盤を電信鍵盤に採用しようとしたっぽい人も 居るような、 - 葉仮名raycy - KliologY
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The Standard stenographic magazine: 第 1 巻、第 1～6 号 - 86 ページ 1888 - 全文表示 It was at the request of several skeptical stenographers who doubted his ability to write 1oo words a minute on the typewriter, that Mr. McGurrin consented to give an exhibition of his skill. It is said by the Times that he fairly took ... books.google.com The Exponent: a monthly magazine: 第 3～4 巻 - 461 ページ J. George Cross, George Yeager - 1886 - 全文表示 Mr. Frank McGurrin, the renowned typewriter operator, on his way from New York to his home at Salt Lake City, spent a few days at Chicago, ... Several of the reporters present were skeptical as to the ability of anyone ... books.google.com - 他の版 The Critic: 第 11 巻 - 333 ページ Jeannette Leonard Gilder, Joseph Benson Gilder - 1889 - 全文表示 A fair trial will satisfy the most skeptical as to its merits."— Thos. Hunter, LL.D., Prest. ... The above is an authentic record made by Mr. Frank E. McGurrin, at Detroit, on January 21, 1889. on a memorized sentence, thus beating all ... books.google.com - 他の版 The Critic: 第 11 巻 - 291 ページ 1889 - 全文表示 151 WORDS PER MINUTE, WITHOUT AN ERROR, The above is an authentic record made by Mr. Frank E. McGurrin, at Detroit, on January 21, 1889, ... A fair trial will satisfy the most skeptical as to its merits." — THOS. HUNTER, LL,D.,Prest. ... books.google.com - 他の版
skeptical McGurrin - Google Search
