創立メンバー

Verlinsky was born in Ishim, Siberia, in the former Soviet Union, one of two sons of Simon and Dora Verlinsky. His mother was an accountant and his father was a disabled veteran of the Soviet Army. He received his Ph.D. in embryology and cytogenetics from Kharkiv University, in the Ukrainian SSR, in 1973. While there, he met his wife Luba, a biologist. They married in 1967.

After graduating with his Ph.D., he submitted research proposals which were all rejected by government committees. He chose to emigrate to the United States when the Soviet government continued to refuse his requests to fund further research into P.G.D., a field in which he was an early practitioner. This became difficult as he was forced to pay back the cost of his education before receiving his exit visa, which required that he borrow money from friends. He eventually left for the United States with his wife, their nine year old son, and just "two suitcases."²⁶⁵ He arrived in 1979, one of the many thousands of other Soviet Jews that were allowed to leave that same year, including a young Sergey Brin, who later co-founded Google, Inc.

Soon after arriving, he was offered a research position with the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, where he ran the cytogenetics laboratory. When asked how he so easily obtained the position, he replied "of my previous experience and because a chromosome in any language is a chromosome and a microscope is a microscope." He took time outside of his job to work at identifying chromosome polymorphisms in Down syndrome families and also to analyze chorionic villus sampling. His goal was to develop a modified technique for performing chromosomal analysis. His research was even more difficult since, like all Soviet emigres, he was not allowed to have contact with colleagues back home.

One such friend and colleague that he lost contact with was Anver Kuliev, with whom he had done research when he was still in Moscow. They had worked together developing a prenatal test that could be administered earlier than amniocentesis, with the goal of allowing a woman to avoid a second-trimester abortion. Years later, after Verlinsky had settled in the U.S., he was in London for a scientific meeting and discovered that Kuliev was working in the Soviet Union as head of genetics for the World Health Organization (WHO). Verlinsky contacted him, they met in Geneva in 1982, and soon after they began working together, again doing embryonic and genetic research. Kuriev would later become director of the Reproductive Genetics Institute that Verlinsky established in 1990.^[3]

Verlinsky was an expert in pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, which is the genetic testing and chromosome analysis of embryos before they are transferred to a woman’s uterus with in-vitro fertilization (IVF.) His research expanded the applications of earlier prenatal and embryonic testing methods to allow doctors to understand the health and future of fetuses.

His diagnostic techniques have become widely accepted and are routinely used by prospective parents, especially couples with a history of genetic abnormalities or where the woman is over the age of 35, when the risk of genetically-related disorders is higher. As the tests could be performed up to six weeks earlier than amniocentesis, which uses a technique called chorionic villus sampling, the prospective parents were often more comfortable considering an abortion if any major abnormalities or risk factors were discovered. In addition, by allowing parents to select an embryo without known genetic disorders, they also had the potential of saving the lives of siblings that already had similar disorders and diseases.

In 1990, he established the private Reproductive Genetics Institute in Chicago to provide prenatal testing. According to his colleague, Dr. Norman Ginsberg, he was "a hard-working scientist, . . . . the first in the lab in the morning and the last out at night." Profits from his work were plowed back into research. "Rather than just make himself rich, he used this money to do a whole range of testing," Ginsberg added.^[5]

Verlinsky developed his ideas for genetic screening before doing in-vitro fertilization, he says, "while viewing a 1935 Joan Miro painting in a Jerusalem art gallery." He observed that the painting showed "two disks, one red and one yellow, floating in space, with a small, round black object under the red one." The disks reminded him of human eggs, with one changing into the other by ejecting the black object. "In a flash of insight," he took out a business card and wrote "polar bodies" on the back of it.

A Polar body is a cell structure found inside an ovum, which includes the package of chromosomes ejected by the egg before fertilization by sperm. Verlinsky's "insight" was that he could analyze the polar body to look for certain genetic defects in the resulting egg. This approach was useful when both parents were carriers of a genetic defect. He found that by using only eggs with the healthy version of the gene, "the child would be protected even if the father passed on the mutated version," and as a result, his approach produced many healthy pregnancies. He later found that a single cell could be removed from an early fertilized egg without disturbing subsequent development, and it can then be used for genetic diagnosis.

In 2000, his technique became notable when it helped the parents of Molly Nash, a child who suffered from life-threatening Fanconi anemia, conceive a son without the disease and whose cells were later used to save Molly's life. In 2002, his method also helped a mother, whose genetic diagnosis showed a likelihood of getting Alzheimer's disease, conceive a daughter who was free of the gene.The case was declared a "medical milstone" as the first use of genetic testing to prevent an early onset form of Alzheimer's disease.

As a result of Verlinsky's Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis methods, experts today are able to more easily test for over 200 different genetic disorders and diseases, including Fanconi anemia, Alzheimer’s disease, Cystic fibrosis, thalassemia, Down syndrome, Tay-Sachs, and Muscular dystrophy. Experts have credited him with "some of the firsts" in applying P.G.D., such as tissue typing to determine genetic defect risks and to allow the use of stem cells from newborns to treat other diseased family members. Dr. Andrew La Barbera, the scientific director for the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, said that Verlinsky's research had a "far-reaching impact on reproductive medicine" and he was a "giant in the field" by enabling couples to have children free of genetic diseases and making his methods "available to clinics around the world." "If it wasn't for Yury," said Dr. Jamie Grifo, program director at the New York University Fertility Center, "who knows how far this field would have come?"

ニューヨークタイムス

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/23/science/23verlinsky.html

ＰＢＳ　ＴＶ

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec04/verlinsky.html

ロサンゼルスタイムス

http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-me-yury-verlinsky22-2009jul22,0,2605493.story

その他　多数

http://www.google.co.jp/search?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1T4GGNI_enUS475US475&q=Yury+Verlinsky+dies+at+65%3b+pioneered+genetic+testing+method

リーズ出身。マンチェスター・セントラル・ハイスクールを卒業後、イギリス陸軍に入隊しヨルダン、エジプト、イラクで従軍。その後、ウェールズ大学の構成大学の1つであるバンガー大学で動物学の植物学専攻で学ぶ。バンガー大学卒業後はエジンバラ大学生物学部付属動物遺伝学研究所で研究を続け、1955年にPh.D.（博士号）を取得。1963年にケンブリッジ大学に移る。

1960年頃からヒトの受精に関する研究を始め、ケンブリッジ大学に移ってからも後の体外受精につながる基礎研究を続けた。1968年、実験室におけるヒト卵細胞の受精に成功し、オールダムの産婦人科学外科医であるパトリック・ステプトーとの共同研究を開始した。エドワーズは人工授精や初期胚の培養を可能にするための培養基を開発し、ステプトーは卵管性不妊症患者の卵母細胞を腹腔鏡を用いて採取した。彼らの研究には生命倫理や宗教の観点から反対意見も根強かった^。

• 1984年 - ロンドン王立協会フェローとなる。
• 2001年 - ラスカー・ドゥベーキー臨床医学研究賞（不妊治療に革命的な進歩をもたらした体外受精技術の開発）
• 2007年 - デイリー・テレグラフの「存命する天才100人」の26位に選ばれる。
• 2010年 - ノーベル生理学・医学賞（体外受精技術の開発）。選考委員会は不妊症の治療を進歩させた功績を評価し、特に体外受精児が通常の子供と同様に健康であることを重視した。ストックホルムのカロリンスカ研究所にある選考委員会の議長、ゲラン・ハンソン(:en:)博士はエドワーズの受賞を発表した。ルイーズ・ブラウンはこの受賞に対して「素晴らしいニュースです」とコメントを寄せた。しかし、ローマ法王庁はこの受賞に対して不快感を表明した。