The disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant in March released far more radiation than the Japanese government has claimed. So concludes a study1 that combines radioactivity data from across the globe to estimate the scale and fate of emissions from the shattered plant.
The study also suggests that, contrary to government claims, pools used to store spent nuclear fuel played a significant part in the release of the long-lived environmental contaminant caesium-137, which could have been prevented by prompt action. The analysis has been posted online for open peer review by the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.
Andreas Stohl, an atmospheric scientist with the Norwegian Institute for Air Research in Kjeller, who led the research, believes that the analysis is the most comprehensive effort yet to understand how much radiation was released from Fukushima Daiichi. "It's a very valuable contribution," says Lars-Erik De Geer, an atmospheric modeller with the Swedish Defense Research Agency in Stockholm, who was not involved with the study.
The reconstruction relies on data from dozens of radiation monitoring stations in Japan and around the world. Many are part of a global network to watch for tests of nuclear weapons that is run by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization in Vienna. The scientists added data from independent stations in Canada, Japan and Europe, and then combined those with large European and American caches of global meteorological data.
Stohl cautions that the resulting model is far from perfect. Measurements were scarce in the immediate aftermath of the Fukushima accident, and some monitoring posts were too contaminated by radioactivity to provide reliable data. More importantly, exactly what happened inside the reactors — a crucial part of understanding what they emitted — remains a mystery that may never be solved. "If you look at the estimates for Chernobyl, you still have a large uncertainty 25 years later," says Stohl.
Nevertheless, the study provides a sweeping view of the accident. "They really took a global view and used all the data available," says De Geer.
Challenging numbers
Japanese investigators had already developed a detailed timeline of events following the 11 March earthquake that precipitated the disaster. Hours after the quake rocked the six reactors at Fukushima Daiichi, the tsunami arrived, knocking out crucial diesel back-up generators designed to cool the reactors in an emergency. Within days, the three reactors operating at the time of the accident overheated and released hydrogen gas, leading to massive explosions. Radioactive fuel recently removed from a fourth reactor was being held in a storage pool at the time of the quake, and on 14 March the pool overheated, possibly sparking fires in the building over the next few days.
But accounting for the radiation that came from the plants has proved much harder than reconstructing this chain of events. The latest report from the Japanese government, published in June, says that the plant released 1.5 × 1016 bequerels of caesium-137, an isotope with a 30-year half-life that is responsible for most of the long-term contamination from the plant2. A far larger amount of xenon-133, 1.1 × 1019 Bq, was released, according to official government estimates.
The new study challenges those numbers. On the basis of its reconstructions, the team claims that the accident released around 1.7 × 1019 Bq of xenon-133, greater than the estimated total radioactive release of 1.4 × 1019 Bq from Chernobyl. The fact that three reactors exploded in the Fukushima accident accounts for the huge xenon tally, says De Geer.
Xenon-133 does not pose serious health risks because it is not absorbed by the body or the environment. Caesium-137 fallout, however, is a much greater concern because it will linger in the environment for decades. The new model shows that Fukushima released 3.5 × 1016 Bq caesium-137, roughly twice the official government figure, and half the release from Chernobyl. The higher number is obviously worrying, says De Geer, although ongoing ground surveys are the only way to truly establish the public-health risk.
Stohl believes that the discrepancy between the team's results and those of the Japanese government can be partly explained by the larger data set used. Japanese estimates rely primarily on data from monitoring posts inside Japan3, which never recorded the large quantities of radioactivity that blew out over the Pacific Ocean, and eventually reached North America and Europe. "Taking account of the radiation that has drifted out to the Pacific is essential for getting a real picture of the size and character of the accident," says Tomoya Yamauchi, a radiation physicist at Kobe University who has been measuring radioisotope contamination in soil around Fukushima.
Stohl adds that he is sympathetic to the Japanese teams responsible for the official estimate. "They wanted to get something out quickly," he says. The differences between the two studies may seem large, notes Yukio Hayakawa, a volcanologist at Gunma University who has also modelled the accident, but uncertainties in the models mean that the estimates are actually quite similar.
The new analysis also claims that the spent fuel being stored in the unit 4 pool emitted copious quantities of caesium-137. Japanese officials have maintained that virtually no radioactivity leaked from the pool. Yet Stohl's model clearly shows that dousing the pool with water caused the plant's caesium-137 emissions to drop markedly (see 'Radiation crisis'). The finding implies that much of the fallout could have been prevented by flooding the pool earlier.
The Japanese authorities continue to maintain that the spent fuel was not a significant source of contamination, because the pool itself did not seem to suffer major damage. "I think the release from unit 4 is not important," says Masamichi Chino, a scientist with the Japanese Atomic Energy Authority in Ibaraki, who helped to develop the Japanese official estimate. But De Geer says the new analysis implicating the fuel pool "looks convincing".
The latest analysis also presents evidence that xenon-133 began to vent from Fukushima Daiichi immediately after the quake, and before the tsunami swamped the area. This implies that even without the devastating flood, the earthquake alone was sufficient to cause damage at the plant.
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The Japanese government's report has already acknowledged that the shaking at Fukushima Daiichi exceeded the plant's design specifications. Anti-nuclear activists have long been concerned that the government has failed to adequately address geological hazards when licensing nuclear plants (see Nature 448, 392–393; 2007), and the whiff of xenon could prompt a major rethink of reactor safety assessments, says Yamauchi.
The model also shows that the accident could easily have had a much more devastating impact on the people of Tokyo. In the first days after the accident the wind was blowing out to sea, but on the afternoon of 14 March it turned back towards shore, bringing clouds of radioactive caesium-137 over a huge swathe of the country (see 'Radioisotope reconstruction'). Where precipitation fell, along the country's central mountain ranges and to the northwest of the plant, higher levels of radioactivity were later recorded in the soil; thankfully, the capital and other densely populated areas had dry weather. "There was a period when quite a high concentration went over Tokyo, but it didn't rain," says Stohl. "It could have been much worse."
Additional reporting by David Cyranoski and Rina Nozawa.
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References
- Stohl, A. et al. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 11, 28319-28394 (2011). | Article |
- www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/kan/topics/201106/iaeahoukokushoe.html
- Chino, M. et al. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 48, 1129-1134 (2011). | Article | ChemPort |
The new estimates of radioactivity released from the stricken reactors at Fukushima will cause more concern among lay public.The differences are easily understandable. However much such models can be improved, errors of the type observed are inevitable.If,as the proponents of the new estimates claim, a major part of the release was over Pacific ocean and was not accounted for in the Japanese assessment, it is practically of little radiological consequence. Anti nuclear zealots may start a wave of arguments accusing the Japanese Government that they have suppressed the inconvenient information.Every added research has potential to cause flames of unwanted public anxiety, which cannot be doused by logical arguments later.The present report claims that "The model also shows that the accident could easily have had a much more devastating impact on the people of Tokyo". Any quantitative estimate of the dose to Tokyo residents is not given in the report.At what dose level is the impact considered "devastating"? 0.1 mSv, 1 mSv, 5 mSv,50 mSV ? Let us keep in mind the fact that virtually millions of people are exposed to doses of 5 to 10 mSv year after year due to radon decay products in their own residences!
The Stohl Report is not surprised to many scientists in Taiwan, which is one of the countries closest to Fukushima out of Japan. We visited the Sendai, Fukushima City, and area as close as 40 km from the devastated Daiichi plant at the end of August, and meters read up to 10 uS per hour on unrestricted topsoil in the public parking lots and kindergartens, as well as bustling roads, much higher than those levels in Tokyo city. In early April, radioactivity dusts from Fukushima had reached several governmental monitoring stations in Taiwan. But as early as 2 weeks after Fukushima nuclear spill, Prof. Huh, the leading geochemical scientist in Academic Sinica in Taiwan, already detected exceptional aerial radioactive dusts in several monitoring stations (submitted for publication). In cities in Japan, we met many Japanese public, housewives, quiet but anxious, reserved but with tears and angers. The shocks were totally new to them, to the towns and separated families, as well as the plant operators and the government. The Japanese majority did not enjoy the explanation from the government, though. Many in Japan have worked to recover and scientists are trying on exposure assessment, health check-ups, as well as ways of decontamination. To us, the real amounts of emissions from the plants shall be learned and shared, that we will be able to cope with potential spills from massive spent fuels stored in many ageing nuclear plants throughout the world, as well as those in Taiwan’s nuclear plants. (Author a professor in the Taipei Medical University, Taiwan).
There are images of the Spent Fuel Pool of Unit 4 of Fukushima-1 which show that the fuel elements in that pool should have NOT been damaged seriously. A report with an image is, for example, in this article
It is difficult to reconcile large emissions from the pool of Unit 4 with the relatively minor damages suffered by the fuel elements stored in it, as shown in the pictures.
There were folks in denial, [the global warming alarmist/zealot George Monbiot is a good example...], some who have been damn vocal in trying to make Fukushima-Dai’ichi sound like it really wasn’t a big deal, who’ve even been trying to make it sound like it’s barely as bad as the (much less severe) Three Mile Island nuclear disaster [global warming skeptic Anthony Watts,Hearing aids prices for example [whose posts and data resource pages I often appreciate otherwise] shared this pro-nuclear crap on his blog on March 26.
The Japanese authorities continue to maintain that the spent fuel was not a significant source of contamination, because the pool itself did not seem to suffer major damage. "I think the release from unit 4 is not important," says Masamichi Chino,Adult costumes a scientist with the Japanese Atomic Energy Authority in Ibaraki, who helped to develop the Japanese official estimate. But De Geer says the new analysis implicating the fuel pool "looks convincing".
You would think with all the earthquakes over there as well as the entire pacific plate that they would be either implementing measures and fail-safes to protect against this in the future OR, even better, do away with nuclear power altogether!(Legal Shield) Sure its an excellent source of A LOT of power with one punch, but its proven EXTREMELY unsafe and unnecessary, especially for such a small country. There are plenty of safe alternatives that would provide MORE than enough power for Japan. That's my opinion on the matter anyway...
I've watched my sister with her food issues. She does all of this and tries to make up for it by drinking liquid vitamins taking supplements and eating vegan / health nut lifestyle.... yet she cannot controll herself at the end of the day because she is hungry and goes into a trance and eats everything in the kitchen she is not supposed to eat. Shes lactose intolerant and allergic to peanuts yet the first thing she goes for in this trance is cheese dairy and peanut butter. It is weird to watch her do this she will pick up the food then stare me right in the eyes as she eat it... its like robotic. I left raw pastry dough on the counter once and she ate it all... then puked it up! Then went to the gym and worked out for 2 hours because she couldn't get it all up.... She can't eat just one bite of cheese or one piece of pie or one spoonful of peanutbutter... its got to be half a pie the whole block of cheese half the jar of peanut butter... this is the same person that will read all ingredients lists for animal products gluten bad oils fats artificial sweeteners etc... She has health problems now. She cant keep up in kickboxing class anymore because she feels like crap. She involuntarily pukes if she eats too much salt sugar fat or just too much at once her stomach is too sensitive to everything now. We go to starbucs and she could order a regular frap and puke before she finishes half of it because her stomach just can't take it... I can see it in her hair skin in nails that shes sickly and she tries to make up for it by spending hundreds on a hair lady every week getting spray tan and big money creams and potions for the skin... she gets sick all the time too. Every time i see her she has a cold or a touch of the flu or something! She is not well. She used to be ripped like a fitness model from all the kickboxing and working out now shes loosing her muscle. ...Shes obsessed with food and body image yet she can't see what she is doing to herself and she tries to make up for it with her diet (that is when she doesn't go on a binge every evening...) but it just doesn't compensate.'rio orange':http://www.obtenir-rio.info rio orange
It is all the money everyone saves from free medical care. People have yet to figure out free does not exist but they love it. If all the money needed for this could be gotten from all the savings people and businesses got from it then it would not be a problem but the fact is it will cost more then it saves. Some companies offer higher wages in lieu of benefits so no savings to the company and other companies offer a rebate to employees who do not need or want medical benefits and the rest offer medical plans that is figured in to the lower compensation. The first thing that will happen is the companies including benefits as part of the package will have to do is increase pay because that is no longer part of the package or they will lose employees to the companies now getting it from the government plan so the savings is reduced. If you are going to charge the companies for it then the companies paying the higher wages without benefits either lower wages or increase cost. People will pay either way just a matter of directly through income taxes or fees or indirectly by paying increased prices for products because the companies are paying fees or higher taxes. President Obama keeps promising things without any cost to people but that is not real world. If you get cost savings through more efficiency in the government program and that goes to paying for the system rather then lower cost then people save nothing but lowering the cost will mean the money has to come from some where whether fees, taxes or decrease in services. Americans spend a huge amount on medical but part of that would be unnecessary or not allowed as it is cosmetic or not required; people would still want those things so would pay for them any way. The thing about getting this and saving all this money or costing nothing is not logical when you think about it but all many are seeing is something for nothing. calcul imc
Generally speaking they like to know so they can support you rather than exclude you. Im a student nurse & we have these forms too. I have had depression in the past & that worried me but the uni doctor was very supportive. If you are coping ok with the tablets then there really shouldnt be an issue. Its if you are not addressing the issue that they dont like. They will just let you know what support is available to you & stress to you that you should use it if you need it. I dont know about the eating disorder. If your GP feels you are ok with just anti-depressants & no other treatment then chances are the uni doctor will feel you are ok. Again, they will do their best to support you so be honest & try not to worry. imc
It is weird to watch her do this she will pick up the food then stare me right in the eyes as she eat it... its like robotic. I left raw pastry dough on the counter once and she ate it all... then puked it up! Then went to the gym and worked out for 2 hours because she couldn't get it all up.... She can't eat just one bite of cheese or one piece of pie or one spoonful of peanutbutter... its got to be half a pie the whole block of cheese half the jar of peanut butter... this is the same person that will read all ingredients lists for animal products gluten bad oils fats artificial sweeteners etc... She has health problems now. She cant keep up in kickboxing class anymore because she feels like crap. She involuntarily pukes if she eats too much salt sugar fat or just too much at once her stomach is too sensitive to everything now. We go to starbucs and she could order a regular frap and puke before she finishes half of it because her stomach just can't take it. basenji dog
he danger contamination poses to food supplies was underlined this week when officials in Fukushima confirmed that 9kg of a batch of contaminated rice had been sold to consumers this month. The discovery came soon after they banned shipments of another batch of rice containing excessive levels of radioactive caesium.
Peter Lynch, an expert on the renewable energy sector, offers a concise introductiÂon to the central role of feed-in tariffs (FITs) in fostering the ongoing transition from conventionÂal, carbon-ladÂen sources of generating electricitÂy to renewables such as solar, wind and geothermalÂ. As the author points out, FITs guarantee markets and prices for renewable power, and drive down their cost through deployment and the encouragemÂent of yet more technical advance. FITs thus offer much hope to a world that seems unable to reach any sort of global agreement on cutting emissions which have continued to spiral since the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. papa johns coupons
Hello,
good article .. he first thing that will happen is the companies including benefits as part of the package will have to do is increase pay because that is no longer part of the package or they will lose employees to the companies now getting it from the government plan so the savings is reduced. If you are going to charge the companies for it then the companies paying the higher wages without benefits either lower wages or increase cost. People will pay either way just a matter of directly through income taxes or fees or indirectly by paying increased prices for products because the companies are paying fees or higher taxes.greetings, Ferdi
Also no one died as a result of Japan's latest nuclear incident and environmental damage seem have been mostly avoided. But is this testimony to successful plant design or a warning of impending disaster?
After the stunning revelation that the nuclear power plant damaged in an earthquake last week was built above an active fault line, Japan faces an uphill struggle to convince its citizens, and the rest of the world, that its commitment to nuclear power is safe.Perched on top of four converging tectonic plates, Japan is one of the most earthquake-prone countries — geological instability causes around 1,000 tremors a year there.
Greetings, Ferdi
Hi there, very interesting article to read. What i want so say is, that you also have to keep in mind that in most cities in Japan, we met many Japanese public, housewives, quiet but anxious, reserved but with tears and angers. The shocks were totally new to them, to the towns and separated families, as well as the plant operators and the government. The Japanese majority did not enjoy the explanation from the government, though. Many in Japan have worked to recover and versicherung scientists are trying on exposure assessment, health check-ups, as well as ways of decontamination.
Please don't forget:After the stunning revelation that the nuclear power plant damaged in an earthquake last week was built above an active fault line, Japan faces an uphill struggle to convince its citizens, and the rest of the world, that its commitment to nuclear power is safe.Perched on top of four reisen converging tectonic plates, Japan is one of the most earthquake-prone countries — geological instability causes around 1,000 tremors a year there. Greetings
It should be noted that the above is the special treatment for the total exposure dose which includes the absolutely unavoidable emergency activities at Fukuishima Dai-ichi nageldesign NPS and that any excess of the legal exposure dose of 50 mSv per year violates law when the worker was not involved in the emergency activities.It is also requested to give guidance to avoid any additional exposure, for five years including the period engaged in the emergency activities, when it comes to engaging in other radiation work than emergency activities, for the radiation workers who incurred more than 100 mSv by the unavoidable emergency activities at Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS.
Best regards from Berlin,
Bernhard
Great statement Parthasarathy K S. I agree completely.
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The Stohl Report is not surprised to many scientists in Taiwan, which is one of the countries closest to Fukushima out of Japan. We visited the Sendai, Fukushima City, and area as close as 40 km from the devastated Daiichi plant at the end of August, and meters read up to 10 uS per hour on unrestricted topsoil in the public parking lots and kindergartens, as well as bustling roads, much higher than those levels in Tokyo city. In early April, radioactivity dusts from Fukushima had reached several governmental monitoring stations in Taiwan. But as early as 2 weeks after Fukushima nuclear spill, Prof. Huh, the leading geochemical scientist in Academic Sinica in Taiwan, already detected exceptional aerial radioactive dusts in several monitoring stations (submitted for publication). In cities in Japan, we met many Japanese public, housewives, quiet but anxious, reserved but with tears and angers. The shocks were totally new to them, to the towns and separated families, as well as the plant operators and the government. The Japanese majority did not enjoy the explanation from the government, though. Many in Japan have worked to recover and scientists are trying on exposure assessment, health check-ups, as well as ways of decontamination. To us, the real amounts of emissions from the plants shall be learned and shared, that we will be able to cope with potential spills from massive spent fuels stored in many ageing nuclear plants throughout the world, as well as those in Taiwan’s nuclear plants. (Author a professor in the Taipei Medical University, Taiwan).
The Stohl Report is not surprised to many scientists in Taiwan, which is one of the countries closest to Fukushima out of Japan. We visited the Sendai, Fukushima City, and area as close as 40 km from the devastated Daiichi plant at the end of August, and meters read up to 10 uS per hour on unrestricted topsoil in the public parking lots and kindergartens, as well as bustling roads, much higher than those levels in Tokyo city. In early April, radioactivity dusts from Fukushima had reached several governmental monitoring stations in Taiwan. But as early as 2 weeks after Fukushima nuclear spill, Prof. Huh, the leading geochemical scientist in Academic Sinica in Taiwan, already detected exceptional aerial radioactive dusts in several monitoring stations (submitted for publication). In cities in Japan, we met many Japanese public, housewives, quiet but anxious, reserved but with tears and angers. The shocks were totally new to them, to the towns and separated families, as well as the plant operators and the government. The Japanese majority did not enjoy the explanation from the government, though. Many in Japan have worked to recover and scientists are trying on exposure assessment, health check-ups, as well as ways of decontamination. To us, the real amounts of emissions from the plants shall be learned and shared, that we will be able to cope with potential spills from massive spent fuels stored in many ageing nuclear plants throughout the world, as well as those in Taiwan’s nuclear plants. (Author a professor in the Taipei Medical University, Taiwan).
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After the stunning revelation that the nuclear power plant damaged in an earthquake last week was built above an active fault line, Japan faces an uphill struggle to convince its citizens, and the rest of the world, that its commitment to nuclear power is safe.Perched on top of four reisen converging tectonic plates, Japan is one of the most earthquake-prone countries  geological instability causes around 1,000 tremors a year there.
Fakta unik
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Peter Lynch, an expert on the renewable energy sector, offers a concise introductiÂÂon to the central role of feed-in tariffs (FITs) in fostering the ongoing transition from conventionÂÂal, carbon-ladÂÂen sources of generating electricitÂÂy to renewables such as solar, wind and geothermalÂÂ. As the author points out, FITs guarantee markets and prices for renewable power, and drive down their cost through deployment and the encouragemÂÂent of yet more technical advance. FITs thus offer much hope to a world that seems unable to reach any sort of global agreement on cutting emissions which have continued to spiral since the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.
Fakta unik
Ultrabook Notebook Tipis Harga Murah Terbaik
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which is one of the countries closest to Fukushima out of Japan. We visited the Sendai, Fukushima City, and area as close as 40 km from the devastated Daiichi plant at the end of August, and meters read up to 10 uS per hour on unrestricted topsoil in the public parking lots and kindergartens, as well as bustling roads, much higher than those levels in Tokyo city. In early April, radioactivity dusts from Fukushima had reached severa of yet more technical advance. FITs thus offer much hope to a world that seems unable to reach any sort of global agreement on cutting emissions which have continued to spiral since the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Protocol
Immediately after the earthquake, the Fukushima reactors, and many others, went into an automatic shutdown mode. Special rods of neutron-absorbing material, known as control rods, were inserted between the fuel assemblies, lifestyle halting the power-producing nuclear reactions. But power-producing reactions are not the only ones happening at the core: as nuclear fuel burns it creates new elements that themselves generate a great deal of heat through their radioactive decay. A small but significant amount of the core’s heat is generated by these elements, and there is no way to turn them off.
So, without emergency cooling, the temperature at the core of both reactors began to rise. As it did, what water that remained began to boil off, increasing the pressure inside the pellet-shape pod.
When temperatures reached around a thousand degrees Celsius, the zirconium alloy nagelsdesign holding the fuel pellets probably began to melt or split apart. As it did, it reacted with the steam and created hydrogen gas, which is highly volatile.
Storing spent fuel or fuel staged for any purpose in the facility is perfectly insane. Even those with a massive hatred for fission nuclear power should give in and realize the existing requirement to run these decrepit designs for some time is unavoidable. So make all these facilities have a few km distant site equipt reasonably well to just get the material out of the power generating building, entirely.
Can you imagine the horror to be in there fixing it, and have to deal with this unnecessary complication?
In Ontario, Canada the containment buildings are crammed around the edges with material while the political forces fight nagelstudio over meaningless issues whether to float them out on the lakes, etc. Argue it court, stromvergleiche argue it in the bedroom, argue it in heaven.. whatever. But in the meantime move it elsewhere.
On the subject of “no common senseâ€, these guys should have liberated the H2 as fast as possible, not let it build up to L.E.L. which blog is 4% It’s not hard to flare off Hydrogen… it like to burn, which in usually better the deflagurations or explosions. Wow.
nti nuclear zealots may start a wave of arguments accusing the Japanese Government that they have suppressed the inconvenient information.Every added research has potential to cause nailarts flames of unwanted public anxiety, which cannot be doused by logical arguments later.
A multilingual web portal on Primary Education is available with rich multimedia content for children and forums to discuss on the Educational issues. gutschein code
Great statement Parthasarathy K S. I agree completely.
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Kosovo is Serbian land from early 9. century.It is stronghold of Serbian churches and it is holy land to Serbs.especially after they won almost 4 times larger Turkish army back in 1389. there.However.after some defeats after 1690. and 1739. many Serbs were forced by Turks to flee from Kosovo because of heavy retaliation over civilians done by Turks.That was the period when Turks inhabited Muslim Albanians (from southern Caucasus) on Kosovo.Serbs liberated themselves from Turkish occupation during 19. century.They liberated all their lands (including Kosovo in 1912. Balkan wars).However.great animosity between Albanians and Serbs will not start until ww2.During ww2 Serbs allied themselves with France and Britain.while Albanians allied themselves with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.When Serbia was occupied by Germany.Hitler allowed Albanians to create a new state-Greater Albania(including southern Montenegro.half of Macedonia.northern Greece and Kosovo).Albanian Nazis.called Balistae.committed awful attrocities over Serbian civilians on Kosovo and that is something that Serbs will never forget.Anyway.after ww2 ended.everything settled.Serbs even allowed Albanians to have jobs and schools in Serbia in an attempt to forget the animosity of the past.But Albanians didn't forget.Their nationalist organizations wanted to recreate Greater Albania and they started to commit terrorist acts over Serbian civilians and police on Kosovo in 1989.but with greater intensity in 1998.Serbian security forces answered fiercly.but that was the time when USA and NATO involved.willing to ally themselves with Muslim Albanians because they saw threat in Serbia-greatest Balkan Russian ally.So NATO (under pressure of USA) committed bombing campaign against Serbia during three months war in 1999.Serbian army fought unexpectedly well.but when NATO started bombing Serbian civilians.Serbia had to accept peace treaty which meant that their army and police had to pull out of Kosovo.Since then KFOR is stationed on Kosovo with aim of securing peace and stability.That is nothing but a lie.They stood still and watched while Albanian extremists committed genocide over remaining Serbs on Kosovo during march of 2004.For the end.just some statistics:Before the 1999. war Kosovo population was consisted of 60% Albanians and 35% Serbs.After the 1999. war and 2004. genocide there are 90% Albanians on Kosovo. A l'image du RIB bancaire, un numero RIO est un identifiant unique attribue a une ligne et a un contrat client permettant d'identifier votre demande de portabilite vers un autre operateur.rio bouygues
Kosovo is Serbian land from early 9. century.It is stronghold of Serbian churches and it is holy land to Serbs.especially after they won almost 4 times larger Turkish army back in 1389. there.However.after some defeats after 1690. and 1739. many Serbs were forced by Turks to flee from Kosovo because of heavy retaliation over civilians done by Turks.That was the period when Turks inhabited Muslim Albanians (from southern Caucasus) on Kosovo.Serbs liberated themselves from Turkish occupation during 19. century.They liberated all their lands (including Kosovo in 1912. Balkan wars).However.great animosity between Albanians and Serbs will not start until ww2.During ww2 Serbs allied themselves with France and Britain.while Albanians allied themselves with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.When Serbia was occupied by Germany.Hitler allowed Albanians to create a new state-Greater Albania(including southern Montenegro.half of Macedonia.northern Greece and Kosovo).Albanian Nazis.called Balistae.committed awful attrocities over Serbian civilians on Kosovo and that is something that Serbs will never forget.Anyway.after ww2 ended.everything settled.Serbs even allowed Albanians to have jobs and schools in Serbia in an attempt to forget the animosity of the past.But Albanians didn't forget.Their nationalist organizations wanted to recreate Greater Albania and they started to commit terrorist acts over Serbian civilians and police on Kosovo in 1989.but with greater intensity in 1998.Serbian security forces answered fiercly.but that was the time when USA and NATO involved.willing to ally themselves with Muslim Albanians because they saw threat in Serbia-greatest Balkan Russian ally.So NATO (under pressure of USA) committed bombing campaign against Serbia during three months war in 1999.Serbian army fought unexpectedly well.but when NATO started bombing Serbian civilians.Serbia had to accept peace treaty which meant that their army and police had to pull out of Kosovo.Since then KFOR is stationed on Kosovo with aim of securing peace and stability.That is nothing but a lie.They stood still and watched while Albanian extremists committed genocide over remaining Serbs on Kosovo during march of 2004.For the end.just some statistics:Before the 1999. war Kosovo population was consisted of 60% Albanians and 35% Serbs.After the 1999. war and 2004. genocide there are 90% Albanians on Kosovo. A l'image du RIB bancaire, un numero RIO est un identifiant unique attribue a une ligne et a un contrat client permettant d'identifier votre demande de portabilite vers un autre operateur.rio bouygues
Kosovo is Serbian land from early 9. century.It is stronghold of Serbian churches and it is holy land to Serbs.especially after they won almost 4 times larger Turkish army back in 1389. there.However.after some defeats after 1690. and 1739. many Serbs were forced by Turks to flee from Kosovo because of heavy retaliation over civilians done by Turks.That was the period when Turks inhabited Muslim Albanians (from southern Caucasus) on Kosovo.Serbs liberated themselves from Turkish occupation during 19. century.They liberated all their lands (including Kosovo in 1912. Balkan wars).However.great animosity between Albanians and Serbs will not start until ww2.During ww2 Serbs allied themselves with France and Britain.while Albanians allied themselves with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.When Serbia was occupied by Germany.Hitler allowed Albanians to create a new state-Greater Albania(including southern Montenegro.half of Macedonia.northern Greece and Kosovo).Albanian Nazis.called Balistae.committed awful attrocities over Serbian civilians on Kosovo and that is something that Serbs will never forget.Anyway.after ww2 ended.everything settled.Serbs even allowed Albanians to have jobs and schools in Serbia in an attempt to forget the animosity of the past.But Albanians didn't forget.Their nationalist organizations wanted to recreate Greater Albania and they started to commit terrorist acts over Serbian civilians and police on Kosovo in 1989.but with greater intensity in 1998.Serbian security forces answered fiercly.but that was the time when USA and NATO involved.willing to ally themselves with Muslim Albanians because they saw threat in Serbia-greatest Balkan Russian ally.So NATO (under pressure of USA) committed bombing campaign against Serbia during three months war in 1999.Serbian army fought unexpectedly well.but when NATO started bombing Serbian civilians.Serbia had to accept peace treaty which meant that their army and police had to pull out of Kosovo.Since then KFOR is stationed on Kosovo with aim of securing peace and stability.That is nothing but a lie.They stood still and watched while Albanian extremists committed genocide over remaining Serbs on Kosovo during march of 2004.For the end.just some statistics:Before the 1999. war Kosovo population was consisted of 60% Albanians and 35% Serbs.After the 1999. war and 2004. genocide there are 90% Albanians on Kosovo. A l'image du RIB bancaire, un numero RIO est un identifiant unique attribue a une ligne et a un contrat client permettant d'identifier votre demande de portabilite vers un autre operateur.rio bouygues