筆者より読者の皆様へ この度 、大阪医科大学名誉教授の松本秀雄先生が、Gm研究の集大成として、先生のライフワークである「日本人の起源」に関する総説論文を、日本学士院 “Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B”(Vol. 85 (2009) , No. 2 )に発表されました。 この論文は英文によるものであり、筆者は、自分自身の理解のために翻訳を始めましたが、翻訳を進めるうち、我々一般人が学士院の論文集に触れる機会など殆どなく、この訳文をこのホームページに掲載すれば、読者の方々にも興味深いものになるのでは、と思うに到りました。 下記翻訳文は、日常、英文に接したこともない筆者が、専門用語を含む英文の学術論文を訳したものであり、日本語として熟(こな)れていない箇所や専門的にどうかという箇所も多々あるかと思います。 そうした訳文に係る一切は、すべて筆者の責任であることをここに確認いたします。 以下には、原文と訳文を対訳のかたちで掲載しておりますので、筆者の至らない分は、読者の皆様が原文から読み取っていただければ幸いです。 また、この論文は日本学士院のwebサイトで既にオンライン公開されており、直接参照されたい方は、 http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/pjab/85/2/_contents/-char/ja/ こちらから参照ください。 (日本学士院のホームページには、同ページ右上の″発行機関ホームページ″から行くことができます。) |
The origin of the Japanese race 免疫グロブリンGの標識遺伝子に基づく日本民族の起源 (Communicated by Osamu
HAYAISHI, M.J.A.) |
目次 |
09 .討論 -1.二重構造モデル -2 .Gm型 -3 .HLA多型 -4 .根井正利 -5 .ミトコンドリアDNA -6. Y染色体 -7 .常染色体 -8 .言語学 10 .謝辞 11 .参考文献 12 .略歴 (この目次は筆者が追加作成したもの) |
Abstract: 要約 This review addresses the distribution of genetic markers of immunoglobulin G (Gm) among 130 Mongoloid populations in the world. These markers allowed the populations to be clearly divided into 2 groups, the northern and southern groups. The northern group is characterized by high frequencies of 2 marker genes, ag and ab3st, and an extremely low frequency of the marker gene afb1b3; and the southern group, in contrast, is indicated by a remarkably high frequency of afb1b3 and low frequencies of ag and ab3st. この総説は、世界のモンゴロイド、130集団について免疫グロブリンG(Gm)の標識遺伝子の分布について得られた成績を集大成したものである。 このGm標識遺伝子は、モンゴロイドの集団が北方型集団と南方型集団の二つのグループに明確に分けられることを示す。 北方型モンゴロイドは、二つの標識遺伝子agとab3stの頻度が高いことと、afb1b3の頻度が極端に低いことで特徴付けられている。 一方、南方型モンゴロイドは対照的に、afb1b3の頻度が極だって高く、agとab3stの頻度が低い。 Based on the geographical distribution of the markers and gene flow of Gm ag and ab3st (northern Mongoloid marker genes) from northeast Asia to the Japanese archipelago, the Japanese population belongs basically to the northern Mongoloid group and is thus suggested to have originated in northeast Asia, most likely in the Baikal area of Siberia. Gm遺伝子agとab3st(すなわち北方型モンゴロイドの標識遺伝子)の北東アジアから日本列島への地理的分布とその遺伝子の流れから判断して、日本人の集団は基本的には北方型モンゴロイドのグループに属し、北東アジア、それもシベリアのバイカル地方に起源を持つ可能性が極めて高いということが示唆される。 |
Introduction はじめに Various theories as to the origin of the Japanese race have been advanced on the basis of the morphology of excavated bones. The most accepted theory at present is the "dual structure model"by Hanihara.1) All of these theories are, however, dependent on morphometrical differences between bones, which are well known to be easily subject to nutrition. 日本民族の起源に関するいろいろな学説は、発掘された人骨を形態的に調べることによって発展してきた。 現在、世間一般に最も受け入れられている学説は、埴原和郎による「二重構造モデル」である。 しかし、二重構造モデルを含む全ての学説は、化石人骨間の形態学的な差異に基づくもので、栄養状態によって容易に左右されることはよく知られている。 In 1959, the ABO blood group system was first applied
to human classification. Since then, polymorphic markers harbored in
macromolecules such as proteins and glycoconjugates including blood group
systems have been used for this purpose. ハンガリーに住むジプシーについてのGm研究に基づいて、ファン・ロッハム等は、Gm遺伝子のデータは、集団の遺伝的な識別を明確化するのに役立ち、且つGm遺伝子のデータは集団の起源や移動を調べたり、集団が持つ人種的な混血の割合を計算することにも適用できると、Gm型の有効性について述べている。 During the course of studying these samples, with
our aim fixed on Gm genes that characterize Mongoloid populations, we
obtained an unexpected result allowing us to approach the roots of
Japanese people.5),6) |
Materials and methods 材料と方法
About 20,000 individual sera
from 130 populations were tested for Gm types by using the agglutination
inhibition test with the reagents described previously. 8)
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Results 結果 A total of 9 different phenotypes, ag, axg, agb3st, agfb1b3, axgb3st,
axgfb1b3, ab3st, afb1b3st, and afb1b3, could be well accounted for by 4
genes, i.e., ag, axg, ab3st, and afb1b3, through the segregation patterns
among the offsprings of Japanese families. These results clarified that Mongoloid populations can be divided into
2 groups, the northern and southern groups. |
Characteristics of the Japanese population.10),11) 日本人集団の特徴 The results obtained from 26 Japanese populations living
in Japan are shown in Table 1and Fig. 1. 日本に住んでいる26の集団から得られた結果は、表1と図1に示した。 In particular, the frequency of the
other northern gene, Gm ab3st (yellow in the Figures), was much higher in
the Ryukyu islanders than in the general Japanese populations.
特に、もう一つの北方型遺伝子Gm ab3st(図中の黄色)の頻度が、一般の日本人の集団に比べ、琉球島民の方が非常に高かった。 On the other hand, in sharp contrast to
the 3 Ryukyu Islanders, a native tribe in Taiwan, theTakasago,13),14) and a Taiwanese population (descendants of people
who migrated from southern China about 300 years ago)15) showed a typical southern Mongoloid pattern, as
dipicted in Fig. 1, in spite of the fact that there is only an
80-km distance between Taiwan and the southwestern-most inhabited island
of Japan (Yonakunijima). 一方、琉球3島の島民と非常に対照的に、台湾の土着の種族・高砂族といわゆる台湾人(およそ300年前南中国から移住した人々の子孫)は図1に示したように、典型的な南方型モンゴロイドのパターンを示す。 |
Characteristics of the Korean population.16) 韓国人集団の特徴 Seven Korean populations in Cheju Island, Pusan, Kwangju, Kongsan,
Chonju, Wonju, and Kannung of South Korea, and 1 Korean population in
Yanji of northeast China were tested for the Gm types (Table 2 and Fig.
1). 7つの韓国人集団−韓国の済州島、釜山、光州、慶州、全州、原州、江陵−と中国東北部の延吉の朝鮮族について、Gmのタイプが調べられた(表2と図1)。 The frequency of the Gm ab3st gene (yellow in the Figures) in the
Korean population was 14.5% on average, which is intermediate between the
mean frequency in the general Japanese (26%) and the highest frequency in
a Han population (11.7%,Beijing in China). 韓国人集団のGm
ab3st遺伝子(図中の黄色)の頻度は平均して14.5%で、それは一般的な日本人の平均頻度(26%)と漢人のなかで最も高い頻度(11.7%,北京)を示す中間にある。 The Korean populations showed the northern Mongoloid pattern, like the
general Japanese, but higher frequencies of the southern marker gene,
Gm afb1b3 (red in the Figures), than the Japanese populations. |
Characteristics of the Chinese Han population. 10),11),17) 中国の漢人集団の特徴 The major ethnic group in the vast territory of China is the Han,
making up 93% of the population, while the remaining 7% is composed of 55
minority ethnic groups. 中国の広大な領域に住む主要な民族集団は、漢人が、人口の93%を占めており、
残りの7%が55の少数民族集団から構成されている。 The Han also have the 4 same Gm genes as the Japanese and Koreans
(Table 3 and Fig. 1). 漢人も、日本人と韓国人と同様、4つの同種のGm遺伝子を持っている(表3と図1)。 |
Minority ethnic groups in the World. 世界の少数民族
Admixture populations with Caucasoid コーカソイドとの混血集団 The distributions of the Gm genes among minority
ethnic groups in Central and Southwest Asia
and in North and South America are shown in Tables 4 and 5 and in Figs. 1
and 2. 合計5つのGm遺伝子が12の民族集団で見られるが、モンゴロイドのab3stとコーカソイドのfb1b3と2つのありふれた遺伝子(ag,
axg)をもつという一般的な混血集団(5遺伝子)とは異なる4つの遺伝子をもつ、ウラルの集団が観察された。 |
Northern minority populations 北方の少数民族
A total of 17 populations among the Buryats, Yakut, Even, Evenki,
Olunchun, Tungus, Dawoer, Udehe, Mongols, and Tibetans showed high
frequencies of the ag and ab3st genes and a low frequency of the afb1b3
gene, i.e., the northern Mongoloid pattern. ブリアート、ヤクート、エベン、エベンキ、オロチョン、ツングース、ダフール、ウデヘ、モンゴル、チベットを含む17の集団は、高い頻度のagおよびab3st遺伝子と低い頻度のafb1b3遺伝子を持つ、北方型モンゴロイドのパターンを示す。 The Evenki (population, 30,000 in Russia) and Tungus (25,000 in China)
are the same tribe. |
Southern minority populations 南方の少数民族 With regard to Southeast Asia, Chuang is the largest
minority tribe (14 million) among minority groups there and has an
extremely high frequency (94%) of Gm afb1b3 (the southern-type gene, red
in the Figures).
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American Indians アメリカのインディアン The Gm data on the American Indians are shown in Table 5
and Fig.2. American Indians are generally classified as Mongoloid. The
most obvious specific place of departureof their ancestors was anywhere in
Siberia. |
Gm gene composition of the Mongoloid モンゴロイドのGm遺伝子の構成 Populations dispersed over broad areas of Asia and North
and South America are regarded as Mongoloid characterized by 4 Gm genes,
i.e., Gm ag, axg,ab3st, and afblb3. Of particular note are the
geno-clines, which are observed for the 2 northern Gm ag and ab3st genes,
and the southern Gm afb1b3 gene, in Asia and America. As shown in Fig. 2, the Mongoloid was divided into
northern and southern groups. |
Acknowledgement 謝辞 I would like to express my gratitude to Drs. K. Takatsuki, T. Ohta, K. Katayama, G. Ishimoto, K. Suzuki, and S. Ito for their warm collaboration, and Mrs. T. Miyazaki for her earnest help with the Gm typing. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Drs. A. G. Steinberg, R. Grubb, and E. van Loghem for their warm and enlightening guidance that started about 40 years ago and has continued up to this day. I am deeply grateful to the following doctors for their thoughtful support and provision of valuable serum samples: Dr. R. Grubb (Greenland Inuit); Dr. B. S. Blumberg (North American Indians); Dr. F.M. Salzano (South American Indians);Drs.T.Zhao,X.Xu,andG.Woo(Chinese populations); and Dr. D. Shou (Takasago and Taiwanese). I am also heartily thankful to Dr. L. Frye for his critical reading of this manuscript during its preparation.
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After that, he was appointed as an associate professor of Osaka Medical College, Department of Legal Medicine. In the meantime, he studied human genetics and immunoglobulin allotypes (Gm) for two years at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio, U.S.A. as a visiting fellow (1962-1964). He was appointed as a professor of Osaka Medical College, Department of Legal Medicine in 1973. Thereafter, in 1977, he received PhD degree from Tokyo Metropolitan University. He was elected as the President for the 28th General Meeting in 1983 ofthe Japanese Society of Human Genetics. Dr. Matsumoto received the Commendation from the Ministry of Justice in 1977 and the Medal from the Police Agency, Secretary in 1984. He received the Testimonial from the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1987. He was elected as the President of Osaka Medical College in 1989 and offcially retired at the expiration of his term of office in 1995. Since then, he has been an Emeritus Professor. As additional honors, Dr. Matsumoto was elected as the President of International Symposium on DNA polymorphisms (at Hakone) in 1990, and was made an Honorary Citizen of Toulouse,France in 1989, and an Honorary Member of the International Society of Forensic Haemogenetics in 1990. He was conferred the Decoration from the Emperor of Japan in 1999. |