The day Japan’s red lights flickered out
Stories reminiscing events of the “Showa 30s” (from 1955 to 1964) are taken up in Shincho 45 (March). Once such event, as journalist Masanori Kikuchi reports, took place on April 1, 1958, which happened to be the day Japan’s new Anti-prostitution Law went into force.
With that law, the 300-year history of Tokyo’s Yoshiwara brothel quarters came to an end — as did approximately 500 areas utilized for similar purposes around the country.
Actually the system of “public prostitution” that had been institutionalized during the Edo (1603-1867) and Meiji (1868-1912) eras was halted in 1946, when the Allied Occupation headquarters (GHQ) ordered the abolition of public prostitution and white slavery. However, notes Shincho 45, the brothels continued to stay in business — using the term “aka-sen” (red line) to denote a red-light district — as an expediential policy based on the Japanese rationalization that “American soldiers will be needing a sexual outlet.”
The term “aka-sen” owes its origin to the practice of marking street maps to show neighborhoods where legal prostitution took place. In addition to the aka-sen, areas where small snack shops or bars served as fronts for prostitution became known as “ao-sen” (blue lines). Below this was one more type, where sex was sold illegally and sometimes under rather sordid conditions, known as “bai-sen” (white lines).
The banning of the “aka-sen,” not surprisingly, was a severe blow to the many businesses that catered to brothels and their customers. In her autobiography, Toshiko Fukuda, the proprietor of the geisha house “Matsubaya” in Yoshiwara, wrote, “Certainly with the implementation of this new law, the people in the Yoshiwara found it hard to believe it really spelled the end of their world. On its last night of business, after the 106 houses — with fewer patrons than usual — saw off their customers at around 11 p.m., the lights finally began flickering out … and the streets of the Yoshiwara, which in the past had been bright enough not to even need lamps, descended into a deep darkness. It had changed so much that, in that one instant, that I said to myself, ‘Where in the world is this place?’”
Leading the drive to close the brothels was a large contingent of females who had been elected to the National Diet as a part of postwar democratization, and who campaigned tenaciously to end the practice. Worried that opposition would cost them the support of female voters, the male parliamentarians fell into line, and the law was enacted on April 1, 1957, with a one year interval before going into effect.
It should be noted, however, that this new law did not ban acts of prostitution per se, but merely cracked down on the people who profited from the sales of women’s bodies, and as such the law was not regarded as a victory for prudery but rather a breakthrough for women’s rights.
Extreme poverty prior to and immediately after the war was by far the greatest reason for women to enter the trade. In a survey of 800 prostitutes conducted by government bureau, the factor most commonly cited for entering the world’s oldest profession, with 37 percent, was “economic hardship.”
Naturally, Shincho 45 notes, it’s common knowledge that prostitution did not come to a halt with the implementation of the new law. Buildings in the brothel districts metamorphosed into bars, and their employees were referred to as “hostesses.” There were also no lack of streetwalkers and unlicensed brothels. The law served to drive the activity further underground, enabling gangsters and drugs to make inroads.
Eventually, some critics began calling for the old system to be reinstated. Writing in the Shukan Yomiuri of June 9, 1958, popular author Jugo Kuroiwa (1924-2003) stated, “The Anti-prostitution Law has created a ‘dead’ culture. For women with no other means of livelihood other than prostitution, or for women who desire to sell sexual services of their own free accord, it may be necessary for the government to oversee management of such establishments.
“In the old days, both the whores and the geisha lived inside the quarters, and people were constantly coming and going, day and night,” nostalgically recalls the proprietor of a Japanese-style confectioner that has been operating in the neighborhood of Yoshiwara for more than 60 years. “The place had everything — hairdressers and geisha houses and pubs — and the people had a real close-knit sense of community. But when the law went into effect, that all came to an end.”
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