This is the conclusion and sources for the research paper about child abuse in Japan and USA I've been posting. At last.
Child abuse is extremely prevalent in both the USA and Japan, but notoriously underreported due to the shame the victim often feels, and the blame he often places on himself for the abuse. Frequently society reacts with disbelief or minimization, telling the victim they weren't really abused, or it wasn't really that bad. Many reports of all types of child abuse are casually dismissed as unfounded despite the child's word, or not even investigated at all. Other types of abuse are actually societally accepted - for instance, statutory rape and child prostitution in Japan. Though child abuse is a tremendous problem, its victims rarely receive the help they desperately need.
Victims of child abuse typically have far more emotional problems than their peers, and such problems often lead them to delinquent behaviors. Delinquency is common among victims of abuse, ranging from less serious crimes such as substance abuse, to felonies such as assault or even murder. Often, such behaviors are a coping method for a situation or feelings they feel are out of control - for instance, a gang may provide the comfort an abusive family never did, or drug use might make an abused child feel less hurt by the abuse she suffers.
In order to prevent delinquency, the issue of abuse should first be addressed. Juvenile delinquency is not the problem - it is only a symptom.
Sources
1. “Recidivism rate of sex crimes against youngsters exceeds 20%.” The Asahi Shimbun. October 11, 2006.
2. “Care centers treading too carefully in child abuse?” The Asahi Shimbun. January 10, 2007.
3. Bell, Michelle; Boyer, Debra; Connell, Frederick; Stock, Jacqueline. "Adolescent Pregnancy and Sexual Risk-Taking Among Sexually Abused Girls." Family Planning Perspectives. October, 1997.
4. Botting, Geoff. “A slippery slope to kiddie porn.” The Japan Times. December 9, 2007.
5. Boyer, D; Fine, D. "Sexual abuse as a factor in adolescent pregnancy and child maltreatment." Family Planning Perspectives. February, 1992.
6. "Best Practices for Teen Pregnancy Prevention and Parenting Programs." Child Welfare League of America. 2007.
7. "Making Children a National Priority." Child Welfare League of America. 2003.
8. “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.” The Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. February 25, 2004.
9. Connell, Ryan. “Carefree minors treat unwanted pregnancies like a dose of the clap.” The Mainichi Shimbun. June 28, 2007.
10. Connell, Ryann. “Loose laws leave adoption trade vulnerable to sexual predators.” The Mainichi Shimbun. October 30, 2006.
11. Connell, Ryann. “Victim of virgin-killer children's home teacher tells a tale of sex and obsession.” The Mainichi Shimbun. March 26, 2007.
12. Connell, Ryann. “Japan Authorities Okays the Abuse of 18-20 Year Olds.” Cultures and Traditions.
13. Connell, Ryann. “How low can they go? Pseudo pedo-porn peddlers loll in lascivious limbo.” The Mainichi Shimbun. September 28, 2007.
14. Eaton, Danice. "Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance." Department of Health and Human Services. May, 2006.
15. Fang, Bay. “Young Lives For Sale.” U.S. News. October 16, 2005.
16. Greimil, Hans. “Grisly crimes spark rethink of 'safe' Japan.” The Japan Times. May 20, 2007.
17. Hansen, Jane. “Selling Atlanta’s Children.” The Atlanta Journal. January 7, 2001.
18. “Spouse and Child Abuse in Japan.” Japan Children’s Rights Network. February 25, 2008.
19. “Child prostitution through Internet spirals in Japan.” Japan Today. January 9, 2003.
20. Hongo, Jun. “Child Porn Scantily Disguised as Art?” The Japan Times. May 3, 2007.
21. Kitamura, Kunio. “Slow Life, Slow Sex: While some choose single motherhood, Japanese women pick abortion.” The Mainichi Shimbun. December 2, 2007.
22. “Woman who fatally stabbed her 2 children ordered to spend 8 years behind bars.” Mainichi Daily News. February 10, 2006.
23. “50 percent of young people in Japan subjected to dating violence.” The Mainichi Shimbun. November 10, 2007.
24. “Child abuse, child pornography cases hit record levels in first half of 2007.” The Mainichi Shimbun. August 10, 2007.
25. “Teenage girls among 6 reported to prosecutors for posting their naked images on Net.” The Mainichi Shimbun. February 9, 2007.
26. “Man to spend 32 months behind bars for fatally spraying scolding water on baby son.” The Mainichi Shimbun. September 19, 2007.
27. “Step dad dealt 5 years jail for fatal child abuse.” The Mainichi Shimbun. December 19, 2007.
28. “Scores of children left in cars last year as adults played pachinko.” The Mainichi Shimbun. May 5, 2007.
29. “Pedophile doctor let off with reprimand despite child prostitution conviction.” The Mainichi Shimbun. March 3, 2007.
30. Moreland, Jo. “Area study says female teen prostitution 'common'.” North County Times. November 1, 2005.
31. Musselman, Adam. “Sexual Abuse and Human Trafficking in Japan.” UCLA International Institute. November 17, 2003.
32. "Youth Risk Behavior Survey." National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. April 10, 2007.
33. “Runaway/Thrownaway Children: National Estimates and Characteristics.” NISMART Bulletin. October 2002.
34. Pasarel, Shelby. "Adolescent Childbearing and Educational and Economic Attainment." Advocates for Youth. October, 1995.
35. Prideaux, Eric. “Rising child-abuse deaths draw national scrutiny.” The Japan Times. March 19, 2007.
36. Prideaux, Eric. “Kids' group home a safe respite.” The Japan Times. March 20, 2007. '
37. Pyne, Solana. “Study Reveals Surprising Findings About Child Prostitution In City.” NY1 News. February 18, 2008.
38. Reeves, Andreana. “America's Forgotten Children.” Stanford University. February 20, 2008.
39. Schieffer, J. Thomas. “We must fight child sexual abuse.” The Yomiuri Shimbun. January 31, 2008.
40. Shaft, Jay. “Concrete Is Cold And Hard At Night.” Scoop. May 17, 2005.
41. Spangenberg, Mia. “Prostituted Youth in New York – An Overview.” ECPAT-USA.
42. Summit, Jodi. “Keeping our teens safe from exploitation.” Timberjay Newspapers. February 20, 2008.
43. Tatsuno, Yoko. “Child Abuse: Present Situation and Countermeasures in Japan.” Center for Child Abuse Prevention. January 26, 2001.
44. “Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children.” Unicef. December 10, 2006.
45. Welsh, Brandon; Siegel, Larry; Senna, Joseph. "Juvenile Delinquency." Thomson Learning. 2006.
46. Yee, Leland. “Ending the quiet tragedy of modern-day slavery.” San Francisco Chronicle. February 17, 2005.
47. “Child abuse deaths vary greatly by region.” The Yomiuri Shimbun. September 17, 2006.
48. “2 in 5 deaths by child abuse overlooked in '05.” The Yomiuri Shimbun. June 27, 2007.
49. “Child sex network uncovered.” The Yomiuri Shimbun. January 22, 2008.
50. “Stricter child abuse law eyed.” The Yomiuri Shimbun. January 7, 2007.
51. Brownmiller, Susan. "Against Our Will - Men, Women, and Rape."
52. Hopper, Jim. "Child Abuse: Statistics, Research, and Resources." 2007.
Next-to-last para:
"...ranging from less serious MISDEMEANOR crimes involving substance abuse, all the way up to FIRST-DEGREE FELONIES such as ....." <-- heightens the contrast you want to make
Notes:
Doesn't Asahi Shimbun credit any authors for its articles [as Mainichi does]?
8: author name isn't the same as the following. RYAN or RYANN ??
45, 51,52: quoting the enitre book? unusual in common practice, pages or chapters are normally included in the citation
Actually, to be accurate, what you provide is a Source List ---which is neither Notes nor Biblography --- both of which have carefully defined formats. Maybe tesc allows you to just combine these formats.
You've done a thorough and perceptive, especially comapssionate, job. grade = A
"To be on the wire is life. Everything else is just waiting." :Joe Gideon
Your series was wonderful and enlightening. Thank you for posting it!