エボラ出血熱、世界で蔓延するデマ 空気感染する? 臓器が溶ける?
西アフリカでエボラ出血熱が大流行しているが、病気に関するデマや噂話がはびこり、医療従事者が海外で仕事をする妨げになり、アメリカでは必要のないパニックや被害妄想を呼んでいる。エボラ出血熱について、よく誤解されていることについて本当のところを明らかにしておこう。
デマ: エボラウイルスは空気感染する。水中でも、日常的な接触でも感染してしまう。
真実: エボラウイルスは、感染者の体液が被感染者の粘膜に触れることで感染する。つまり、血液や汗、尿といった体液の中にあるエボラウイルスが目や口、鼻孔、耳、生殖器部や傷口に接触しない限り、感染はしない。
言い換えれば、感染はすれ違う程度の通常の接触ではなく、より頻繁な接触がある場合にのみ起こる。西アフリカで患者が多いのは、頻繁に接触する医療従事者や身内の患者の世話をする家族が感染するからだ。
先週、アメリカ疾病管理予防センター(CDC)はエボラ出血熱関連のページを更新し、感染者との通常の接触は「リスクが低い」とした。CDCでは「通常の接触」を「推奨されている防護服を着用しないで約1メートル以内、あるいは長時間室内や医療地域内で接触」、もしくは「推奨されている防護服を着用しないでエボラ出血熱患者と直に瞬間的に接触(握手など)」と定めている。
公衆衛生の環境が整っている先進国の病院では、マスクや手袋、保護服や隔離室といった予防策を取ることで簡単に感染を防ぐことができる。
西アフリカの医療従事者は地域の住民に、石鹸と水で手洗いし、患者は家族で世話をせずに診療所に連れてくる、感染のリスクを最小限におさえるためにエボラ出血熱で死んだ人々の遺体は埋葬する、などの重要性を教えている。
デマ:ラテンアメリカからの移民の子供は、アメリカにエボラウイルスを持ち込む可能性がある。
真実: ばかばかしい噂だ。こんな噂が広まったのは、共和党のトッド・ロキタ下院議員(インディアナ選出)のおかげだ。
彼は8月4日の地元ラジオ番組で「家族のいない移民の子供を自由にしたら、アメリカの公共衛生上の危険を引き起こす」という誤った情報を流したと、nwi.com. が伝えている。
ロキタ氏は、同僚との会話をラジオで次のように語ったという。「彼が言うんだ。『考えてみてくれ、エボラ感染の拡大とその他あらゆることについて、公共衛生の観点から知る必要がある』って。あ、いや、これは私が付け足したことで、彼が言ったことではないが。いずれにしても、移民の子供たちの状況を知る必要がある、と彼は言っていたよ」
アメリカ難民定住局の代表は即座にロキタ氏の間違いを指摘した。定住局の代表は、西半球ではエボラウイルスの病気に感染した者はこれまでにいないことをnwi.comに伝えている。
デマ: 国際医療チームがエボラウィルスを西アフリカに持ち込んだ。
真実: あまりにひどいこのデマが、実はエボラ出血熱の問題を長引かせているのかもしれない。
世界保険機構(WHO)は、国境なき医師団 (MSF) がギニアの森林地帯にエボラウイルスを持ち込んだとの非難を受け、任務を中断する羽目になった。CDCは、地域の部族長や心霊療法を行う者、長老と交渉し、エボラ出血熱の症状と医療機関で適切な治療について正しい教育を行い、こういったデマに対抗しようと組織的に取り組みを進めている。
ペンシルバニア州にある女子大「ブリンマー・カレッジ」の歴史学者で、アフリカーナ研究を行っているカララ・ンガラムルメ准教授は、エボラ出血熱の死亡率が伸びる一方の現状では (現在約55%で、今後も上昇が予想される)、病気についての誤解もあることから、村人が懐疑的になるのも無理はないだろうと述べる。
「人々はエボラ出血熱の治療法は存在しないと聞かされます。医療施設に連れて行かれた者は死ぬことになる、感染すれば助かる者はいない、と思うのです」と、ハフィントンポストUS版の取材に対し、ンガラムルメ准教授はメールで応じた。「多くの村人がこんな風に、病院には死ぬために行くのだと思い込むのも無理はありません。あるいは病院で彼らは殺されている、と言い出すも当然の成り行きでしょう。噂は大きくなるものなのです」
デマ: エボラウイルス感染患者をアメリカに連れてくると、危険が大きい。アメリカの不動産王ドナルド・トランプはアメリカ人のエボラウイルス感染患者を治療のためにアメリカに連れ帰ることに反対している。トランプは次のようにツイートしている。
The U.S. cannot allow EBOLA infected people back. People that go to far away places to help out are great-but must suffer the consequences!
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) August 2, 2014
”アメリカはエボラ感染者の帰国を許可してはならない。人助けのために遠く離れた場所に行く人々は素晴らしいが、事の重大さを受け入ればければならない!”
真実: 兵隊を戦場に置き去りにするのがトランプ氏のやり方のようだが、彼のツイートは、エボラ出血熱が蔓延するなか、何が最も命取りになるのか、彼が何も理解していないことを表している。
エボラウイルス感染拡大の理由は、それが特別に強いウイルスだからというわけではなく、西アフリカのヘルスケアが他の地域に比べ劣っているためだ。
手袋、衣服、マスク、適切な衛生基準と隔離設備があれば、医療従事者をエボラウイルス感染から守るには充分だ。しかし、エボラウイルス感染が広がる国では正しい治療を行い、患者を隔離するために必要な備品や施設が備わっていない。
ルイジアナ州ニューオリンズにあるチューレーン大学のウイルス研究家ダニエル・バウシュ氏は、アメリカの国営放送「ボイス・オブ・アメリカ」に出演し、長い戦争と貧困の影響で、シエラレオネやリベリアのような国は特に感染症予防が脆弱だと述べた。
「シエラレオネやリベリアの病院に行くと、医療従事者から『手袋がありません』『清潔な注射針がありません』と言われることは珍しくありません。エボラ出血熱や、それと類似したマールブルグ病は、長期の社会不安、そして政情不安により公共衛生制度が衰退した地域で起こっています」
デマ: あなたの体がエボラウイルスを克服したとしても、ウイルスを他人にうつしてしまうことがある。
真実: 通常、エボラ出血熱の症状を発症している人からのみ人に感染する。
今回の感染拡大中に亡くなった唯一のアメリカ人は、リベリアの総人口よりも多いミネソタ州の出身者だ。ミネソタ州の住民の不安に対処するため、ミネソタ州保険局感染症科長のアロン・デブリーズ氏はこの問題について、地元NBCと共同制作Kare11のインタビューに答えた。
デブリーズは、熱や頭痛、嘔吐、下痢といったエボラウイルス感染症の症状が出ている人だけが他人にウイルスを移す可能性があることを強調している。しかし、WHOはエボラウイルスを保持していた男性は回復後であっても、最長7週間は精液からウイルスを伝染させる可能性がある、と注意を促している。
デマ: 今回、はじめてエボラ出血熱が発生した。
真実: 今回が史上最大の感染拡大であることは間違いないが、初めてではない。
このウイルスは1976年にコンゴ民主共和国ではじめて確認された。この時は318人が感染し、88%の致死率だった。それ以来、エボラ出血熱はアフリカ大陸周辺で断続的に発生している。WHOによると、2000年には425人、一番最近では2012年に57人が感染している。
8月11日の最新調査によると、2014年に感染が確認されて以来、リベリア、ギニア、シエラレオネ、ナイジェリアで1848人がエボラウイルスに感染し、1013人が死亡している。
デマ:エボラウイルスは抗菌作用のあるもので対処することができる(玉葱やコンデンスミルク、その他…)
真実: 抗菌作用のあるものでバクテリア菌に対処することはできるが、ウイルス感染には効き目がない。
今のところ、エボラ出血熱の治療法もワクチンも存在しない。
そのかわり、ZMappと呼ばれる試験的血清がある。これは抗菌作用を持ち、ウイルスをブロックするように作られている。2014年のエボラウイルス感染症発生前には、猿を使った動物実験だけで、臨床試験は行われていなかった。アメリカ人のエボラウイルス感染者ケント・ブラントリとナンシー・ライトボルはこのリスクを受け入れ、この未承認薬を使用することを決めた。そして、最新の報告では、症状の改善について慎重ではあるが楽観的な見通しが伝えられている。しかし、この薬が彼らの回復にどんな役割を果たしているのか(あるいは果たしていないのか)は未だ不明だと、とワシントン・ポストは伝えている。
デマ:エボラウイルスは臓器を液状化し、それによって体内出血が起こる。
真実: エボラ出血熱の症状は目、耳、鼻、口からの出血が含まれるが、これらの症状の発生率は20%だ、とボストン医療センターの病院内伝染病学准教授で、ボストン大学国立新伝染病研究所感染対策科所長の医師ナヒド・バデリア博士はハフィントンポストの取材に対して述べている。
人の内蔵が液体化することはない。しかし、人はエボラ出血熱で死に至る。これは通常、このウイルスが多臓器不全とショック状態を引き起こすためである。エボラウイルスは血管を軟弱化し、内出血ないしは外出血を引き起こすことも理由として挙げられる。このウイルスは通常出血を押さえる働きをする血液凝固を妨げる。
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Coulibaly Daouda, head of the epidemiological department at the national public health institute in Abidjan poses as he holds a poster reading ''Ebola fever'', on August 8, 2014. The World Health Organization declared the killer Ebola epidemic ravaging parts of west Africa an international health emergency and appealed for global aid to help afflicted countries. States of emergency have been declared in the hardest hit countries of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, while two people have died in Nigeria and Benin is investigating a suspect patient. AFP PHOTO/ SIA KAMBOU (Photo credit should read ISSOUF SANOGO/AFP/Getty Images)
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Ugandan medical staff disinfect a desk bearing a poster reading ''Ebola'' at the Entebbe International Airport on August 8, 2014. Uganda said on August 8 a man put in isolation with fever had tested negative for the deadly tropical disease Ebola. The passenger was the first to be tested in east Africa in the current outbreak sweeping west Africa, although Uganda has suffered Ebola outbreaks in the past, most recently in 2012. AFP PHOTO/ISAAC KASAMANI (Photo credit should read ISAAC KASAMANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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Ugandan medical staff put on protective clothing as boxes containing face masks and gloves are sitting on a poster reading ''Ebola'' at the International Airport on August 8, 2014, in Entebbe. Uganda said on August 8 a man put in isolation with fever had tested negative for the deadly tropical disease Ebola. The passenger was the first to be tested in east Africa in the current outbreak sweeping west Africa, although Uganda has suffered Ebola outbreaks in the past, most recently in 2012. AFP PHOTO/ISAAC KASAMANI (Photo credit should read ISAAC KASAMANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General Dr. Margaret Chan with assistant director-general for health security Keiji Fukuda  on August 8, 2014 in Geneva give a press conference following a two-day emergency meeting on west Africa's Ebola epidemic, as the death toll nears 1,000. AFP PHOTO / Alain GROSCLAUDE   (Photo credit should read ALAIN GROSCLAUDE/AFP/Getty Images)
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World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General Dr. Margaret Chan with assistant director-general for health security Keiji Fukuda  on August 8, 2014 in Geneva give a press conference following a two-day emergency meeting on west Africa's Ebola epidemic, as the death toll nears 1,000. The UN health body said its emergency committee, which includes global medical and policy experts, had declared the deadliest known outbreak of the Ebola virus a 'public health emergency of international concern'. AFP PHOTO / Alain GROSCLAUDE (Photo credit should read ALAIN GROSCLAUDE/AFP/Getty Images)
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A nurse wears protective clothing as he demonstrates the facilities in place at the Royal Free Hospital in north London on August 6, 2014, in preparation for a patient testing positive for the Ebola virus. The specialised unit allows a team of doctors and nurses to provide care for anyone with the contagious condition. Despite it's high mortality level, Consultant Stephen Mepham advised against panic, stating that the chances of meeting an undiagnosed patient are virtually impossible with next to no chance of catching the virus without exposure to the sufferer's bodily fluids. AFP PHOTO/Leon Neal (Photo credit should read LEON NEAL/AFP/Getty Images)
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A nurse wears protective clothing as he demonstrates the facilities in place at the Royal Free Hospital in north London on August 6, 2014, in preparation for a patient testing positive for the Ebola virus. The specialised unit allows a team of doctors and nurses to provide care for anyone with the contagious condition. Despite it's high mortality level, Consultant Stephen Mepham advised against panic, stating that the chances of meeting an undiagnosed patient are virtually impossible with next to no chance of catching the virus without exposure to the sufferer's bodily fluids. AFP PHOTO/Leon Neal (Photo credit should read LEON NEAL/AFP/Getty Images)
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Members of Women in Peace Building Network (WIPNET) pray on August 6, 2014 on a field not far from the residence of Liberia's president, in Monrovia, to drive away Ebola from Liberia. A Spanish air force plane left on August 6 for Liberia to fly home a 75-year-old Spanish missionary infected with Ebola, the first patient to be returned to Europe in a fast-spreading outbreak of the deadly disease. The death toll of the Ebola epidemic neared 1,000 on August 6 as fears rose that the disease is now taking hold in Africa's most populous nation of Nigeria after a second death among seven confirmed cases in Lagos. The spread of the disease comes as the World Health Organization (WHO) met in an emergency session in Geneva to decide whether to declare an international crisis. AFP PHOTO / ZOOM DOSSO (Photo credit should read ZOOM DOSSO/AFP/Getty Images)
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Members of Women in Peace Building Network (WIPNET) pray on August 6, 2014 on a field not far from the residence of Liberia's president, in Monrovia, to drive away Ebola from Liberia. A Spanish air force plane left on August 6 for Liberia to fly home a 75-year-old Spanish missionary infected with Ebola, the first patient to be returned to Europe in a fast-spreading outbreak of the deadly disease. The death toll of the Ebola epidemic neared 1,000 on August 6 as fears rose that the disease is now taking hold in Africa's most populous nation of Nigeria after a second death among seven confirmed cases in Lagos. The spread of the disease comes as the World Health Organization (WHO) met in an emergency session in Geneva to decide whether to declare an international crisis. AFP PHOTO / ZOOM DOSSO (Photo credit should read ZOOM DOSSO/AFP/Getty Images)
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Members of Women in Peace Building Network (WIPNET) pray on August 6, 2014 on a field not far from Liberia's president residency, in Monrovia, to drive away Ebola from Liberia. A Spanish air force plane left on August 6 for Liberia to fly home a 75-year-old Spanish missionary infected with Ebola, the first patient to be returned to Europe in a fast-spreading outbreak of the deadly disease. The death toll of the Ebola epidemic neared 1,000 on August 6 as fears rose that the disease is now taking hold in Africa's most populous nation of Nigeria after a second death among seven confirmed cases in Lagos. The spread of the disease comes as the World Health Organization (WHO) met in an emergency session in Geneva to decide whether to declare an international crisis. AFP PHOTO / ZOOM DOSSO (Photo credit should read ZOOM DOSSO/AFP/Getty Images)
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A boy walks on July 31, 2014 through an empty class room in a school in Monrovia which has been closed down by the Liberian government like all schools through out the country to protect students from contracting Ebola. Liberia announced on July 30 it was shutting all schools and placing 'non-essential' government workers on 30 days' leave in a bid to halt the spread of the deadly Ebola epidemic raging in west Africa. The impoverished country, along with neighbouring Guinea and Sierra Leone, is struggling to contain an epidemic that has infected 1,200 people and left 672 dead across the region since the start of the year. AFP PHOTO / STRINGER (Photo credit should read STRINGER/AFP/Getty Images)
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A picture taken on July 24, 2014 shows a staff member of the Christian charity Samaritan's Purse spraying product as he treats the premises outside the ELWA hospital in the Liberian capital Monrovia. An American doctor battling West Africa's Ebola epidemic has himself fallen sick with the disease in Liberia, Samaritan's Purse said on July 27. AFP PHOTO / ZOOM DOSSO (Photo credit should read ZOOM DOSSO/AFP/Getty Images)
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A picture taken on July 24, 2014 shows staff of the Christian charity Samaritan's Purse putting on protective gear in the ELWA hospital in the Liberian capital Monrovia. An American doctor battling West Africa's Ebola epidemic has himself fallen sick with the disease in Liberia, Samaritan's Purse said on July 27. AFP PHOTO / ZOOM DOSSO (Photo credit should read ZOOM DOSSO/AFP/Getty Images)
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A picture taken on July 24, 2014 shows staff of the Christian charity Samaritan's Purse putting on protective gear in the ELWA hospital in the Liberian capital Monrovia. An American doctor battling West Africa's Ebola epidemic has himself fallen sick with the disease in Liberia, Samaritan's Purse said on July 27. AFP PHOTO / ZOOM DOSSO (Photo credit should read ZOOM DOSSO/AFP/Getty Images)
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A 10-year-old boy walks with a doctor from Christian charity Samaritan's Purse, after being taken out of quarantine and receiving treatment following his mother's death caused by the ebola virus, in the group's Ebola treatment center, at the ELWA hospital in the Liberian capital Monrovia, on July 24, 2014. A US doctor battling West Africa's Ebola epidemic has himself fallen sick with the disease in Liberia, Samaritan's Purse said on July 27. AFP PHOTO / ZOOM DOSSO (Photo credit should read ZOOM DOSSO/AFP/Getty Images)
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A picture taken on June 28, 2014 shows Red Cross staff preparing a body for burial at the isolation ward of the Donka Hospital in Conakry, where people infected with the Ebola virus are being treated. The World Health Organization has warned that Ebola could spread beyond hard-hit Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone to neighbouring nations, but insisted that travel bans were not the answer. To date, there have been 635 cases of haemorrhagic fever in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, most confirmed as Ebola. A total of 399 people have died, 280 of them in Guinea. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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A picture taken on June 28, 2014 shows a member of Doctors Without Borders (MSF) putting on protective gear at the isolation ward of the Donka Hospital in Conakry, where people infected with the Ebola virus are being treated. The World Health Organization has warned that Ebola could spread beyond hard-hit Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone to neighbouring nations, but insisted that travel bans were not the answer. To date, there have been 635 cases of haemorrhagic fever in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, most confirmed as Ebola. A total of 399 people have died, 280 of them in Guinea. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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A picture taken on June 28, 2014 shows members of Doctors Without Borders (MSF) putting on protective gear at the isolation ward of the Donka Hospital in Conakry, where people infected with the Ebola virus are being treated. The World Health Organization has warned that Ebola could spread beyond hard-hit Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone to neighbouring nations, but insisted that travel bans were not the answer. To date, there have been 635 cases of haemorrhagic fever in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, most confirmed as Ebola. A total of 399 people have died, 280 of them in Guinea. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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TO GO WITH AFP STORY BY MOUCTAR BAH AND ZOOM DOSSO A picture taken on June 25, 2014 shows Guinean women washing their hands at the entrance of the Sino-Guinean hospital of Kipe in the Ratoma municipality, where the first person infected with the Ebola virus was treated in Conakry. An epidemic of the deadly Ebola virus in West Africa is now 'out of control' with more than 60 outbreak hotspots, the medical charity Doctors Without Borders (MSF) said on June 23. After the first reported cases in Guinea at the start of the year, at least 337 people have died from Ebola in the three countries in 2014, according to data released last week by the World Health Organization. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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A man drives his motorcycle past the Redemption hospital, on June 23, 2014 in Monrovia. This hospital, where seven people died from Ebola is about to be shutdown by authorities as workers have abandoned the hospital for fear of more deaths from the deadly Ebola virus. The death toll in west Africa's three-nation Ebola outbreak has risen to 337, the World Health Organisation said on June 18, 2014, making it the deadliest ever outbreak of the haemorrhagic fever.AFP PHOTO ZOUM DOSSO (Photo credit should read ZOUM DOSSO/AFP/Getty Images)
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Health workers speak to relatives of peolpe infected with Ebola at an isolation center at Donka Hospital in Conakry on April 14, 2014. Guinea's Foreign Minister Francois Fall said on April 14 that the west African country had brought the spread of the deadly Ebola virus under control after more than 100 people have died. The outbreak is one of the most deadly, with 168 cases 'clinically compatible' with Ebola virus disease reported, including 108 deaths, the World Health Organization (WHO) said in its latest update on April 14. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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Health workers walk in an isolation center for people infected with Ebola at Donka Hospital in Conakry on April 14, 2014. Guinea's Foreign Minister Francois Fall said on April 14 that the west African country had brought the spread of the deadly Ebola virus under control after more than 100 people have died. The outbreak is one of the most deadly, with 168 cases 'clinically compatible' with Ebola virus disease reported, including 108 deaths, the World Health Organization (WHO) said in its latest update on April 14. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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A members of the Guinean Red Cross gives some information to residents during an awareness campaign on the Ebola virus on April 11, 2014 in Conakry. Guinea has been hit by the most severe strain of the virus, known as Zaire Ebola, which has had a fatality rate of up to 90 percent in past outbreaks, and for which there is no vaccine, cure or even specific treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has described west Africa's first outbreak among humans as one of the most challenging since the virus emerged in 1976 in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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A member of the Guinean Red Cross uses a megaphone to give information concerning the Ebola virus during an awareness campaign on April 11, 2014 in Conakry. Guinea has been hit by the most severe strain of the virus, known as Zaire Ebola, which has had a fatality rate of up to 90 percent in past outbreaks, and for which there is no vaccine, cure or even specific treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has described west Africa's first outbreak among humans as one of the most challenging since the virus emerged in 1976 in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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Members of the Guinean Red Cross walk during an awareness campaign on the Ebola virus on April 11, 2014 in Conakry. Guinea has been hit by the most severe strain of the virus, known as Zaire Ebola, which has had a fatality rate of up to 90 percent in past outbreaks, and for which there is no vaccine, cure or even specific treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has described west Africa's first outbreak among humans as one of the most challenging since the virus emerged in 1976 in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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Employees of the sanitary control of Conakry airport check passengers before they leave the country on April 10, 2014. International aid organisations launched a series of emergency measures across west Africa on Thursday in a bid to contain one of the worst ever outbreaks of the deadly Ebola virus, which is threatening every country in the region. The tropical bug is thought to have killed more than 110 people in Guinea and Liberia since January, with suspected cases reported in Mali and Sierra Leone and aid workers warning that vital hygiene products could run out. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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A Senegalese hygienist demonstrates how to protect oneself against the Ebola virus on April 8, 2014 at Dakar airport, during a visit of the Senegalese health minister to check the safety measures put in place to fight against the virus' spread in western Africa. West Africa's Ebola outbreak is among the 'most challenging' ever to strike since the disease emerged four decades ago, the World Health Organisation (WHO) said on April 8, as the suspected death toll from the virus hit 111. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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A Senegalese hygienist puts a protective suit on as he demonstrates how to protect oneself against the Ebola virus on April 8, 2014 at Dakar airport, during a visit of the Senegalese health minister to check the safety measures put in place to fight against the virus' spread in western Africa. West Africa's Ebola outbreak is among the 'most challenging' ever to strike since the disease emerged four decades ago, the World Health Organisation (WHO) said on April 8, as the suspected death toll from the virus hit 111. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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A Senegalese hygienist demonstrates how to protect oneself against the Ebola virus on April 8, 2014 at Dakar airport, during a visit of the Senegalese health minister to check the safety measures put in place to fight against the virus' spread in western Africa. West Africa's Ebola outbreak is among the 'most challenging' ever to strike since the disease emerged four decades ago, the World Health Organisation (WHO) said on April 8, as the suspected death toll from the virus hit 111. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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Monia Sayah (Center R), a nurse working with the 'Doctors without Borders' ('Medecin sans frontieres') medical aid organisation, speaks to Guinean hospital staff on April 1, 2014, in Guekedou, during a talk about viral haemorrhagic fever. The viral haemorrhagic fever epidemic raging in Guinea is caused by several viruses which have similar symptoms -- the deadliest and most feared of which is Ebola. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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Health specialists work at an isolation ward for patients at the Doctors Without Borders facility in Guékedou, southern Guinea. Guinea's President Alpha Conde warned of a 'health emergency' as authorities raced to contain a spiraling Ebola epidemic which has killed 78 people and prompted neighboring Senegal to close its border. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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A health specialist works in a laboratory set up in a tent at an isolation ward for patients at the Doctors Without Borders facility in Guékedou, southern Guinea. Guinea's President Alpha Conde warned of a 'health emergency' as authorities raced to contain a spiraling Ebola epidemic which has killed 78 people and prompted neighboring Senegal to close its border. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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Two members of the Guinean Red Cross, in protective gear, arrive on March 31, 2014 to evacuate the bodies of two people who died from the Ebola virus in an isolation ward at the Donka hospital in Conakry, Guinea. Aid organisation Doctors Without Borders said on March 31 an Ebola outbreak suspected of killing at least 78 people in Guinea was an 'unprecedented epidemic' that had spread across the west African nation. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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Workers and medical staff listen on March 31, 2014 to a doctor as patients' relatives wait outside the security perimeter at the isolation ward of the Donka hospital in Conakry, Guinea. Aid organisation Doctors Without Borders said on March 31 an Ebola outbreak suspected of killing at least 78 people in Guinea was an 'unprecedented epidemic' that had spread across the west African nation. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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Relatives wait on March 31, 2014 outside the isolation ward of the Donka hospital in Conakry, Guinea. Aid organisation Doctors Without Borders said on March 31 an Ebola outbreak suspected of killing at least 78 people in Guinea was an 'unprecedented epidemic' that had spread across the west African nation. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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A health worker in light protective gear walks on March 31, 2014 in the yard of the isolation ward of the Donka hospital in Conakry, Guinea. Aid organisation Doctors Without Borders said on March 31 an Ebola outbreak suspected of killing at least 78 people in Guinea was an 'unprecedented epidemic' that had spread across the west African nation. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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A general view taken on March 31, 2014 shows the isolation ward of the Donka hospital in Conakry, Guinea. Aid organisation Doctors Without Borders said on March 31 an Ebola outbreak suspected of killing at least 78 people in Guinea was an 'unprecedented epidemic' that had spread across the west African nation. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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Doctors in protective gear work on March 31, 2014 inside the medical humanitarian group Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors without Borders) isolation ward in the southern Guinean town of Gueckedou. Aid organisation Doctors Without Borders said on March 31 an Ebola outbreak suspected of killing dozens in Guinea was an 'unprecedented epidemic' as Liberia confirmed its first cases of the deadly contagion. Guinea's health ministry this year has reported 122 'suspicious cases' of viral haemorrhagic fever, including 78 deaths, with 22 of the samples taken from patients testing positive for the highly contagious tropical pathogen. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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Health specialists prepare for work in an isolation ward for patients at the Doctors Without Borders facility in Guékedou, southern Guinea. Guinea's President Alpha Conde warned of a 'health emergency' as authorities raced to contain a spiraling Ebola epidemic which has killed 78 people and prompted neighboring Senegal to close its border. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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A health specialist works in a laboratory set up in a tent at an isolation ward for patients at the Doctors Without Borders facility in Guékedou, southern Guinea. Guinea's President Alpha Conde warned of a 'health emergency' as authorities raced to contain a spiraling Ebola epidemic which has killed 78 people and prompted neighboring Senegal to close its border. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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Health specialists prepare for work in an isolation ward for patients at the Doctors Without Borders facility in Guékedou, southern Guinea. Guinea's President Alpha Conde warned of a 'health emergency' as authorities raced to contain a spiraling Ebola epidemic which has killed 78 people and prompted neighboring Senegal to close its border. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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Health specialists prepare for work in an isolation ward for patients at the Doctors Without Borders facility in Guékedou, southern Guinea. Guinea's President Alpha Conde warned of a 'health emergency' as authorities raced to contain a spiraling Ebola epidemic which has killed 78 people and prompted neighboring Senegal to close its border. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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Staff of the 'Doctors without Borders' ('Medecin sans frontieres') medical aid organisation carry the body of a person killed by viral haemorrhagic fever, at a center for victims of the Ebola virus in Guekedou, on April 1, 2014. The viral haemorrhagic fever epidemic raging in Guinea is caused by several viruses which have similar symptoms -- the deadliest and most feared of which is Ebola. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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Staff of the 'Doctors without Borders' ('Medecin sans frontieres') medical aid organisation carry the body of a person killed by viral haemorrhagic fever, at a center for victims of the Ebola virus in Guekedou, on April 1, 2014. The viral haemorrhagic fever epidemic raging in Guinea is caused by several viruses which have similar symptoms -- the deadliest and most feared of which is Ebola. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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Staff of the 'Doctors without Borders' ('Medecin sans frontieres') medical aid organisation bury the body of a person killed by viral haemorrhagic fever, at a center for victims of the Ebola virus in Guekedou, on April 1, 2014. The viral haemorrhagic fever epidemic raging in Guinea is caused by several viruses which have similar symptoms -- the deadliest and most feared of which is Ebola. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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A view of gloves and boots used by medical staff, drying in the sun, at a center for victims of the Ebola virus in Guekedou, on April 1, 2014. The viral haemorrhagic fever epidemic raging in Guinea is caused by several viruses which have similar symptoms -- the deadliest and most feared of which is Ebola. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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A medical staff worker of the 'Doctors without Borders' ('Medecin sans frontieres') medical aid organisation is assisted with the disinfecting of his gloves at a center for victims of the Ebola virus in Guekedou, on April 1, 2014. The viral haemorrhagic fever epidemic raging in Guinea is caused by several viruses which have similar symptoms -- the deadliest and most feared of which is Ebola. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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People walk past the sign of a 'maquis,' a small African restaurant which serves bushmeat, in Kobakro, outside Abidjan, on April 8, 2014. The Ministry of Health has asked Ivorians, 'particularly fond of porupine and agouti,' a small rodent, to avoid consuming or handling the meat, as an unprecedented Ebola epidemic hit West Africa, claiming more than 90 lives. The virus can spread to animal primates and humans who handle infected meat -- a risk given the informal trade in 'bushmeat' in forested central and west Africa. AFP PHOTO / ISSOUF SANOGO (Photo credit should read ISSOUF SANOGO/AFP/Getty Images)
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A Senegalese hygienist puts a protective suit on as he demonstrates how to protect oneself against the Ebola virus on April 8, 2014 at Dakar airport, during a visit of the Senegalese health minister to check the safety measures put in place to fight against the virus' spread in western Africa. West Africa's Ebola outbreak is among the 'most challenging' ever to strike since the disease emerged four decades ago, the World Health Organisation (WHO) said on April 8, as the suspected death toll from the virus hit 111. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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A Senegalese hygienist demonstrates how to protect oneself against the Ebola virus on April 8, 2014 at Dakar airport, during a visit of the Senegalese health minister to check the safety measures put in place to fight against the virus' spread in western Africa. West Africa's Ebola outbreak is among the 'most challenging' ever to strike since the disease emerged four decades ago, the World Health Organisation (WHO) said on April 8, as the suspected death toll from the virus hit 111. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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Senegal's health minister Awa Marie Coll Seck (3rd L) listens to Alioune Fall (R), chief doctor of Dakar airport, as she visits Dakar airport on April 8, 2014 to check the safety measures put in place to fight against the spread of the Ebola virus in western Africa. West Africa's Ebola outbreak is among the 'most challenging' ever to strike since the disease emerged four decades ago, the World Health Organisation (WHO) said on April 8, as the suspected death toll from the virus hit 111. AFP PHOTO / SEYLLOU (Photo credit should read SEYLLOU/AFP/Getty Images)
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A member of the Guinean Red Cross uses a megaphone to give information concerning the Ebola virus during an awareness campaign on April 11, 2014 in Conakry. Guinea has been hit by the most severe strain of the virus, known as Zaire Ebola, which has had a fatality rate of up to 90 percent in past outbreaks, and for which there is no vaccine, cure or even specific treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has described west Africa's first outbreak among humans as one of the most challenging since the virus emerged in 1976 in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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Members of the Guinean Red Cross walk during an awareness campaign on the Ebola virus on April 11, 2014 in Conakry. Guinea has been hit by the most severe strain of the virus, known as Zaire Ebola, which has had a fatality rate of up to 90 percent in past outbreaks, and for which there is no vaccine, cure or even specific treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has described west Africa's first outbreak among humans as one of the most challenging since the virus emerged in 1976 in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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Members of the Guinean Red Cross distribute information leaflets during an awareness campaign on the Ebola virus on April 11, 2014 in Conakry. Guinea has been hit by the most severe strain of the virus, known as Zaire Ebola, which has had a fatality rate of up to 90 percent in past outbreaks, and for which there is no vaccine, cure or even specific treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has described west Africa's first outbreak among humans as one of the most challenging since the virus emerged in 1976 in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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Health workers speak to relatives of peolpe infected with Ebola at an isolation center at Donka Hospital in Conakry on April 14, 2014. Guinea's Foreign Minister Francois Fall said on April 14 that the west African country had brought the spread of the deadly Ebola virus under control after more than 100 people have died. The outbreak is one of the most deadly, with 168 cases 'clinically compatible' with Ebola virus disease reported, including 108 deaths, the World Health Organization (WHO) said in its latest update on April 14. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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TO GO WITH AFP STORY BY MOUCTAR BAH AND ZOOM DOSSO A picture taken on June 25, 2014 shows Guinean women washing their hands at the entrance of the Sino-Guinean hospital of Kipe in the Ratoma municipality, where the first person infected with the Ebola virus was treated in Conakry. An epidemic of the deadly Ebola virus in West Africa is now 'out of control' with more than 60 outbreak hotspots, the medical charity Doctors Without Borders (MSF) said on June 23. After the first reported cases in Guinea at the start of the year, at least 337 people have died from Ebola in the three countries in 2014, according to data released last week by the World Health Organization. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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A picture taken on June 28, 2014 shows members of Doctors Without Borders (MSF) putting on protective gear at the isolation ward of the Donka Hospital in Conakry, where people infected with the Ebola virus are being treated. The World Health Organization has warned that Ebola could spread beyond hard-hit Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone to neighbouring nations, but insisted that travel bans were not the answer. To date, there have been 635 cases of haemorrhagic fever in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, most confirmed as Ebola. A total of 399 people have died, 280 of them in Guinea. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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A picture taken on June 28, 2014 shows Red Cross staff preparing a body for burial at the isolation ward of the Donka Hospital in Conakry, where people infected with the Ebola virus are being treated. The World Health Organization has warned that Ebola could spread beyond hard-hit Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone to neighbouring nations, but insisted that travel bans were not the answer. To date, there have been 635 cases of haemorrhagic fever in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, most confirmed as Ebola. A total of 399 people have died, 280 of them in Guinea. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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A picture taken on June 28, 2014 shows protective boots hanging upside down in the isolation ward of the Donka Hospital in Conakry, where people infected with the Ebola virus are being treated. The World Health Organization has warned that Ebola could spread beyond hard-hit Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone to neighbouring nations, but insisted that travel bans were not the answer. To date, there have been 635 cases of haemorrhagic fever in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, most confirmed as Ebola. A total of 399 people have died, 280 of them in Guinea. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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Members of Doctors Without Borders (MSF) wear protective gear at the isolation ward of the Donka Hospital in Conakry on July 23, 2014. A Liberian man has been hospitalised in Lagos with Ebola-like symptoms, but it is not yet clear if he is infected with the killer virus, Nigerian officials said on July 24. A regional centre was set up in Guinea to coordinate the response to the worst-ever outbreak of Ebola that has killed hundreds of people in west Africa, the World Health Organisation said on July 11. AFP PHOTO / CELLOU BINANI (Photo credit should read CELLOU BINANI/AFP/Getty Images)
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A 10-year-old boy walks with a doctor from Christian charity Samaritan's Purse, after being taken out of quarantine and receiving treatment following his mother's death caused by the ebola virus, in the group's Ebola treatment center, at the ELWA hospital in the Liberian capital Monrovia, on July 24, 2014. A US doctor battling West Africa's Ebola epidemic has himself fallen sick with the disease in Liberia, Samaritan's Purse said on July 27. AFP PHOTO / ZOOM DOSSO (Photo credit should read ZOOM DOSSO/AFP/Getty Images)
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A 10-year-old boy receives treatment after being taken out of quarantine following his mother's death caused by the ebola virus, in the Christian charity Samaritan's Purse Ebola treatment center, at the ELWA hospital in the Liberian capital Monrovia, on July 24, 2014. A US doctor battling West Africa's Ebola epidemic has himself fallen sick with the disease in Liberia, Samaritan's Purse said on July 27. AFP PHOTO / ZOOM DOSSO (Photo credit should read ZOOM DOSSO/AFP/Getty Images)
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